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A sized screen fraction with a size range coefficient (d95/d5) of 2-5 (optimal 2-3) is fed onto a vibratory feeder which has the function to create a mono-layer, by pre-accelerating the particles. A common misunderstanding in plant design is, that you can use the vibratory feeder to discharge from a buffer bunker but a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Wimley–White whole residue hydrophobicity scales are significant for two reasons. First, they include the contributions of the peptide bonds as well as the sidechains, providing absolute values. Second, they are based on direct, experimentally determined values for transfer free energies of polypeptides.
Two whole-... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Several important anticancer agents both bind to DNA and generate reactive oxygen species. These include adriamycin and other anthracyclines, bleomycin, and cisplatin. These agents may show specific toxicity towards cancer cells because of the low level of antioxidant defenses found in tumors. Recent research demons... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In economics, a similar concept also named after Le Chatelier was introduced by American economist Paul Samuelson in 1947. There the generalized Le Chatelier principle is for a maximum condition of economic equilibrium: Where all unknowns of a function are independently variable, auxiliary constraints—"just-binding" in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1), previously referred to as TORC1 (), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRTC1 gene. It is expressed in a limited number of tissues that include fetal brain and liver and adult heart, skeletal muscles, liver and salivary glands and various regions of the adu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Min System is a mechanism composed of three proteins MinC, MinD, and MinE used by E. coli as a means of properly localizing the septum prior to cell division. Each component participates in generating a dynamic oscillation of FtsZ protein inhibition between the two bacterial poles to precisely specify the mid-zone ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This diagram shows an o-alkylation between phenol and methanol. Unlike the c-alkylation, the o-alkylation replaces the hydrogen atom on the -OH group with the methyl group (from the methanol). The product of the o-alkylation is methoxybenzene, better-known as anisole, and water, which is not shown in the diagram. Aniso... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When blood is used for toxicology testing, drugs of abuse are the usual targets of analysis. Other substances that may be looked for are medications that are known to be prescribed to the individual or poisons if it is suspected. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The naming of monomeric oxyanions follows the following rules.
Here the halogen group (group 7A, 17) is referred to as group VII and the noble gases group (group 8A) is referred to as group VIII.
; If central atom is not in Group VII or VIII
; If central atom is in Group VII or VIII | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many diphenylamine derivatives are used as redox indicators that are particularly useful in alkaline redox titrations. The diphenylaminesulfonic acid is a simple prototype redox indicator, owing to its improved aqueous solubility compared with diphenylamine. Attempts have been made to explain the color changes associat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Soil pH affects the availability of some plant nutrients:
As discussed above, aluminium toxicity has direct effects on plant growth; however, by limiting root growth, it also reduces the availability of plant nutrients. Because roots are damaged, nutrient uptake is reduced, and deficiencies of the macronutrients (nitro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Renwu incident was a soil pollution event at the Formosa Plastics Corporation's Renwu Plant in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
In 2009, the Taiwanese Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) found that the soil and the groundwater in the area close to Formosa Plastics' Renwu Plant has been polluted by benzene, chloroform, ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An enkephalin is a pentapeptide involved in regulating nociception (pain sensation) in the body. The enkephalins are termed endogenous ligands, as they are internally derived and bind to the body's opioid receptors. Discovered in 1975, two forms of enkephalin have been found, one containing leucine ("leu"), and the o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The key elements of any FOCE experimental units are perspex, partially open, chambers, a CO mixing system, sensors to continuously monitor ambient and chamber pH, and a control loop to regulate the addition of gases or liquids to each experimental chamber.
The carbonate chemistry of seawater can be manipulated using di... | 9 | Geochemistry |
CrysTBox offers tools for automated processing of diffraction patterns and high-resolution transmission electron microscope images. Since the tools employ algorithms of artificial intelligence and computer vision, they are designed to require minimal operator effort providing higher accuracy compared to manual evaluati... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Depending on the nature of the signal amplification system assays may be of numerous types, to name a few:
#Enzyme assay: Enzymes may be tested by their highly repeating activity on a large number of substrates when loss of a substrate or the making of a product may have a measurable attribute like color or absorbance ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A hidden state of matter is a state of matter which cannot be reached under ergodic conditions, and is therefore distinct from known thermodynamic phases of the material. Examples exist in condensed matter systems, and are typically reached by the non-ergodic conditions created through laser photo excitation.
Short-l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For dilute thermodynamic conditions, the ideal-gas equation of state (EoS) provides sufficiently accurate results in modelling the fluid thermodynamics. This occurs in general for low values of reduced pressure and high values of reduced temperature, where the term reduced refers to the ratio of a certain thermodynamic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Decroocq, S and Casserino, M, Polybutenes, Chapter 17 in Rudnick (Ed), Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants: Chemistry and Technology, CRC Press (2005), Print , eBook . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several clinical studies have shown that MFGM could positively affect circulating lipids. A single-blind RCT in overweight adults has shown that the effects of milk fat on plasma lipids were modulated by the MFGM content; compared to butter oil (control diet), consumption of whipping cream (MFGM diet) for 8 weeks did n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Leucyl aminopeptidases (, leucine aminopeptidase, LAPs, leucyl peptidase, peptidase S, cytosol aminopeptidase, cathepsin III, L-leucine aminopeptidase, leucinaminopeptidase, leucinamide aminopeptidase, FTBL proteins, proteinates FTBL, aminopeptidase II, aminopeptidase III, aminopeptidase I) are enzymes that preferentia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, .
*Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, .
* A translation may be found [http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/306... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Experimentally, G can be determined by stimulating the thyroid with a high thyrotropin concentration (e.g. by means of rhTSH, i.e. recombinant human thyrotropin) and measuring its output in terms of T4 production, or by measuring the serum concentration of protein-bound iodine-131 after administration of radioiodine. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When arriving at a site of a surface, an adatom has three options. There is a probability that it will adsorb to the surface (), a probability that it will migrate to another site on the surface (), and a probability that it will desorb from the surface and return to the bulk gas (). For an empty site (θ=0) the s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Joseph Howard Mathews (October 15, 1881 – April 15, 1970) was an American physical chemist, university professor, and expert on firearm identification. Mathews was Chair of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin–Madison for 33 years (1919–1952). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
He was born in Prague, Czechoslovakia, into a family of some wealth and notability. His undergraduate education began in 1938 when he enrolled to study natural sciences at Charles University. His studies were interrupted the following year when universities were shuttered under the German occupation. Working under the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
More than 90% of world industrial production of urea is destined for use as a nitrogen-release fertilizer. Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use. Therefore, it has a low transportation cost per unit of nitrogen nutrient. The most common impurity of synthetic urea is bi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organofluorine chemistry, many perfluorinated compounds are prepared by electrochemical synthesis, which is conducted in liquid HF at voltages near 5–6 V using Ni anodes. The method was invented in the 1930s. Amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and sulfonic acids are converted to perfluorinated derivatives using thi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Akin to the chemistry of alcohols, thiols form sulfides, thioacetals, and thioesters, which are analogous to ethers, acetals, and esters respectively. Thiols and alcohols are also very different in their reactivity, thiols being more easily oxidized than alcohols. Thiolates are more potent nucleophiles than the corresp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1997, Tamaru group reported the first metal-catalyzed β-carbon elimination of an unstrained compound. Their work revealed a novel Pd(0)-catalyzed ring opening of 4-vinyl cyclic carbonates. They proposed that the reaction is initiated by the elimination of carbon dioxide to form π-allylpalladium intermediate, which i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
FACSS presents several awards to both students and professionals. These awards honor scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of Analytical Chemistry.
*FACSS Student Award and Tomas A. Hirshfeld Award [https://web.archive.org/web/20130901023114/http://www.scixconference.org/awards/facss-2012-stu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs) are those fatty acids that contain an odd number of carbon atoms. The most common OCFAs are the saturated C15 and C17 derivatives, respectively pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid. The synthesis of even-chained fatty acid synthesis is done by assembling acetyl-CoA precursors, however... | 1 | Biochemistry |
His most-cited publications, according to Google Scholar are:
*Lukinavičius, G., K. Umezawa, N. Olivier, A. Honigmann, G. Yang, T. Plass, V. Mueller, L. Reymond, I. R. Corrêa, Z.-G. Luo, C. Schultz, E. A. Lemke, P. Heppenstall, C. Eggeling, S. Manley and K. Johnsson (2013). [https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1546 A near-in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
FCS is sometimes used to study molecular interactions using differences in diffusion times (e.g. the product of an association reaction will be larger and thus have larger diffusion times than the reactants individually); however, FCS is relatively insensitive to molecular mass as can be seen from the following equatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfinic acids RSOH are about 1000x more acidic than the corresponding carboxylic acid RCOH. Sulfur is pyramidal, consequently sulfinic acids are chiral. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Originally isolated from Pennicillum compactum in 1969, brevianamide A has shown insecticidal activity. Further studies showed that a minor secondary metabolite, brevianamide B, has an epimeric center at the spiro-indoxyl quaternary center. Both were found to fluoresce under long-wave ultraviolet radiation. Furtherm... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The bottom of the salt pan () is typically composed of clay lined pools, basalt, sand, concrete, or tile. This keeps the salt from coming into contact with the silt beneath and becoming dirty. Every few days, or on occasion daily, the harvester (French: ) pushes or pulls the salt with a long wooden rake. This must be d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) spectroscopies involve a similar setup to LEIS but use ions in the energy range of ~100 keV (MEIS) and ~1-2 MeV (RBS) to probe surfaces. Surface sensitivity is lost as a result of the use of higher energy particles, so while MEIS and RBS can sti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the study of heat transfer, radiative cooling is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation. As Planck's law describes, every physical body spontaneously and continuously emits electromagnetic radiation.
Radiative cooling has been applied in various contexts throughout human history, including ice m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Perfect mixing is a term heavily used in relation to the definition of models that predict the behavior of chemical reactors. Perfect mixing assumes that there are no spatial gradients in a given physical envelope, such as:
* concentration (with respect to any chemical species)
* temperature
* chemical potential
* cata... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Between 100 million and 280 million tons of phosphogypsum waste are estimated to be produced annually as a consequence of the processing of phosphate rock for the production of phosphate fertilizers. In addition to being useless and abundant, phosphogypsum is radioactive due to the presence of naturally occurring urani... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Alcohol and carboxylic acids react in the so-called Fischer esterification. The reaction usually requires a catalyst, such as concentrated sulfuric acid:
Other types of ester are prepared in a similar manner for example, tosyl (tosylate) esters are made by reaction of the alcohol with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyri... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2013 Green and a team of researchers launched the BabySeq Project to study the ethical and medical consequences of sequencing a newborn´s DNA.
As of 2015, whole genome and exome sequencing as a newborn screening tool were deliberated. and in 2021, further discussed.
In 2021, the NIH funded BabySeq2, an implementatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surface plasmons have been used to enhance the surface sensitivity of several spectroscopic measurements including fluorescence, Raman scattering, and second-harmonic generation. In their simplest form, SPR reflectivity measurements can be used to detect molecular adsorption, such as polymers, DNA or proteins, etc. Tec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Humans express four epoxide hydrolase isozymes: mEH, sEH, EH3, and EH4. These isozymes are known (mEH and sEH) or presumed (EH3 and EH4) to share a common structure that includes containing an Alpha/beta hydrolase fold and a common reaction mechanism wherein they add water to epoxides to form vicinal cis (see (cis-tra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electrochemical promotion of catalysis (EPOC) effect in the realm of chemistry refers to the pronounced enhancement of catalytic reactions or significant changes in the catalytic properties of a conductive catalyst in the presence of electrical currents or interfacial potentials. Also known as Non-faradaic electroc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Generally, the Fischer–Tropsch process is operated in the temperature range of . Higher temperatures lead to faster reactions and higher conversion rates but also tend to favor methane production. For this reason, the temperature is usually maintained at the low to middle part of the range. Increasing the pressure lead... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
β-aryl elimination is much less common and understood than β-alkyl elimination. Examples are reported to occur from metal alkoxide and amido complexes. A theoretical study showed that these reactions are driven by consequent extensive conjugation system. A very recent example of catalytic β-aryl elimination which leads... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A common spectroscopic method for analysis is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), where chemical bonds can be detected through their characteristic infrared absorption frequencies or wavelengths. These absorption characteristics make infrared analyzers an invaluable tool in geoscience, environmental science... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In genetic engineering, a gene gun or biolistic particle delivery system is a device used to deliver exogenous DNA (transgenes), RNA, or protein to cells. By coating particles of a heavy metal with a gene of interest and firing these micro-projectiles into cells using mechanical force, an integration of desired genetic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases, created in 1986, was an advisory body for the review of studies into the greenhouse effect. The group was created by the International Council of Scientific Unions, the United Nations Environment Programme, and the World Meteorological Organization to follow up on the recommenda... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Journal of Organometallic Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier, covering research on organometallic chemistry. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.345. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The coefficient lies always in range values equal to 0 or 1), value 1 indicates ideal equal-spreading of the spots, for example (0.25,0.5,0.75) for three solutes, or (0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8) for four solutes.
This coefficient was proposed as an alternative to earlier approaches, such as D (separation response), I (performanc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One way that Zero Carbon World aims to meet its objectives is the donation of Electric Vehicle Charging stations to various organisations around the UK. Sites that install donated chargers get added to the charity's ZeroNet EV charger map. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
adopts three structures, depending on the temperature and the state (solid, liquid, gas). Solid has a sheet-like layered structure with cubic close-packed chloride ions. In this framework, the Al centres exhibit octahedral coordination geometry. Yttrium(III) chloride adopts the same structure, as do a range of other c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Push–pull technology involves use of behaviour-modifying stimuli to manipulate the distribution and abundance of stemborers and beneficial insects for management of stemborer pests. It is based on in-depth understanding of chemical ecology, agrobiodiversity, plant-plant and insect-plant interactions, and involves inter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The results of the investigations are internationally evaluated by the members in specialist committees and made available to practice and the responsible bodies at regional and state level, as well as to the European Uninion for legislative and approval procedures. | 1 | Biochemistry |
This compound is originated from mevalonic acid pathway which produce dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) from acetyl-CoA. Three DMAPPs, or one DMAPP and two isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP), are made into a farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), which is the fundamental precursor of sesquiterpene, and then sesquiterpene cyclise enzym... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Crithidia luciliae are haemoflaggelate single celled protists. They are used as a substrate in immunofluorescence for the detection of anti-dsDNA antibodies. They possess an organelle known as the kinetoplast which is a large mitochondrion with a network of interlocking circular dsDNA molecules. After incubation with s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Going back to Formula 2, calculation of the thermal contact conductance may prove difficult, even impossible, due to the difficulty in measuring the contact area, (A product of surface characteristics, as explained earlier). Because of this, contact conductance/resistance is usually found experimentally, by using a st... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The wide-ranged biological purposes of bio-luminescence include but are not limited to attraction of mates, defense against predators, and warning signals. In the case of bioluminescent bacteria, bio-luminescence mainly serves as a form of dispersal. It has been hypothesized that enteric bacteria (bacteria that survive... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The method is similar to the cyanide method above, except sulfuric acid is used to dissolve copper from its ores. The acid is recycled from the solvent extraction circuit (see solvent extraction-electrowinning, SX/EW) and reused on the leach pad. A byproduct is iron(II) sulfate, jarosite, which is produced as a byprodu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
FSL have been used to create human red cell kodecytes that have been used to detect and identify blood group allo-antibodies as ABO sub-group mimics, ABO quality control systems, serologic teaching kits and a syphilis diagnostic. Kodecytes have also demonstrated that FSL-FLRO4 is a suitable reagent for labelling packed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some synapses dispense with the "middleman" of the neurotransmitter, and connect the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells together. When an action potential reaches such a synapse, the ionic currents flowing into the presynaptic cell can cross the barrier of the two cell membranes and enter the postsynaptic cell through ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mechanistically, eukaryotic translation termination matches its prokaryotic counterpart. In this case, termination of the polypeptide chain is achieved through the hydrolytic action of a heterodimer consisting of release factors, eRF1 and eRF3. Translation termination is said to be leaky in some cases as noncoding-tRNA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DiProDB is a database designed to collect and analyse thermodynamic, structural and other dinucleotide properties. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The non-covalent interactions between antiparallel strands in DNA can be broken in order to "open" the double helix when biologically important mechanisms such as DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair or protein binding are set to occur. The area of partially separated DNA is known as the denaturation bubble, whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The bronze-colored material is one of the strongest reducing agents known. It has also been used as a catalyst in polymerizations and as a coupling reagent for aryl halides to biphenyls. In one study, freshly prepared was treated with 1-iodododecane delivering a modification (micrometre scale carbon platelets with lo... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Apart from life sciences, specialty chemicals -and therefore also their active ingredients, commodities or fine chemicals, as the case may be- are used ubiquitously, in both industrial applications, such as biocides and corrosion inhibitors in cooling water towers, and consumer applications, such as personal care and h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2017, a new method to purify processing bodies was published. Hubstenberger et al. used fluorescence-activated particle sorting (a method based on the ideas of fluorescence-activated cell sorting) to purify processing bodies from human epithelial cells. From these purified processing bodies they were able to use mas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two main theories exist on microtubule movement within the cell: dynamic instability and treadmilling. Dynamic instability occurs when the microtubule assembles and disassembles at one end only, while treadmilling occurs when one end polymerizes while the other end disassembles. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The second generation of mTOR inhibitors is known as ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitors. mTORC1/mTORC2 dual inhibitors such as torin-1, torin-2 and vistusertib, are designed to compete with ATP in the catalytic site of mTOR. They inhibit all of the kinase-dependent functions of mTORC1 and mTORC2 and block the feedb... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In titrations, the concentration of analyte in solution can be determined by titrating the standard solution against the analyte solution to determine the threshold of neutralization. For example, to calculate the concentration of hydrogen chloride, a standard solution of known concentration, such as 0.5 M sodium hydro... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
These depend upon analysis of the "halo" of diffracted light produced when a laser beam passes through a dispersion of particles in air or in a liquid. The angle of diffraction increases as particle size decreases, so that this method is particularly good for measuring sizes between 0.1 and 3,000 μm. Advances in sophis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In boardsports (e.g., surfing, skateboarding and snowboarding), one stands erect on a single, lightweight board that slides along the ground or on water. The need for balance causes one to position the body perpendicular to the direction of motion, with one foot leading the other. As with handedness, when this task is ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
This unusual triad occurs only in one superfamily of amidases. In this case, the lysine acts to polarise the middle serine. The middle serine then forms two strong hydrogen bonds to the nucleophilic serine to activate it (one with the side chain hydroxyl and the other with the backbone amide). The middle serine is held... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Research has shown that men largely view themselves as "passive contributors" since they have "less physical involvement" in IVF treatment. Despite this, many men feel distressed after seeing the toll of hormonal injections and ongoing physical intervention on their female partner. Fertility was found to be a significa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Silver nanoparticles are experimentally shown to inhibit autotrophic nitrifying bacterial growth (86±3%) more than Ag ions (42±7%) or AgCl colloids (46±4%). Silver nanoparticle-inhibited heterotrophic growth (55±8%) in Escherichia coli is best observed at lower concentrations, between 1.0 uM and 4.2 uM. This is less th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As a dis-Ability rights activist, Perera has promoted the concept of establishing a society that does not marginalise or discriminate against people on the basis of limited mobility, either for short time, or long time or life time in attending to normal day-to-day life – the principal problem in this context.
He is a ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mammalian cell expression systems are essential for the transient production of recombinant proteins and their complementary post-translational modifications. In fact, approximately half of the current commercially available therapeutic proteins are produced in mammalian cells. However, mammalian cell systems' slow gro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Generally, and except for specific continuous-filtering or continuous-cultivating versions, algae scrubbers require the algae to be removed ("harvested") periodically from the scrubber. This removal of algae has the effect of removing undesired nutrients from the water because the algae used the nutrients in order to g... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their associated fauna were first discovered along the Galapagos Rift in the eastern Pacific in 1977. Vents are now known to occur along all active mid ocean ridges and back-arc spreading centres, from fast to ultra-slow spreading ridges. The interest in chemosynthetic environments was s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
On 5 October 2016, Ranga Dias and Isaac F. Silvera of Harvard University released claims of experimental evidence that solid metallic hydrogen had been synthesized in the laboratory at a pressure of around using a diamond anvil cell. This manuscript was available in October 2016, and a revised version was subsequently... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Salahuddin was President of Society of Biological Chemists SBC (India) from 1989 to 1990; a Member of the editorial board of Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics(1985–1988); Visiting Associate Professor, University of Maryland 1975; Member of Protein Society, Bethesda, USA(1995-1997); Member of the New York Ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenols undergo esterification. Phenol esters are active esters, being prone to hydrolysis. Phenols are reactive species toward oxidation. Oxidative cleavage, for instance cleavage of 1,2-dihydroxybenzene to the monomethylester of 2,4 hexadienedioic acid with oxygen, copper chloride in pyridine Oxidative de-aromatizati... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Scleroderma, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis elicit little or no CRP response. CRP levels also tend not to be elevated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) unless serositis or synovitis is present. Elevations of CRP in the absence of clinically significant inflammation can occur in kidney failure. CRP level is an in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate is prepared from boron trifluoride, diethyl ether and epichlorohydrin:
where the Et stands for ethyl. The trimethyloxonium salt is available from dimethyl ether via an analogous route. These salts do not have long shelf-lives at room temperature. They degrade by hydrolysis:
The propens... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A total synthesis reported by Eli Lilly and the University of Southampton in 2007 also starts from isovanillin. The aldehyde group in its derivative 1 is converted to its amine by reductive amination with methylamine which is then protected as a BOC group in 2. The remainder of the carbon framework is added with chira... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Denudation is the process of wearing away the top layers of Earths landscape. Because the rate of denudation is normally too small to directly measure, it can be indirectly determined by measuring the sediment load of the streams that drain the area in question. This is possible because any material that passes through... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Nonbonded 1,3-diaxial interaction energies are commonly used to approximate strain energy in cyclic molecules, as values for these interactions are available. By taking the difference in nonbonded interactions for each conformer, the equilibrium enthalpy can be estimated. The strain energy for methylidenecyclohexane ha... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
One of the hallmarks of cancer is altered metabolism or deregulating cellular energetics. Cancers cells often have reprogrammed their glucose metabolism to perform lactic acid fermentation, in the presence of oxygen, rather than send the pyruvate made through glycolysis to the mitochondria. This is referred to as the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In cell biology, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins that interact with the microtubules of the cellular cytoskeleton. MAPs are integral to the stability of the cell and its internal structures and the transport of components within the cell. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electromethanogenesis is a form of electrofuel production where methane is produced by direct biological conversion of electrical current and carbon dioxide.
Methane producing technologies garnered interest from the scientific community prior to 2000, but electromethanogenesis did not become a significant area of inter... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of alloys with the L1 structure (e.g., NiAl, NiGa, NiGe, NiSi), show yield strength anomalies. The L1 structure is a derivative of the face-centered cubic crystal structure. For these alloys, the active slip system below the peak is ⟨110⟩{111} while the active system at higher temperatures is ⟨110⟩{010}. The h... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Studies on how people transform the substances that they ingest began in the mid-nineteenth century, with chemists discovering that organic chemicals such as benzaldehyde could be oxidized and conjugated to amino acids in the human body. During the remainder of the nineteenth century, several other basic detoxification... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The major tissue systems present are
* The epidermis, which covers the upper and lower surfaces
* The mesophyll tissue, which consists of photosynthetic cells rich in chloroplasts. (also called chlorenchyma)
* The arrangement of veins (the vascular tissue)
These three tissue systems typically form a regular organizatio... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Anfinsens dogma, also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis, is a postulate in molecular biology. It states that, at least for a small globular protein in its standard physiological environment, the native structure is determined only by the proteins amino acid sequence. The dogma was championed by the Nobel Prize Laur... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The precise mechanism of action of modafinil for narcolepsy and other sleep disorders remains unclear. Although modafinil may have interactions with neurotransmitter systems, its exact mode of action is not fully understood.
From laboratory research, modafinil has little to no affinity for serotonin or norepinephrine t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the 1940s Craig invented the first apparatus to conduct countercurrent partitioning; he called this the countercurrent distribution Craig apparatus. The apparatus consists of a series of glass tubes that are designed and arranged such that the lighter liquid phase is transferred from one tube to the next. The next m... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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