text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
An electrolyte is a medium containing ions that are electrically conductive through the movement of those ions, but not conducting electrons. This includes most soluble salts, acids, and bases dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. Upon dissolving, the substance separates into cations and anions, which disperse u... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electroless deposition (ED) or electroless plating is defined as the autocatalytic process through which metals and metal alloys are deposited onto nonconductive surfaces.These nonconductive surfaces include plastics, ceramics, and glass etc., which can then become decorative, anti-corrosive, and conductive depending o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Methionine sulfoxide (MetO), the oxidized form of the amino acid methionine (Met), increases with age in body tissues, which is believed by some to contribute to biological ageing. Oxidation of methionine residues in tissue proteins can cause them to misfold or otherwise render them dysfunctional. Uniquely, the methion... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The physical properties of compounds such as melting point and boiling point change when other compounds are added. Together they are called colligative properties. There are several ways to quantify the amount of one compound dissolved in the other compounds collectively called concentration. Examples include molarity... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In November 1945, Smolková-Keulemansová's dream to return to Prague and continue her studies became a reality. She completed grammar school and realized that her biggest struggle in her supplementary exams was chemistry, so she began to study chemistry at Charles University in Prague, leading to her lifelong devotion a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In higher plants thylakoids are organized into a granum-stroma membrane assembly. A granum (plural grana) is a stack of thylakoid discs. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana. Grana are connected by stroma thylakoids, also called intergranal thylakoids or lamellae. Grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids can be dis... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The ribosomal protein S1 binds to adenine sequences upstream of the RBS. Increasing the concentration of adenine upstream of the RBS will increase the rate of ribosome recruitment. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two-step thermochemical cycles, often involving metal oxides, can be divided into two categories depending on the nature of the reaction: volatile and non-volatile. Volatile cycles utilize metal species that sublime during the reduction of the metal oxides, and non-volatile cycles can be further categorized into stoich... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In some archaea, i.e. members of the Methanobacteriales and in the genus Methanopyrus, pseudopeptidoglycan (pseudomurein) has been found. In pseudopeptidoglycan the sugar residues are β-(1,3) linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid. This makes the cell walls of such archaea insensitive to lysozyme. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the brewing industry flocculation has a different meaning. It is a very important process in fermentation during the production of beer where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be colle... | 8 | Metallurgy |
ATSDR conducts surveillance by maintaining projects to collect and analyze information on diseases and chemical exposures. Research using that information and data can then be used to prevent future and control injury, disease, and death. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plastocyanin was the first of the blue copper proteins to be characterised by X-ray crystallography. It features an eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel containing one copper center.
Structures of the protein from poplar, algae, parsley, spinach, and French bean plants have been characterized crystallographically. In ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Silicothermic reactions are thermic chemical reactions using silicon as the reducing agent at high temperature (800-1400°C). The most prominent example is the Pidgeon process for reducing magnesium metal from ores. Other processes include the Bolzano process and the magnetherm process. All three are commercially used f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Vibrational transitions and optical phonon transitions take place in the infrared part of the spectrum, at wavelengths of around 1-30 micrometres. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two main variants of thermochromic ink, one composed of leuco dyes and one composed of liquid crystals. For both types of ink, the chemicals need to be contained within capsules around 3 to 5 microns long. This protects the dyes and crystals from mixing with other chemicals that might affect the functionality... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Marine biogeochemical cycles are biogeochemical cycles that occur within marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. These biogeochemical cycles are the pathways chemical substances and elements move through within the marine environment. In addition, sub... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Although IP Standard test methods exist, the more common methods for BN are ASTM standardised, such as the potentiometric titration for fresh oils (Test method BN ASTM D2896). A sample is typically dissolved in a pre-mixed solvent of chlorobenzene and acetic acid and titrated with standardised perchloric acid in glacia... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 2006 a new polymorph of maleic acid was discovered, 124 years after the first crystal form was studied. Maleic acid is manufactured on an industrial scale in the chemical industry. It forms salt found in medicine. The new crystal type is produced when a co-crystal of caffeine and maleic acid (2:1) is dissolved in ch... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Snf3 is a plasma membrane protein in yeasts that consists of 12 (2x6) transmembrane domains, like the homologous glucose transporters. Its structure is distinct from the homologous transporters in particular by a long C-terminal tail which is predicted to reside in the cytoplasm.
The long C-terminal tail plays an impor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Front-of-house testing provides testing services to clients at events. It provides real-time, as-you-wait results. An example is the testing at BOOM festival in Portugal where drug testers are legally allowed to handle samples. Where testers are not allowed to handle samples, for fear of breaking laws around possession... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Biofumigation is a method of pest control in agriculture, a variant of fumigation where the gaseous active substance—fumigant—is produced by decomposition of plant material freshly chopped and buried in the soil for this purpose.
Plants from the Brassicaceae family (e.g., mustards, cauliflower, and broccoli) are primar... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Nitrile groups in organic compounds can undergo a variety of reactions depending on the reactants or conditions. A nitrile group can be hydrolyzed, reduced, or ejected from a molecule as a cyanide ion. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*2.B.1 The Valinomycin Carrier Family
*2.B.2 The Monensin Family
*2.B.3 The Nigericin Family
*2.B.4 The Macrotetrolide Antibiotic (MA) Family
*2.B.5 The Macrocyclic Polyether (MP) Family
*2.B.6 The Ionomycin Family
*2.B.7 The Transmembrane α-helical Peptide Phospholipid Translocation (TMP-PLT) Family
*2.B.8 The Bafilom... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biomarkers of susceptibility are indicators of the natural characteristics of an organism that make it more susceptible to the effects of an exposure to a chemical. They can help define what sensitivities are more susceptible as well as critical times when exposures can be most detrimental. For example, the exhalatio... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The International Tables for Crystallography is an eight-book series that outlines the standard notations for formatting, describing and testing crystals. The series contains books that covers analysis methods and the mathematical procedures for determining organic structure through x-ray crystallography, electron diff... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The azo group in DEAD is a Michael acceptor. In the presence of a copper(II) catalyst, DEAD assists conversion of β-keto esters to the corresponding hydrazine derivatives.
The substitution of boronic acid esters proceeds similarly: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Giuliana Tesoro (née Cavaglieri) (June 1, 1921 – September 29, 2002) was an Italian-born American chemist who earned more than 125 patents, with her most notable consisting of improvements in fabric comfort, practicality, and flame resistance. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methanesulfonyl chloride is a precursor to many compounds because it is highly reactive. It is an electrophile, functioning as a source of the "CHSO" synthon. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. It is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials. For commercial use, until World War II, much of benzene was obtained as a by-product of coke production (or "coke-oven light oil") for the steel industry. However, in the 1950s, increased demand f... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The compounds are generally prepared by salt metathesis reactions of alkali-metal cyclopentadienyl compounds with transition metal chlorides. Sodium cyclopentadienide (NaCp) and lithium cyclopentadienide are commonly used. Trimethylsilylcyclopentadiene cyclopentadienylthallium (CpTl) are alternative sources. For the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Finnish lichenologist William Nylander is generally considered to have been the first to demonstrate the use of chemicals to help with lichen identification. In papers published in 1866, he suggested spot tests using KOH and bleaching powder to get characteristic colour reactions—typically yellow, red, or green. In the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Shape-memory alloys are typically made by casting, using vacuum arc melting or induction melting. These are specialist techniques used to keep impurities in the alloy to a minimum and ensure the metals are well mixed. The ingot is then hot rolled into longer sections and then drawn to turn it into wire.
The way in whic... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A diazaquinone is a chemical compound that has an heterocyclic aromatic core including two consecutive doubly-bonded nitrogen atoms , with the two carbon units adjacent to the nitrogens replaced by carbonyl (ketone) groups . These carbon and nitrogen atoms then comprise a diacyl diimide unit, .
Two canonical examples ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the context of scattering light on extended bodies, the scattering cross section, , describes the likelihood of light being scattered by a macroscopic particle. In general, the scattering cross section is different from the geometrical cross section of a particle, as it depends upon the wavelength of light and the p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A transposable element (TE, transposon, or jumping gene) is a nucleic acid sequence in DNA that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cells genetic identity and genome size. Transposition often results in duplication of the same genetic material. In the huma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Starting in the 1980s, scientific advances allowed the use of DNA as a material for the identification of an individual. The first patent covering the direct use of DNA variation for forensics ([https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US5593832.pdf US5593832A]) was filed by Jeffrey G... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Group 6 and group 7 transition metal complexes have been found to be the most prominent in regards to dissociation of the CO cis to ligand X. CO is a neutral ligand that donates 2 electrons to the complex, and therefore lacks anionic or cationic properties that would affect the electron count of the complex. For tran... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An example of back titration, the Volhard method, named after Jacob Volhard, involves the addition of excess silver nitrate to the analyte; the silver chloride is filtered, and the remaining silver nitrate is titrated against ammonium thiocyanate, with ferric ammonium sulfate as an indicator which forms blood-red [[Thi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
RIP causes G:C to A:T transition mutations within repeats, however, the mechanism that detects the repeated sequences is unknown. RID is the only known protein essential for RIP. It is a DNA methyltransferease-like protein, that when mutated or knocked out results in loss of RIP. Deletion of the rid homolog in Aspergil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bacterial initiation factor 1 is a bacterial initiation factor.
IF1 associates with the 30S ribosomal subunit in the A site and prevents an aminoacyl-tRNA from entering. It modulates IF2 binding to the ribosome by increasing its affinity. It may also prevent the 50S subunit from binding, stopping the formation of the 7... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carboxylation of the 2,3-enediolate results in the intermediate 3-keto-2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate and Lys334 is positioned to facilitate the addition of the substrate as it replaces the third -coordinated water molecule and add directly to the enediol. No Michaelis complex is formed in this process. Hydratio... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Let and be the numerical values of the concentrations of a given contaminant, respectively before and after treatment, following a defined process.
It is irrelevant in what units these concentrations are given, provided that both use the same units.
Then an and -log reduction is achieved, where
For the purpose of pre... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Lippmann–Schwinger equation (named after Bernard Lippmann and Julian Schwinger) is one of the most used equations to describe particle collisions – or, more precisely, scattering – in quantum mechanics. It may be used in scattering of molecules, atoms, neutrons, photons or any other particles and is important mainl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biocatalysis underpins some of the oldest chemical transformations known to humans, for brewing predates recorded history. The oldest records of brewing are about 6000 years old and refer to the Sumerians.
The employment of enzymes and whole cells have been important for many industries for centuries. The most obvious ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Retrotransposons (also called Class I transposable elements or transposons via RNA intermediates) are a type of genetic component that copy and paste themselves into different genomic locations (transposon) by converting RNA back into DNA through the reverse transcription process using an RNA transposition intermediate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A key consideration of hydroformylation is the "normal" vs. "iso" selectivity. For example, the hydroformylation of propylene can afford two isomeric products, butyraldehyde or isobutyraldehyde:
These isomers reflect the regiochemistry of the insertion of the alkene into the M–H bond. Since both products are not equall... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the early 20th century, -contaminated gold, from gold seeds that were used in radiotherapy which had held , were melted down and made into a small number of jewelry pieces, such as rings, in the U.S.
Wearing such a contaminated ring could lead to a skin exposure of 10 to 100 millirad/day (0.004 to 0.04 mSv/h). | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
4-Maleylacetoacetate (4-maleylacetoacetatic acid) is an intermediate in the metabolism of tyrosine. It is converted to fumarylacetoacetate by the enzyme 4-maleylacetoacetate cis-trans-isomerase. Gluthathione coenzymatically helps in conversion to fumarylacetoacetic acid. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Characterization of plant root exometabolites to determine how exometabolites affect Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria.
Metabolic footprinting of yeast strains for identification of yeast strains optimal for enhancing fermentation performance and positive attributes in wine. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydroxide mineralizers are also used to control the alumina/silica ratio of zeolites. A typical recipe for the production of a zeolite includes the mineralizer, the solvent, the seed crystal, a nutrient consisting of silica (SiO) and alumina (AlO), and a template. Templates are cations that direct the polymerization of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A computational comparative analysis of vertebrate genome sequences have identified a cluster of 6 conserved hairpin motifs in the 3'UTR of the MAT2A messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript. The predicted hairpins (named A-F) have strong evolutionary conservation and 3 of the predicted RNA structures (hairpins A, C and D) have... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GLD-2 is a common and abundant, but yet quite unknown protein that has already been found in each of the five kingdoms. In the animal kingdom, it has been specially detected in Homo sapiens, Drosophila, Xenopus and Mus musculus. However, there has also been noticed the presence of GLD-2 in Arabidopsis thaliana which be... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several methods termed natural cycle IVF:
* IVF using no drugs for ovarian hyperstimulation, while drugs for ovulation suppression may still be used.
* IVF using ovarian hyperstimulation, including gonadotropins, but with a GnRH antagonist protocol so that the cycle initiates from natural mechanisms.
* Frozen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tripartite motif-containing 24 (TRIM24) also known as transcriptional intermediary factor 1α (TIF1α) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the TRIM24 gene. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Select filter cloth to obtain solid binding resistance and good cake release. Use coated fabric for more effective cake release and have a longer-lasting cloth media due to solid binding filter cloth. Both the discharge roll speed and drum speed must be the same. Adjust the scraper knife to leave a significant heal on ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Organic fluxes typically consist of four major components:
* Activators – chemicals disrupting/dissolving the metal oxides. Their role is to expose unoxidized, easily wettable metal surface and aid soldering by other means, e.g. by exchange reactions with the base metals.
** Highly active fluxes contain chemicals that ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Methanesulfonyl chloride react with primary and secondary amines to give methanesulfonamides. Unlike methanesulfonates, methanesulfonamides are very resistant toward hydrolysis under both acidic and basic conditions. When used as a protecting group, they can be converted back to amines using lithium aluminium hydride o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nucleosomes are portions of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) that are wrapped around protein complexes called histone cores. These histone cores are composed of 8 subunits, two each of H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 histones. This protein complex forms a cylindrical shape that dsDNA wraps around with approximately 147 base pairs. Nucl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
By chemically crosslinking the rings contained in the polyrotaxanes, sliding gels are obtained by being topologically interlocked by figure-of-eight crosslinks. Although it is a polymer network (gel), the rings are not fixed on the polyrotaxanes in the polymer network, the crosslinks of rings are able to freely move al... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Columnar structures arise naturally in the context of dense hard sphere packings inside a cylinder. Mughal et al. studied such packings using simulated annealing up to the diameter ratio of for cylinder diameter to sphere diameter . This includes some structures with internal spheres that are not in contact with the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The formal standard reduction potential can be defined as the measured reduction potential of the half-reaction at unity concentration ratio of the oxidized and reduced species (i.e.', when 1) under given conditions.
Indeed:
as, , when ,
: , when ,
because , and that the term is included in .
The formal reduction ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The point of zero charge is the pH for which the net surface charge of adsorbent is equal to zero. This concept has been introduced by an increase of interest in the pH of the solution during adsorption. The reason why pH has attracted much attention is that the adsorption of some substances is very dependent on pH. Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the human ventricles, repolarization can be seen on an ECG (electrocardiogram) via the J-wave (Osborn), ST segment, T wave and U wave. Due to the complexity of the heart, specifically how it contains three layers of cells (endocardium, myocardium and epicardium), there are many physiological changes effecting repola... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cryosurgery is also used to treat internal and external tumors as well as tumors in the bone. To cure internal tumors, a hollow instrument called a cryoprobe is used, which is placed in contact with the tumor. Liquid nitrogen or argon gas is passed through the cryoprobe. Ultrasound or MRI is used to guide the cryoprobe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tris-buffered saline (TBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Tris (with HCl) has a slightly alkaline buffering capacity in the 7–9.2 range. The conjugate acid of Tris has a pK of 8.07 at 25 °C. The pK declines approximately 0.03 units per degree Celsius... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The methylglyoxal pathway is activated by the increased intercellular uptake of carbon containing molecules such as glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate, or glycerol. Methylglyoxal is formed from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) by the enzyme methylglyoxal synthase, giving off a phosphate group.
Methylglyoxal is the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isocyanides have a very disagreeable odour. To quote from Lieke, "Es besitzt einen penetranten, höchst unangenehmen Geruch; das Oeffnen eines Gefässes mit Cyanallyl reicht hin, die Luft eines Zimmers mehrere Tage lang zu verpesten, ..." (It has a penetrating, extremely unpleasant odour; the opening of a flask of allyl ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A superconductor is generally considered high-temperature if it reaches a superconducting state above a temperature of 30 K (−243.15 °C); as in the initial discovery by Georg Bednorz and K. Alex Müller. It may also reference materials that transition to superconductivity when cooled using liquid nitrogen – that is, at ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The issue of limit of detection, or limit of quantification, is encountered in all scientific disciplines. This explains the variety of definitions and the diversity of juridiction specific solutions developed to address preferences. In the simplest cases as in nuclear and chemical measurements, definitions and approac... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Herman was born on 24 March 1934 in Libušín. He studied physical chemistry and radiochemistry at the School of Mathematics and Physics of Charles University, Prague (1952–1957). He then joined the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, to which he remained affiliated.
Herman's early work, wit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photaki was born in Corinth in 1921 and finished her secondary education at the 2nd Girls Gymnasium of Athens in 1938. In the same year she enrolled at the Department of Chemistry in the University of Athens, where she specialised in Organic chemistry under the mentorship of Leonidas Zervas. Her studies were interrupte... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In addition to LaNi, there are other alloys such as LaNi, LaNi, LaNi, LaNi, LaNi, and LaNi, and nonstoichiometric alloys such as LaNi (tetragonal, space group I4̄2m). The nickel atoms in LaNi can also be replaced by other atoms, such as LaNiCo. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Unlike the hormones with which it competes, flutamide is not a steroid; rather, it is a substituted anilide. Hence, it is described as nonsteroidal in order to distinguish it from older steroidal antiandrogens such as cyproterone acetate and megestrol acetate. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The first suggestion of ADP-ribosylation surfaced during the early 1960s. At this time, Pierre Chambon and coworkers observed the incorporation of ATP into hen liver nuclei extract. After extensive studies on the acid insoluble fraction, several different research laboratories were able to identify ADP-ribose, derived ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
More than 80 sponsors support the NADP: Private companies and other non-governmental organizations, universities, local and state government agencies (i.e. state agricultural experiment stations), national laboratories, Native American environmental organizations, [http://www.ec.gc.ca/ Canadian government agencies], th... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are three different replication systems during the life cycle of a retrovirus. The first process is the reverse transcriptase synthesis of viral DNA from viral RNA, which then forms newly made complementary DNA strands. The second replication process occurs when host cellular DNA polymerase replicates the integra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sediment chemistry provides information on contamination, however it does not provide information of biological effects (Chapman, 1990). Sediment chemistry is used as a screening tool to determine the contaminants that are most likely to be destructive to organisms present in the benthic community at a specific site. D... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Thermochemistry is the study of the heat energy which is associated with chemical reactions and/or phase changes such as melting and boiling. A reaction may release or absorb energy, and a phase change may do the same. Thermochemistry focuses on the energy exchange between a system and its surroundings in the form of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fretting damage in steel can be identified by the presence of a pitted surface and fine red iron oxide dust resembling cocoa powder. Strictly this debris is not rust as its production requires no water. The particles are much harder than the steel surfaces in contact, so abrasive wear is inevitable; however, particulat... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Golden Gate Cloning principle can also be applied to perform mutagenesis termed Golden Mutagenesis. The technology is easy to implement as a web tool is available for primer design (https://msbi.ipb-halle.de/GoldenMutagenesisWeb/) and the vectors are deposited at addgene (http://www.addgene.org/browse/article/28196... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Single nucleotide polymorphism annotation (SNP annotation) is the process of predicting the effect or function of an individual SNP using SNP annotation tools. In SNP annotation the biological information is extracted, collected and displayed in a clear form amenable to query. SNP functional annotation is typically per... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first protected peptide was synthesised by Theodor Curtius in 1882 and the first free peptide was synthesised by Emil Fischer in 1901. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Typically bainite manifests as aggregates, termed sheaves, of ferrite plates (sub-units) separated by retained austenite, martensite or cementite. While the sub-units appear separate when viewed on a 2-dimensional section they are in fact interconnected in 3-dimensions and usually take on a lenticular plate or lath mor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Despite being a powerful model organism for biology and the study of transcriptional enhancers, the tissue specific activity of less than 5% of the estimated 50,000 transcriptional enhancers in Drosophila melanogaster have been discovered. Over the past decade, the main method for detection of tissue- or cell-type spec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thylakoids can be purified from plant cells using a combination of differential and gradient centrifugation. Disruption of isolated thylakoids, for example by mechanical shearing, releases the lumenal fraction. Peripheral and integral membrane fractions can be extracted from the remaining membrane fraction. Treatment w... | 5 | Photochemistry |
CK1ε and CK1δ are essential in the genetic transcription-translation (and post-translation) feedback loops that generate circadian rhythm in mammals.
The previously-characterized CK1ε isoform was first implicated as a clock gene when its Drosophila homolog, double-time (Doubletime (gene)), was discovered in 1998. Doubl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general, carboxylic acids () are named with the suffix -oic acid (etymologically a back-formation from benzoic acid). As with aldehydes, the carboxyl functional group must take the "1" position on the main chain and so the locant need not be stated. For example, (lactic acid) is named 2-hydroxypropanoic acid with n... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In n-pentane, the terminal methyl groups experience additional pentane interference.
Replacing hydrogen by fluorine in polytetrafluoroethylene changes the stereochemistry from the zigzag geometry to that of a helix due to electrostatic repulsion of the fluorine atoms in the 1,3 positions. Evidence for the helix structu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In particle physics, (; ) is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus. The moving particle loses kinetic energy, which is converted into radiation (i.e., photons), thus satisfying the law of cons... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Secondary (indirect) immunofluorescence (SIF) is similar to direct immunofluorescence, however the technique utilizes two types of antibodies whereas only one of them have a conjugated fluorophore. The antibody with the conjugated fluorophore is referred to as the secondary antibody, while the unconjugated is referred ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Certain materials especially refractories which are processed at high temperatures end up with excessively large grain size and poor mechanical properties at room temperature. To mitigate this problem in a common sintering procedure, a variety of dopants are often used to inhibit grain growth. | 8 | Metallurgy |
If the β phase is replaced by a flat rigid surface, as shown in Figure 5, then β = π, and the second net force equation simplifies to the Young equation,
which relates the surface tensions between the three phases: solid, liquid and gas. Subsequently, this predicts the contact angle of a liquid droplet on a solid surfa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrochemical migration (ECM) is the dissolution and movement of metal ions in presence of electric potential, which results in the growth of dendritic structures between anode and cathode. The process is most commonly observed in printed circuit boards where it may significantly decrease the insulation between condu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
75% of plant viruses have genomes that consist of single stranded RNA (ssRNA). 65% of plant viruses have +ssRNA, meaning that they are in the same sense orientation as messenger RNA but 10% have -ssRNA, meaning they must be converted to +ssRNA before they can be translated. 5% are double stranded RNA and so can be imme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* [https://www.rickallmendinger.net/stereonet Stereonet], a software tool for structural geology by Rick Allmendinger.
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/tclab/ PTCLab], the phase transformation crystallography lab
* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/sphaerica Sphaerica], software tool for straightedge and compass const... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Among the earlier uses of bitumen in the United Kingdom was for etching. William Salmons Polygraphice' (1673) provides a recipe for varnish used in etching, consisting of three ounces of virgin wax, two ounces of mastic, and one ounce of asphaltum. By the fifth edition in 1685, he had included more asphaltum recipes fr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metallic hydrogen is a phase of hydrogen in which it behaves like an electrical conductor. This phase was predicted in 1935 on theoretical grounds by Eugene Wigner and Hillard Bell Huntington.
At high pressure and temperatures, metallic hydrogen can exist as a partial liquid rather than a solid, and researchers think i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The projectile is usually sold to be used with a launcher or gun by the same company, to provide best reliability. The different companies usually also sell other types of projectiles for non-lethal use or projectiles with combined effects. Such effects may include:
*break glass and disperse barricades
*mark suspects f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a Compton scattering process, an incident photon collides with an electron in a material. The amount of energy exchanged varies with angle, and is given by the formula:
or
* E is the energy of the incident photon.
* E ' is the energy of the outgoing photon, which escapes the material.
* is the mass of the electron.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the electronics industry, deionized water is used to rinse components during manufacturing. This is necessary to avoid potential short circuits that could destroy electronic chips. As electronic chips are very small, there is little free space between component elements and unwanted electricity may conduct across co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.