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Exometabolomics, also known as metabolic footprinting, is the study of extracellular metabolites and is a sub-field of metabolomics.
While the same analytical approaches used for profiling metabolites apply to exometabolomics, including liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the absence of the original amino acid (-leucine) in an environment, -photo-leucine is used just as its naturally occurring analog in the protein processing mechanisms of the cell. Therefore, it can be used as a substitute for leucine in the primary structure of the protein. This property of photo-leucine is very us... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Mechanical work performed on a working fluid causes a change in the mechanical constraints of the system; in other words, for work to occur, the volume must be altered. Hence, volume is an important parameter in characterizing many thermodynamic processes where an exchange of energy in the form of work is involved.
Vo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Agnes Luise Wilhelmine Pockels (14 February 1862 – 21 November 1935) was a German chemist whose research was fundamental in establishing the modern discipline known as surface science, which describes the properties of liquid and solid surfaces and interfaces.
Pockels became interested in fundamental research in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The kilogram per cubic metre (symbol: kg·m, or kg/m) is the unit of density in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined by dividing the SI unit of mass, the kilogram, by the SI unit of volume, the cubic metre. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nucleophilic alkylating agents deliver the equivalent of an alkyl anion (carbanion). The formal "alkyl anion" attacks an electrophile, forming a new covalent bond between the alkyl group and the electrophile. The counterion, which is a cation such as lithium, can be removed and washed away in the work-up. Examples incl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The reaction mechanism is not clearly understood, but the textbook mechanism revolves around a palladium cycle which is in agreement with the "classical" cross-coupling mechanism, and a copper cycle, which is less well known. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This is the point at which the rotating wave approximation is made. The dipole approximation has been assumed, and for this to remain valid the electric field must be near resonance with the atomic transition. This means that and the complex exponentials multiplying and can be considered to be rapidly oscillating.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Well characterized modifications to histones include:
*Methylation
Both lysine and arginine residues are known to be methylated. Methylated lysines are the best understood marks of the histone code, as specific methylated lysine match well with gene expression states. Methylation of lysines H3K4 and H3K36 is correlated... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In corrosion, spalling occurs when a substance (metal or concrete) sheds tiny particles of corrosion products as the corrosion reaction progresses. Although they are not soluble or permeable, these corrosion products do not adhere to the parent material's surface to form a barrier to further corrosion, as happens in pa... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The adsorption process can be characterized by determining what amount of the ions or molecules are adsorbed to the surface. This amount can be determined experimentally by the construction of an adsorption isotherm. An adsorption isotherm is a graph of Γ(P,T) versus partial pressure of the adsorbate(P/P) for a given c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* One application for such a device is measuring the water content of soil, where the volume of water in the total volume of soil most heavily influences the dielectric permittivity of the soil because the dielectric of water (80) is much greater than the other constituents of the soil (mineral soil: 4, organic matter:... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acid flux types (not used in electronics) may contain hydrochloric acid, zinc chloride or ammonium chloride, which are harmful to humans. Therefore, flux should be handled with gloves and goggles, and used with adequate ventilation.
Prolonged exposure to rosin fumes released during soldering can cause occupational asth... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the first step the polymers are processed by means of common techniques, such as injection or extrusion, thermoforming, at a temperature (T) at which the polymer melts, obtaining a final shape which is called "permanent" shape.
The next step is called system programming and involves heating the sample to a transitio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Insulin biosynthesis is regulated by transcriptional and translational levels. The β-cells promote their protein transcription in response to nutrients. The exposure of rat Langerhans islets to glucose for 1 hour is able to remarkably induce the intracellular proinsulin levels. It was noted that the proinsulin mRNA rem... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In March, researchers announced the successful use of gene therapy to treat two adult patients for X-linked chronic granulomatous disease, a disease which affects myeloid cells and damages the immune system. The study is the first to show that gene therapy can treat the myeloid system.
In May, a team reported a way to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper-clad steel wire find applications in grounding, connection of ground rods to metallic structures, ground grid meshes, substations, power installations, and lightning arresters.
This wire is also sometimes used for power transmission.
Copper coated welding wire has become common since wire welding equipment has ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Starvation response in animals (including humans) is a set of adaptive biochemical and physiological changes, triggered by lack of food or extreme weight loss, in which the body seeks to conserve energy by reducing metabolic rate and/or non-resting energy expenditure to prolong survival and preserve body fat and lean m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Assuming that and Taylor expanding the second exact perturbation theory expression to the second order, one gets the approximation
Note that the first term is the expected value of the energy difference, while the second is essentially its variance. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The courses of study are closely related to the research activities to provide interdisciplinary and research-oriented training.
The institute offers a broad bachelor programme with contents of marine, environmental and landscape-ecological sciences as well as four Master Programmes which are: Marine Environmental Scie... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Meteorites and interplanetary dust shows the composition of solid material at the start of the Solar System, as they have not been modified since its formation. Carbonaceous chondrites are meteorites with around 5% carbon compounds. Their composition resembles the Sun's minus the very volatile elements like hydrogen an... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This type of carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM) relies on a contained compartment within the cell into which is shuttled, and where RuBisCO is highly expressed. In many species, biophysical CCMs are only induced under low carbon dioxide concentrations. Biophysical CCMs are more evolutionary ancient than biochemical ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1871, Lord Kelvin (William Thomson) obtained the following relation governing a liquid-vapor interface:
where:
: = vapor pressure at a curved interface of radius
: = vapor pressure at flat interface () =
: = surface tension
: = density of vapor
: = density of liquid
: , = radii of curvature along the princip... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In analytical chemistry, complexometric indicators are used in complexometric titration to indicate the exact moment when all the metal ions in the solution are sequestered by a chelating agent (most usually EDTA). Such indicators are also called metallochromic indicators.
The indicator may be present in another liquid... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Spectral signature is the variation of reflectance or emittance of a material with respect to wavelengths (i.e., reflectance/emittance as a function of wavelength). The spectral signature of stars indicates the composition of the stellar atmosphere. The spectral signature of an object is a function of the incidental E... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CARS is used for species selective microscopy and combustion diagnostics. The first exploits the selectivity of vibrational spectroscopy. More recently, CARS microscopy has been utilized as a method for non-invasive imaging of lipids in biological samples, both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, RP-CARS, a particular impl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A thermodynamic operation is an externally imposed manipulation that affects a thermodynamic system. The change can be either in the connection or wall between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings, or in the value of some variable in the surroundings that is in contact with a wall of the system that allows trans... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Explosive decomposition of organo nitro compounds are redox reactions, wherein both the oxidant (nitro group) and the fuel (hydrocarbon substituent) are bound within the same molecule. The explosion process generates heat by forming highly stable products including molecular nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide, and water. The... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mineralogists, in particular, are interested in morphological appearances of individual crystals, as defined by the actually formed crystal faces (tracht) and their relative sizes (habit). More advanced visualization capabilities allow for displaying surface characteristics, imperfections inside the crystal, lighting (... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The docking of IP to its receptor, which is called the inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R), was first studied using deletion mutagenesis in the early 1990s. Studies focused on the N-terminus side of the IP receptor. In 1997 researchers localized the region of the IP receptor involved with binding of IP to between ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A magnesium(I) dimer is a molecular compound containing a magnesium to magnesium bond (Mg-Mg), giving the metal an apparent +1 oxidation state.
Alkaline earth metals are commonly found in the +2-oxidation state, such as magnesium. The M are considered as redox-inert, meaning that the +2 state is significant. However, r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CCCTC-Binding factor or CTCF was initially discovered as a negative regulator of the chicken c-myc gene. This protein was found to be binding to three regularly spaced repeats of the core sequence CCCTC and thus was named CCCTC binding factor. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Closantel and triclosan are known inhibitors of quorum sensing enzymes. Closantel induces aggregation of the histidine kinase sensor in two-component signalling. The latter disrupts the synthesis of a class of signalling molecules known as N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) by blocking the enoyl-acyl carrier protein (AC... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to the rule, a casting with a larger surface area and smaller volume will cool more quickly than a casting with a smaller surface area and a larger volume under otherwise comparable conditions. The relationship can be mathematically expressed as:
Where is the solidification time, is the volume of the castin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Saccharides are a food source rich in energy. Large polymers such as starch are partially hydrolyzed in the mouth by the enzyme amylase before being cleaved further into sugars. Many mammals have seen great expansions in the copy number of the amylase gene. These duplications allow for the pancreatic amylase AMY2 to re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Bello, Phillip A., [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1088793 "Characterization of randomly time-variant linear channels"], IEEE Transactions on Communications Systems, vol. 11, iss. 4, pp. 360-393, December 1963. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first mathematical fit to an isotherm was published by Freundlich and Kuster (1906) and is a purely empirical formula for gaseous adsorbates:
where is the mass of adsorbate adsorbed, is the mass of the adsorbent, is the pressure of adsorbate (this can be changed to concentration if investigating solution rather ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For solid materials with a significant length, like rods or cables, an estimate of the amount of thermal expansion can be described by the material strain, given by and defined as:
where is the length before the change of temperature and is the length after the change of temperature.
For most solids, thermal expansi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Halothane is an ozone depleting substance with an ODP of 1.56 and it is calculated to be responsible for 1% of total stratospheric ozone layer depletion. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
An induction furnace consists of a nonconductive crucible holding the charge of metal to be melted, surrounded by a coil of copper wire. A powerful alternating current flows through the wire. The coil creates a rapidly reversing magnetic field that penetrates the metal. The magnetic field induces eddy currents, cir... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Valerie has two daughters, and her father is the honorary president of the Johannesburg Sephardic Hebrew Congregation. She grew up speaking Judeo-Spanish at home. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Initiation of transcription requires promoter regions, which are specific nucleotide consensus sequences that tell the σ-factor on RNA polymerase where to bind to the DNA. The promoters are usually located 15 to 19 bases apart and are most commonly found upstream of the genes they control. RNA polymerase is made up of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As described above, same-excess experiments are conducted with two or more experiments holding the excess, (e) constant while changing the absolute concentrations of the substrates (in this case, the catalyst is also treated as a substrate.) Note that this construction causes the number of equivalents and therefore the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dragendorffs reagent is a color reagent to detect alkaloids in a test sample or as a stain for chromatography plates. Alkaloids, if present in the solution of sample, will react with Dragendorffs reagent and produce an orange or orange-red precipitate. This reagent was invented by the German pharmacologist, Johann Geor... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
One of the more complex hydration reactions utilises sulfuric acid as a catalyst. This reaction occurs in a similar way to the addition reaction but has an extra step in which the OSOH group is replaced by an OH group, forming an alcohol:
:CH + HO → CHOH
As can be seen, the HSO does take part in the overall reaction, h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Despite most other life forms being killed by the lack of oxygen, jellyfish can thrive and are sometimes present in dead zones in vast numbers. Jellyfish blooms produce large quantities of mucus, leading to major changes in food webs in the ocean since few organisms feed on them. The organic carbon in mucus is metaboli... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The technique was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis, PCR is now a common and important technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications.
PCR, or Polymerase Chain Reaction, is a widely used molecular biology technique to amplify a specific DNA sequence.
Amplification is achieved by a s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to various primary data formats (e.g. GPML, BioPAX, Reactome, KEGG, and RDF), WikiPathways supports a variety of ways to integrate and interact with pathway content. These include directed link-outs, image maps, RSS feeds and deep web services. This enables reuse in projects like COVID19 Disease Map.
WikiPa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxidoreductases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a hydride ion between a substrate and a cofactor, in many cases, particularly those in metabolic reactions, that cofator is a form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is used in anabolic reactions while nicot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The basic principle of the phenol-chloroform extraction is that DNA and RNA are relatively insoluble in phenol and chloroform, while other cellular components are relatively soluble in these solvents. The addition of a phenol/chloroform mixture will dissolve protein and lipid contaminants, leaving the nucleic acids in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An advanced or future space mission must have a power source or propulsion that will require the rejection of waste heat.
Disposing large quantities of waste heat must be considered in order to realize a large-space structure (LSS) that handle high power such as a nuclear reactor or a space solar power satellite (SPS).... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Supramolecular systems are rarely designed from first principles. Rather, chemists have a range of well-studied structural and functional building blocks that they are able to use to build up larger functional architectures. Many of these exist as whole families of similar units, from which the analog with the exact de... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Langmuir is indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, Scopus, EBSCOhost, British Library, PubMed, Web of Science, and SwetsWise. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The several RNA polymerases in eukaryotes each have their own means of termination. Pol I is stopped by TTF1 (yeast Nsi1), which recognizes a downstream DNA sequence; the endonuclease is XRN2 (yeast Rat1). Pol III is able to terminate on its on on a stretch of As on the template strand.
Finally, Pol II also have poly(A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Young-Tae Chang is a South Korean chemist. He is a professor of chemistry at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and Associate Director under Kim Kimoon at the Center for Self-assembly and Complexity at the Institute for Basic Science located on the POSTECH campus.
Young-Tae Chang was born in Pusan, S... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are no expected pharmacokinetic interactions between thalidomide and other medicines due to its neutral effects on P-glycoprotein and the cytochrome P450 family. It may interact with sedatives due to its sedative action and bradycardic agents, like beta-blockers, due to its bradycardia-inducing effects. Risk of ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Diphenylamine is considered practically insoluble according to the 2014 MSDS. It exhibits very low persistence in direct water photolysis experiments in the laboratory and is moderately volatile. Indirect photooxidation in the atmosphere through reaction with hydroxyl radicals was estimated. Despite limited data, the ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
α-Naphtholphthalein (CHO) is a phthalein dye used as a pH indicator with a visual transition from colorless/reddish to greenish blue at pH 7.3–8.7. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The above systems produce an economizer effect by using compressors, meters, valves and heat exchangers within the refrigeration cycle. In some refrigeration systems the economizer can be an independent refrigeration mechanism. Such is the case of subcooling the liquid line by any other means that draws the heat out of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One advantage of spectrograph mode is the ability to acquire IPES spectra over a wide range of photon energies simultaneously. Additionally, the incident electron energy remains fixed which allows better focusing of the electron beam on the sample. Furthermore, by changing the incident electron energy the electronic st... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although any stereographic projection misses one point on the sphere (the projection point), the entire sphere can be mapped using two projections from distinct projection points. In other words, the sphere can be covered by two stereographic parametrizations (the inverses of the projections) from the plane. The parame... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Not just one but multiple mitogenic mutations are required for cancer to proliferate. Generally, multiple mutations in different subsystems (an oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene) are the most effective at causing cancer. For example, a mutation that hyperactivates the oncogene Ras and another that inactivates the tu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Molecular self-assembly is a key concept in supramolecular chemistry. This is because assembly of molecules in such systems is directed through non-covalent interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, pi-stacking interactions, and/or electrostatic) as well as ele... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Key thermophysical properties of phase-change materials include: Melting point (T), Heat of fusion (ΔH), Specific heat (c) (of solid and liquid phase), Density (ρ) (of solid and liquid phase) and thermal conductivity. Values such as volume change and volumetric heat capacity can be calculated there from. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Principal component analysis (PCA) was one of the earliest methods used for pump–probe data analysis, as it is commonly used for hyperspectral data analysis. PCA decomposes the data into orthogonal components. In melanoma studies, the principal components have shown good agreement with the signals obtained from the dif... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
NCAs are prone to hydrolysis to the parent amino acid:
:RCHNHC(O)OC(O) + HO → HNCH(R)COH + CO
Some derivatives however tolerate water briefly.
NCAs convert to homopolypeptides ( [N(H)CH(R)CO)]) through ring-opening polymerization:
:nRCHNHC(O)OC(O) → [N(H)CH(R)CO)] + nCO
Poly--lysine has been prepared from N-carbobenzyl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic and organometallic chemistry, an organyl group is an organic substituent with one (sometimes more) free valence(-s) at a carbon atom. The term is often used in chemical patent literature to protect claims over a broad scope. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The process of translation is highly regulated in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Regulation of translation can impact the global rate of protein synthesis which is closely coupled to the metabolic and proliferative state of a cell.
To delve deeper into this intricate process, scientists typically use a tech... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DNA is extracted from cells used to create test fragments. These test fragments are added to a solution containing a variety of microsphere beads. Each type of microsphere bead contains a known DNA probe with a unique fluorescent identity. Test fragments and probes on the microsphere beads are allowed to hybridize to e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
EWGs enhance the Lewis acidity, making compounds more reactive as Lewis acids. For example, fluorine is a stronger electron-withdrawing substituent than methyl, resulting in an increased Lewis acidity of boron trifluoride relative to trimethylborane. Electron-withdrawing groups also tend to reduce Lewis basicity. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2017, the FDA granted deulinoleate ethyl orphan drug designation in the treatment of phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture is a biennial award given by the Australian Academy of Science to recognise outstanding scientific research in the biological sciences.
It was established in 1971 and honours the memory of the Nobel laureate Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, OM KBE MD FAA FRS, the Australian virologis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Blepharisma nuclear code (translation table 15) is a genetic code found in the nuclei of Blepharisma. | 1 | Biochemistry |
For solution of substances which ionize in solution the activity coefficients of the cation and anion cannot be experimentally determined independently of each other because solution properties depend on both ions. Single ion activity coefficients must be linked to the activity coefficient of the dissolved electrolyte ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ceramography evolved along with other branches of materialography and ceramic engineering. Alois de Widmanstätten of Austria etched a meteorite in 1808 to reveal proeutectoid ferrite bands that grew on prior austenite grain boundaries. Geologist Henry Clifton Sorby, the "father of metallography," applied petrographic... | 8 | Metallurgy |
R-22 was mostly phased out in new equipment in the United States by regulatory action by the EPA under the Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP) by rules 20 and 21 of the program, due to its high global warming potential. The EPA program was consistent with the Montreal Accords, but international agreements must ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A half-life often describes the decay of discrete entities, such as radioactive atoms. In that case, it does not work to use the definition that states "half-life is the time required for exactly half of the entities to decay". For example, if there is just one radioactive atom, and its half-life is one second, there w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
LEDs and laser diodes usually emit photons with energy close to and slightly larger than the band gap of the semiconductor material from which they are made. Therefore, as the band gap energy increases, the LED or laser color changes from infrared to red, through the rainbow to violet, then to UV. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Delapril is a prodrug; it is converted into two active metabolites, 5-hydroxy delapril diacid and delapril diacid. These metabolites bind completely to and inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), hence blocking angiotensin I to angiotensin II conversion. The resulting vasodilation prevents the vasoconstrictive eff... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Microstructure is the very small scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by an optical microscope above 25× magnification. The microstructure of a material (such as metals, polymers, ceramics or composites) can strongly influence physical properties such as ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hydrogen gas porosity is an aluminium casting defect in the form of a porosity or void in an aluminium casting caused by a high level of hydrogen gas (H) dissolved in the aluminium at liquid phase. The solubility of hydrogen in solid aluminium is much smaller than in liquid aluminium. As the aluminium freezes, some of ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sensor-based sorting is a coarse particle separation technology applied in mining for the dry separation of bulk materials. The functional principle does not limit the technology to any kind of segment or mineral application but makes the technical viability mainly depend on the liberation characteristics at the size r... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Casein kinase 2 ()(CK2/CSNK2) is a serine/threonine-selective protein kinase that has been implicated in cell cycle control, DNA repair, regulation of the circadian rhythm, and other cellular processes. De-regulation of CK2 has been linked to tumorigenesis as a potential protection mechanism for mutated cells. Proper C... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Normality can be used for acid-base titrations. For example, sulfuric acid (HSO) is a diprotic acid. Since only 0.5 mol of HSO are needed to neutralize 1 mol of OH, the equivalence factor is:
:f(HSO) = 0.5
If the concentration of a sulfuric acid solution is c(HSO) = 1 mol/L, then its normality is 2 N. It can also be ca... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sneaths index takes into account 134 categories of activity and structure. Dissimilarity index D is a percentage value of the sum of all properties not shared between two replaced amino acids. It is percentage value expressed by , where S' is Similarity. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chlorination is one of the oldest known substitution reactions in chemistry. The French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas investigated the substitution of hydrogen for chlorine by acetic acid in candle wax as early as 1830. He showed that for each mole of chlorine introduced into a hydrocarbon, one mole of hydrogen chloride ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral () if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations, translations, and some conformational changes. This geometric property is called chirality (). The terms are derived from Ancient Greek (cheir) hand; which is the canonical example of an ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Determining the parameters of the Michaelis–Menten equation typically involves running a series of enzyme assays at varying substrate concentrations , and measuring the initial reaction rates , i.e. the reaction rates are measured after a time period short enough for it to be assumed that the enzyme-substrate complex h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The N−C−C geometry is linear in nitriles, reflecting the sp hybridization of the triply bonded carbon. The C−N distance is short at 1.16 Å, consistent with a triple bond. Nitriles are polar, as indicated by high dipole moments. As liquids, they have high relative permittivities, often in the 30s. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Crystallization requires an initiation step. This can be spontaneous or can be done by adding a small amount of the pure compound (a seed crystal) to the saturated solution, or can be done by simply scratching the glass surface to create a seeding surface for crystal growth. It is thought that even dust particles can a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It is also possible to switch the charge state of the NV center (i.e. between NV, NV and NV) by applying a gate voltage. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This pathway does not produce any ATP, this pathway does not replace glycolysis, it runs simultaneously to glycolysis and is only initiated with an increased concentration of sugar phosphates. One believed purpose of the methylglyoxal pathway is to help release the stress of elevated sugar phosphate concentration. Al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2021, the first brain metabolome atlas of the mouse brain – and of an animal (a mammal) across different life stages – was released online. The data differentiates by brain regions and the metabolic changes could be "mapped to existing gene and protein brain atlases". | 1 | Biochemistry |
The PKM1 isozyme is expressed in organs that are strongly dependent upon a high rate of energy regeneration, such as muscle and brain. | 1 | Biochemistry |
CDs and DVDs have a protective film which must be stripped to reveal the gold reflective film or polycarbonate (PC) base. The surface of the disk can be activated to reveal the metal layer which allows compounds to bind to it. Compounds such as UV/ozone or an oxygen plasma treatment can be used to activate the disk to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sand casting has many defects that can occur due to the mould failing. The mould usually fails because of one of two reasons: the wrong material is used or it is improperly rammed.
The first type is mould erosion, which is the wearing away of the mould as the liquid metal fills the mould. This type of defect usually on... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually steel and copper, or in some cases steel and brass. The strips are joined together throughout their length by riveting, brazing or welding. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if he... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Solutions of urea and ammonium nitrate in water (UAN) are commonly used as a liquid fertilizer. In admixture, the combined solubility of ammonium nitrate and urea is so much higher than that of either component alone that it gives a stable solution with a total nitrogen content (32%) approaching that of solid ammonium ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ostrowska-Czubenko attended the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, majoring in chemistry. She graduated in 1972, defended her doctoral thesis eight years later, and completed her habilitation in 2002. She is associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Nicolaus Copernicus University, where she specia... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* ) and Bürgi-Dunitz () concepts. -->
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* concept, and the article in which it is named.' --> | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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