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Suspect screening is useful when looking for one or more suspected compounds with known structures in a sample, but reference standards are unavailable or dont exist. In this case, user-built databases containing information such as mass accuracy, retention time, isotopic patterns, and other structure information for t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The most common optical system uses spherical collimators and thus contains optical aberrations that curve the field where the slit images come to focus, so that slits are sometimes curved instead of simply straight, to approximate the curvature of the image. This allows taller slits to be used, gathering more light, w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pancratistatin (PST) is a natural compound initially extracted from spider lily, a Hawaiian native plant of the family Amaryllidaceae (AMD). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The most studied mesoionic carbenes are based on imidazole and are referred to as imidazolin-4-ylidenes. These complexes were first reported by Crabtree in 2001. The formation of imidazolin-4-ylidenes (MIC) instead of imidazolin-2-ylidenes (NHC) is typically a matter of blocking the C2 position. Most imidazolin-4-ylid... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
All enzymes work within a range of temperature specific to the organism. Increases in temperature generally lead to increases in reaction rates. There is a limit to the increase because higher temperatures lead to a sharp decrease in reaction rates. This is due to the denaturating (alteration) of protein structure resu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Unlike ground state oxygen, singlet oxygen participates in Diels–Alder [4+2]- and [2+2]-cycloaddition reactions and formal concerted ene reactions. It oxidizes thioethers to sulfoxides. Organometallic complexes are often degraded by singlet oxygen. With some substrates 1,2-dioxetanes are formed; cyclic dienes such as... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several factors complicate simple correlation of obsidian hydration band thickness with absolute age. Temperature is known to speed up the hydration process. Thus, artifacts exposed to higher temperatures, for example by being at lower elevation, seem to hydrate faster. As well, obsidian chemistry, including the intri... | 9 | Geochemistry |
NMOR is a component of tobacco products. As of 2014, detectable levels of NMOR are present in tobacco products in the United States and China. The presence of NMOR and other n-nitrosoamines is not limited to cigarettes, but is found in smokeless tobacco products (snuff tobacco, Snus, etc.) as well. Volatile nitrosamine... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phenylmercuric borate and acetate were used for disinfecting mucous membranes at an effective concentration of 0.07% in aqueous solutions. Due to toxicological and ecotoxicological reasons phenylmercury salts are no longer in use. However, some surgeons use mercurochrome despite toxicological objections. Mercurochrome ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lugols solution is commonly available in different potencies of (nominal) 1%, 2%, 5% or 10%. Iodine concentrations greater than 2.2% are subject to US regulations. If the US regulations are taken literally, their 2.2% maximum iodine concentration limits a Lugols solution to maximum (nominal) 0.87%.
The most commonly us... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This enzyme is a part of a family of enzymes called glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31). This is due to the digestive mechanism of the enzyme. GH31 enzymes undergo what is known as the Koshland double displacement mechanism in which a glycosylation and deglycosylation step occurs, resulting in the retention of the ove... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Karen Jane Faulds is a Scottish academic and Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Strathclyde. She develops surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for bioanalysis, and has won several awards for her research, including the Coblentz Society Craver Award. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Control of the process of gene transcription affects patterns of gene expression and, thereby, allows a cell to adapt to a changing environment, perform specialized roles within an organism, and maintain basic metabolic processes necessary for survival. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that the activity of RNAP is lo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
G proteins were discovered in 1980 when Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell investigated stimulation of cells by adrenaline. They found that when adrenaline binds to a receptor, the receptor does not stimulate enzymes (inside the cell) directly. Instead, the receptor stimulates a G protein, which then stimulates an enz... | 1 | Biochemistry |
However, this system of calculation gives only the mass of pure gold contained in an alloy. The term 18-karat gold means that the alloys mass consists of 75% of gold and 25% of other metals. The quantity of gold by volume' in a less-than-24-karat gold alloy differs according to the alloys used. For example, knowing tha... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The first version of SMPDB was released on January 1, 2010. This release contained more than 350 image-mapped pathways for small molecule pathways. The viewer interface was limited to scroll-bar image navigation with 3-step (small, medium, large) zooming. The pathways in this first version were limited to 1) human met... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In January 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration approved an over-the-counter preparation. Levocetirizine had previously received authorization by the FDA as a prescription drug in 2007, having already been brought to market throughout much of Europe. In India, a prescription-only drug containing levocetirizine hyd... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
ATSDR is starting a new registry for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease). President George W. Bush signed the ALS Registry Act, which provided for establishment of the registry, on October 8, 2008. It is hoped that the registry will provide information on the prevalence... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A recent study from laboratory of Günther Rupprechter shows that operando spectroscopy can also be used to investigate the performance of VOC sensing semiconductor nanomaterials. To demonstrate this, operando spectroscopy was applied to directly investigate the room temperature detection of methanol by metal oxide sem... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The longitudinal invariant of a particle trapped in a magnetic mirror,
where the integral is between the two turning points, is also an adiabatic invariant. This guarantees, for example, that a particle in the magnetosphere moving around the Earth always returns to the same line of force. The adiabatic condition is vio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Enders SAMP/RAMP hydrazone alkylation begins with the synthesis of the hydrazone from a N,N-dialkylhydrazine and a ketone or aldehyde
The hydrazone is then deprotonated on the α-carbon position by a strong base, such as lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), leading to the formation of a resonance stabilized anion - an az... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In a broad academic audience, the concept of the evolution of the genetic code from the original and ambiguous genetic code to a well-defined ("frozen") code with the repertoire of 20 (+2) canonical amino acids is widely accepted.
However, there are different opinions, concepts, approaches and ideas, which is the best ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many drugs are hindered when providing treatment when crossing the blood-brain barrier yielding poor uptake into areas of the brain. Transferrin glycoproteins are able to bypass the blood-brain barrier via receptor-mediated transport for specific transferrin receptors found in the brain capillary endothelial cells. Due... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calmodulin plays an important role in excitation contraction (EC) coupling and the initiation of the cross-bridge cycling in smooth muscle, ultimately causing smooth muscle contraction. In order to activate contraction of smooth muscle, the head of the myosin light chain must be phosphorylated. This phosphorylation is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of photoredox catalysis to generate reactive heteroatom-centered radicals was first explored in the 1990s. [Ru(bipy)] was found to catalyze the fragmentation of tosylphenylselenide to phenylselenolate anion and tosyl radical and that a radical chain propagation mechanism allowed the addition of tosyl radical an... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Steatocrit or acid steatocrit is a simple, rapid gravimetric method to determine steatorrhea. The test is simple, rapid, inexpensive, and reliable. It is a qualitative test that can be used when other methods are impractical.
__TOC__ | 1 | Biochemistry |
The styrene-maleic acid (SMA) alternating copolymer displays amphiphilicity depending on pH, allowing it to change conformations in different environments. Some conformations that SMA can take are random coil formation, compact globular formation, micelles, and nanodiscs. SMA has been used as a dispersing agent for dye... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In biochemistry and molecular biology, saline-sodium citrate (SSC) buffer is used as a hybridization buffer, to control stringency for washing steps in protocols for Southern blotting, in situ hybridization, DNA Microarray or Northern blotting. 20X SSC may be used to prevent drying of agarose gels during a vacuum trans... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Otto studied chemistry at the University of Groningen and in 1994, he received his Master's degree, focusing on physical organic chemistry and biochemistry, with the distinction cum laude. In 1998, he obtained his PhD, again with the distinction cum laude, from his supervisor Prof. Jan B.F.N. Engberts for his thesis en... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Further research with double layers on ruthenium dioxide films in 1971 by Sergio Trasatti and Giovanni Buzzanca demonstrated that the electrochemical behavior of these electrodes at low voltages with specific adsorbed ions was like that of capacitors. The specific adsorption of the ions in this region of potential coul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ketosis induced by a ketogenic diet should not be pursued by people with pancreatitis because of the high dietary fat content. Ketosis is also contraindicated in pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, porphyria, and other rare genetic disorders of fat metabolism. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Endogenous sources of specific DNA damage include pathways like hydrolysis, oxidation, alkylation, mismatch of DNA bases, depurination, depyrimidination, double-strand breaks (DSS), and cytosine deamination. DNA lesions can also naturally occur from the release of specific compounds such as reactive oxygen species (ROS... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GEOTRACES is an international research programme that aims to improve an understanding of biogeochemical cycles in the oceans.
The concept of cycle describes the pathway by which a chemical element moves through the three major compartments of Earth (such as continents, atmosphere, and ocean). Because these cycles are ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The europium anomaly is the phenomenon whereby the europium (Eu) concentration in a mineral is either enriched or depleted relative to some standard, commonly a chondrite or mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). In geochemistry a europium anomaly is said to be "positive" if the Eu concentration in the mineral is enriched rel... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Reactions involving palladium(II) acetate and phosphine ligands proceed by a third mechanism, the anionic pathway. Base mediates the oxidation of a phosphine ligand by palladium(II) to a phosphine oxide. Oxidative addition then generates the anionic palladium complex IX. Loss of halide leads to neutral complex X, which... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Biological sequestration of carbon causes enrichment of carbon-12, so that substances that originate from living organisms have a higher carbon-12 content. Due to the kinetic isotope effect, chemical reactions can happen faster with lighter isotopes, so that photosynthesis fixes lighter carbon-12 faster than carbon-13.... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Cytochrome C has also been widely studied as an enzyme with peroxidase-like activity. Cytochrome C was conjugated to charged polymer to test its peroxidase-like activity. Inspired from natural examples of enzyme encapsulation in protein-based cage structures (Example: Carboxysomes, Ferritin and Encapsulin), Cytochrome ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The elements can be divided into several categories:
The condensation temperatures are the temperatures at which 50% of the element will be in the form of a solid (rock) under a pressure of 10 bar. However, slightly different groups and temperature ranges are used sometimes. Refractory material are also often divided i... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible. Surface tension is what allows objects with a higher density than water such as razor blades and insects (e.g. water striders) to float on a water surface without becoming even partly submerged.
At liquid–air in... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Like other crown ethers, 12-crown-4 complexes with alkali metal cations. The cavity diameter of 1.2-1.5 Å gives it a high selectivity towards the lithium cation (ionic diameter 1.36 Å)
Its point group is S. The dipole moment of 12-crown-4 varies with solvent and temperature. At 25 °C, the dipole moment of 12-crown-4 wa... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Take a system in a certain super (i.e. Gibbs) state. By performing a Metropolis Monte Carlo walk it is possible to sample the landscape of states that the system moves between, using the equation
where ΔU = U(State) − U(State) is the difference in potential energy, β = 1/kT (T is the temperature in kelvins, while... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biocurious planned to tweak the biobrick containing six genes, including luciferin-regenerating enzyme and luciferase from fireflies. During initial development, they would use Agrobacterium to test the transfer of the genetic circuit. When producing the final product, they intended to instead use a gene gun to avoid i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nucleophilic abstraction is a type of an organometallic reaction which can be defined as a nucleophilic attack on a ligand which causes part or all of the original ligand to be removed from the metal along with the nucleophile. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Under the free electron model, the electrons in a metal can be considered to form a uniform Fermi gas. The number density of conduction electrons in metals ranges between approximately 10 and 10 electrons per m, which is also the typical density of atoms in ordinary solid matter. This number density produces a Fermi e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When the cost of producing slaves became too high to justify slave labourers for the many mines throughout the empire around the second century, a system of indentured servitude was introduced for convicts. In 369 AD, a law was reinstated due to the closure of many deep mines; the emperor Hadrian had previously given t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The coupling of proton translocation and electron transport in Complex I is currently proposed as being indirect (long range conformational changes) as opposed to direct (redox intermediates in the hydrogen pumps as in heme groups of Complexes III and IV). The architecture of the hydrophobic region of complex I shows m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a force is applied on a spring, and the length of the spring changes by a differential amount dx, the work done is
For linear elastic springs, the displacement x is proportional to the force applied
where K is the spring constant and has the unit of N/m. The displacement x is measured from the undisturbed position... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 plays a role in a number of cell functions. Originally, TGFB1I1 was isolated as a senescence-inducing gene from mouse osteoblastic cells through treatment with transforming growth factor beta-1 and hydrogen peroxide. During this, TGFB1I1 was also being independentl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Blue carbon is defined by the IPCC as: "Biologically driven carbon fluxes and storage in marine systems that are amenable to management."
Another definition states: "Blue carbon refers to organic carbon that is captured and stored by the oceans and coastal ecosystems, particularly by vegetated coastal ecosystems: seagr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Reasons cited for indoor tanning include improving appearance, acquiring a pre-holiday tan, feeling good and treating a skin condition. Tanners often cite feelings of well-being; exposure to tanning beds is reported to "increase serum beta-endorphin levels by 44%". Beta-endorphin is associated with feelings of relaxati... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Plasmonic nanoparticles can be individually analyzed through optoelectrochemical imaging (in which electrochemical processes are measured by optical means). When electrochemistry is performed on a nanoparticle, the refractive index of its environment will change resulting in a shift of the localized surface plasmon res... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tagging technology and instrument development occurred at the University of Toronto and DVS Sciences, Inc. CyTOF (cytometry by time of flight) was initially commercialized by DVS Sciences in 2009. In 2014, Fluidigm acquired DVS Sciences to become a reference company in single cell technology. In 2022 Fluidigm received... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The process of extracting and reducing gold from pyrite in gold ores using chlorine gas was initially introduced by Karl Friedrich Plattner around 1848. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bauxite ore is a mixture of hydrated aluminium oxides and compounds of other elements such as iron. The aluminium compounds in the bauxite may be present as gibbsite (Al(OH)), böhmite (γ-AlO(OH)) or diaspore (α-AlO(OH)); the different forms of the aluminium component and the impurities dictate the extraction conditions... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many of the more popular terms used in discussing the compensation effect are specific to their field or phenomena. In these contexts, the unambiguous terms are preferred. The misapplication of and frequent crosstalk between fields on this matter has, however, often led to the use of inappropriate terms and a confusing... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, and more generally in solution chemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, E–pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, is a plot of possible thermodynamically stable phases (i.e., at chemical equilibrium) of an aqueous electrochemical system. Boundaries (50 %/50 %) between the predomi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A molecule that allows the genetic material to be realized as a protein was first hypothesized by François Jacob and Jacques Monod. Severo Ochoa won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959 for developing a process for synthesizing RNA in vitro with polynucleotide phosphorylase, which was useful for cracking the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many systems of interest have a total density of states with the power-law form:
for some values of , , . The results of preceding sections generalize to dimensions, giving a power law with:
* for non-relativistic particles in a -dimensional box,
* for non-relativistic particles in a -dimensional harmonic potential ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The kinetic theory of gases entails that due to the microscopic reversibility of the gas particles' detailed dynamics, the system must obey the principle of detailed balance. Specifically, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem applies to the Brownian motion (or diffusion) and the drag force, which leads to the Einstein–S... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another FCS based approach to studying molecular interactions uses fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) instead of fluorescence, and is called FRET-FCS. With FRET, there are two types of probes, as with FCCS; however, there is only one channel and light is only detected when the two probes are very close&mdash... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to its density, tetrafluoromethane can displace air, creating an asphyxiation hazard in inadequately ventilated areas. Otherwise, it is normally harmless due to its stability. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In the carbylamine reaction (also known as the Hofmann isocyanide synthesis) alkali base reacts with chloroform to produce dichlorocarbene. The carbene then converts primary amines to isocyanides. Illustrative is the synthesis of tert-butyl isocyanide from tert-butylamine in the presence of catalytic amount of the phas... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nucleotides can undergo enzyme-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization in order to produce several important biological molecules. These cyclizations typically proceed through an oxocarbenium intermediate. An example of this reaction can be seen in the cyclization cyclic ADP ribose, which is an important molecule for intr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One of the potent applications of siRNAs is the ability to distinguish the target versus non-target sequence with a single-nucleotide difference. This approach has been considered as therapeutically crucial for the silencing dominant gain-of-function (GOF) disorders,where mutant allele causing disease is differed from ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For many polymers, the change between the initial lamellar thickness at T is roughly the same as at T and can thus be modeled by the Gibbs–Thomson equation fairly well. However, since it implies that the lamellar thickness over the given supercooling range (T–T) is unchanged, and many homogeneous nucleation of polymers... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Goldich dissolution series follows the same pattern of the Bowen's reaction series, with the minerals that are first to crystallize also the first the undergo chemical weathering. The Bowen’s reaction series dictates that during fractional crystallization, olivine and Ca-plagioclase feldspars are the first to cryst... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A variety of alternative heteroatom oxidation reagents are known, including peroxides (often employed with a transition metal catalyst) and oxaziridines. These reagents do not suffer from the over-oxidation problems and decomposition issues associated with dioxiranes; however, their substrate scope tends to be more lim... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The technique is commonly used for analyzing the chemical composition of metals, alloys, ceramics, and glasses. It is particularly useful for assessing the composition of individual particles or grains and chemical changes on the scale of a few micrometres to millimeters. The electron microprobe is widely used for rese... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* The Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences is named after him since 1953;
* In 1961, a postage stamp was issued in honor of N. D. Zelinsky in the USSR;
* One of the Moscow streets is named after him, as well as streets in the cities of Voskresensk (Moscow region), Tiraspol, Chisinau, T... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In bacteria, the promoter contains two short sequence elements approximately 10 (Pribnow Box) and 35 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site.
* The sequence at -10 (the -10 element) has the consensus sequence TATAAT.
* The sequence at -35 (the -35 element) has the consensus sequence TTGACA.
* The above c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Unlike in vivo MRS which is intensively used in clinical settings, fMRS is used primarily as a research tool, both in a clinical context, for example, to study metabolite dynamics in patients with epilepsy, migraine and dyslexia, and to study healthy brains.
fMRS can be used to study metabolism dynamics also in other p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because of its antimicrobial activity, it is used to treat ich in fish. However, it usually is illegal to use in fish intended for human consumption. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Localized electronic effects are a combination of inductive and field effects. Due to the similarity in these effects, it is difficult to separate their contributions to the electronic structure of a molecule. There is, however, a large body of literature devoted to developing an understanding of the relative significa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When Bacillus subtilis is not under stress conditions, it is negatively regulated by the anti-sigma factor, Rsbw. RsbW is an anti-sigma factor that regulates another anti-sigma factor, sigma B. RsbW binds to sigma B and prevents it from forming an RNA polymerase holoenzyme. However, in stressed conditions, the unphosph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A patented cultivar of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060) marketed as Sel-Plex® has been approved for use in animal fodder:
* U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use as a supplement to feed for chickens, turkeys, swine, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, bison, and beef and dairy cows.
* Organic Materials... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pol III has three classes of initiation, which start with different factors recognizing different control elements but all converging on TFIIIB (similar to TFIIB-TBP; consists of TBP/TRF, a TFIIB-related factor, and a B″ unit) recruiting the Pol III preinitiation complex. The overall architecture resembles that of Pol ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mechanism by which conservative transposition occurs is called the "cut-and-paste" method, which involves five main steps:
# The transposase enzyme is bound to the inverted repeated sequences flanking the ends of the transposon Inverted repeats define the ends of transposons and provide recognition sites for transp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aggressive mimicry through the use of chemicals is used among a wide variety of animals. It functions to either lure the deceived organism to the deceiver or it allows for the organism to accept the presence of a parasite. The chemical mimicry used by parasites allows for the deceived organism to accept the presence of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although many of Photaki's important contributions were related to peptide synthesis, her scientific work touched on a large number of topics within organic synthesis. In total she published around 50 papers in international English- or German-language chemical journals. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Diazirines are often used as photoreactive crosslinking reagents, as the reactive carbenes they form upon irradiation with UV light can insert into C-H, N-H, and O-H bonds. This results in proximity dependent labeling of other species with the diazirine containing compound.
Diazirines are often preferred to other photo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Zintl-Klemm-Busmann concept describes how in an anionic cluster, the atoms arrange in typical geometries found for the element to the right of it on the periodic table. So “the anionic lattice is isometric with elemental lattices having the same number of valence electrons.” In this formulation, the average charge ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In order for proper gene expression to occur, transcription must stop at specific sites. Two termination mechanisms are well known:
*Intrinsic termination (also called Rho-independent termination): Specific DNA nucleotide sequences signal the RNA polymerase to stop. The sequence is commonly a palindromic sequence that ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many transition-metal compounds violate this rule due to the formation of complex ions, a scenario not part of the equilibria that are involved in simple precipitation of salts from ionic solution. For example, copper(I) chloride is insoluble in water, but it dissolves when chloride ions are added, such as when hydroch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is an aggressive electrophile and readily hydrolyzes to the strong acid triflic acid. It is very harmful to skin and eyes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mycoestrogens are commonly found in stored grain. They can come from fungi growing on the grain as it grows, or after harvest during storage. Mycoestrogens can be found in silage. Some estimates state that 25% of global cereal production and 20% of global plant production may be at some point contaminated by mycotoxi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
René Roy (born November 4, 1952) is a Canadian organic chemist from Quebec, specializing in glycobiology and carbohydrate chemistry. He is professor emeritus, Department of chemistry, at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) and associate professor at the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS) – Ins... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Located within the thylakoid membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane, ATP synthase consists of two regions F and F. F causes rotation of F and is made of c-ring and subunits a, two b, F6. F is made of α, β, γ, and δ subunits. F has a water-soluble part that can hydrolyze ATP. F on the other hand has mainly hydrop... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The hypersalinity and high alkalinity (pH=10 or equivalent to 4 milligrams of NaOH per liter of water) of the lake means that no fish are native to the lake. An attempt by the California Department of Fish and Game to stock the lake failed.
The whole food chain of the lake is based on the high population of single-cell... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of organic molecules are molecular assemblies formed spontaneously on surfaces by adsorption and are organized into more or less large ordered domains. In some cases molecules that form the monolayer do not interact strongly with the substrate. This is the case for instance of the two-di... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
This form factor does not include a display and these devices are designed to enable a new class of geographically-distributed spectrum monitoring and analysis applications. The key attribute is the ability to connect the analyzer to a network and monitor such devices across a network. While many spectrum analyzers ha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Kai genes – Found in the Synechococcus elongatus, these genes are essential components of the cyanobacterium clock, the leading example of bacterial circadian rhythms. Kai proteins regulate genome wide gene expression. The oscillation of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of KaiC acts as the pacemaker of the circa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When homebrewing grew in popularity during the economic depression that followed the Finnish banking crisis of the early 1990s, yeast strains known as "turbo yeast" ("turbohiiva", "pikahiiva") were introduced to the market. These yeast strains enable a very rapid fermentation to full cask strength, in some cases in as ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In animal experiments diphenylamine was rapidly and completely absorbed after ingestion by mouth. It underwent metabolism to sulfonyl and glucuronyl conjugates and was rapidly excreted mainly via urine. Acute oral and dermal toxicity were low. Diphenylamine can cause severe irritation to the eyes. It was not a skin irr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mesoscopic heat engines are nanoscale devices that may serve the goal of processing heat fluxes and perform useful work at small scales. Potential applications include e.g. electric cooling devices. In such mesoscopic heat engines, work per cycle of operation fluctuates due to thermal noise. There is exact equality tha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phillips began his career doing postdoctoral research at the University of Texas at Austin and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was appointed a lecturer in chemistry at the University of Southampton, rising to the status of Reader then becoming Wolfson Professor of Natural Philosophy, at the Royal Institution. I... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In order to increase the specificity of aptamers selected by a given SELEX procedure, a negative selection, or counter selection, step can be added prior to or immediately following target incubation. To eliminate sequences with affinity for target immobilization matrix components from the pool, negative selection can ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Latimer diagram of a chemical element is a summary of the standard electrode potential data of that element. This type of diagram is named after Wendell Mitchell Latimer, an American chemist. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cellular biomarkers allow cells to be isolated, sorted, quantified and characterized by their morphology and physiology. Cellular biomarkers are used in both clinical and laboratory settings, and can discriminate between a large sample of cells based on their antigens. An example of a cellular biomarker sorting techniq... | 1 | Biochemistry |
P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs) have features of both P1 vectors and Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs). Similar to P1 vectors, they contain a plasmid and a lytic replicon as described above. Unlike P1 vectors, they do not need to be packaged into bacteriophage particles for transduction. Instead they are introdu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electromagnetic spectrum of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), defined most broadly as 10–400 nanometers, can be subdivided into a number of ranges recommended by the ISO standard ISO 21348:
Several solid-state and vacuum devices have been explored for use in different parts of the UV spectrum. Many approaches seek to ad... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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