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Highly malignant tumors rely heavily on anaerobic glycolysis (metabolism of glucose to lactic acid even under ample tissue oxygen; Warburg effect) and thus need to efflux lactic acid via MCTs to the tumor micro-environment to maintain a robust glycolytic flux and to prevent the tumor from being "pickled to death". The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford gave a model of the atom in which a central nucleus held most of the atoms mass and a positive charge which, in units of the electrons charge, was to be approximately equal to half of the atoms atomic weight, expressed in numbers of hydrogen atoms. This central charge would thus be approximat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Vectorette PCR is similar to PCR with the difference being that it is capable of obtaining the sequence desired for amplification from an already known primer site. While PCR needs information of already known sequences at both ends, Vectorette PCR only requires previous knowledge of one. This means that is able to app... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The journal was established in 1983 and as submissions increased switched to a biomonthly schedule in 2006. The editor-in-chief is Chengshan Wang (Chinese Academy of Sciences). Baojun Liu (Division of Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences) is honorary editor-in-chief. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Polymerization-induced phase separation (PIPS) is the occurrence of phase separation in a multicomponent mixture induced by the polymerization of one or more components. The increase in molecular weight of the reactive component renders one or more components to be mutually immiscible in one another, resulting in spont... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
:Heat removal is done by internal cooling coils. The synthesis gas is bubbled through the waxy products and finely-divided catalyst which is suspended in the liquid medium. This also provides agitation of the contents of the reactor. The catalyst particle size reduces diffusional heat and mass transfer limitations. A l... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electron-rich is jargon that is used in multiple related meanings with either or both kinetic and thermodynamic implications:
* with regards to electron-transfer, electron-rich species have low ionization energy and/or are reducing agents. Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene is an electron-rich alkene because, unlike ethy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following are examples of sulfotransferases:
* carbohydrate sulfotransferase: CHST1, CHST2, CHST3, CHST4, CHST5, CHST6, CHST7, CHST8, CHST9, CHST10, CHST11, CHST12, CHST13, CHST14
* galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase: GAL3ST1, GAL3ST2, GAL3ST3, GAL3ST4
* heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase: HS2ST1
* heparan sulfate 3-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces (vρ) to viscous forces (μ/L). It is one of the most important dimensionless numbers in fluid dynamics and is used, usually along with other dimensionless numbers, to provide a criterion for determining dynamic similitude. As such, the Reynolds numb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
So-called "butane honey oil" was available briefly in the 1970s. This product was made in Kabul, Afghanistan, and smuggled into the United States by The Brotherhood of Eternal Love. Production is thought to have ceased when the facility was destroyed in an explosion.
Traditional ice water-separated hashish production u... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* MT-CYB: mtDNA encoded cytochrome b; mutations associated with exercise intolerance
* CYC1: cytochrome c1
* CYCS: cytochrome c
* UQCRFS1: Rieske iron sulfur protein
* UQCRB: Ubiquinone binding protein, mutation linked with mitochondrial complex III deficiency nuclear type 3
* UQCRH: hinge protein
* UQCRC2: Core 2, mut... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In May, onasemnogene abeparvovec (Zolgensma) was approved by the European Union for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy in people who either have clinical symptoms of SMA type 1 or who have no more than three copies of the SMN2 gene, irrespective of body weight or age.
In August, Audentes Therapeutics reported tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organic solar cells and polymer solar cells are built from thin films (typically 100 nm) of organic semiconductors including polymers, such as polyphenylene vinylene and small-molecule compounds like copper phthalocyanine (a blue or green organic pigment) and carbon fullerenes and fullerene derivatives such as PCBM.
Th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ellipsometric porosimetry measures the change of the optical properties and thickness of the materials during adsorption and desorption of a volatile species at atmospheric pressure or under reduced pressure depending on the application. The EP technique is unique in its ability to measure porosity of very thin films d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In geophysics the anisotropy in elastic properties is usually weak, in which case . When the exact expressions for the wave velocities above are linearized in these small quantities, they simplify to
where
are the P and S wave velocities in the direction of the axis of symmetry () (in geophysics, this is usually, but... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Pigments offer great potential in modifying the application properties of a coating. Due to their fine particle size and inherently high surface energy, they often require a surface treatment in order to enhance their ease of dispersion in a liquid medium. A wide variety of surface treatments have been previously used,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A primitive cell is a unit cell that contains exactly one lattice point. For unit cells generally, lattice points that are shared by cells are counted as of the lattice points contained in each of those cells; so for example a primitive unit cell in three dimensions which has lattice points only at its eight vertice... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded Natarajan the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1984. He received the Best Teacher Award from the Government of Tamil Nadu the same year. In 1999, he was awarded the Acharya P.C. Ray Memorial Award by the Indian Chemical... | 5 | Photochemistry |
For hydrocarbons, the DBE (or IHD) tells us the number of rings and/or extra bonds in a non-saturated structure, which equals the number of hydrogen pairs that are required to make the structure saturated, simply because joining two elements to form a ring or adding one extra bond (e.g., a single bond changed to a doub... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For density matrices and on a Hilbert space, the quantum relative entropy from to is defined to be
In quantum information science the minimum of over all separable states can also be used as a measure of entanglement in the state . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In polyadenylation, a poly-adenosine tail of about 200 adenylate residues is added by a nuclear polymerase post-transcriptionally. This is known as a Poly-A tail and is used for stability and guidance, so that the mRNA can exit the nucleus and find the ribosome. It is added at a polyadenylation site in the 3' untransla... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Arthur Eichengrün (13 August 1867 – 23 December 1949) was a German Jewish chemist, materials scientist, and inventor. He is known for developing the highly successful anti-gonorrhea drug Protargol, the standard treatment for 50 years until the adoption of antibiotics, and for his pioneering contributions in plastics: c... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Besides trying to re-activate the tumor suppressive function of pRb, one other distinct approach to treat dysregulated pRb pathway cancers is to take advantage of certain cellular consequences induced by pRb loss. It has been shown that E2F stimulates expression of pro-apoptotic genes in addition to G1/S transition gen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dentistry is one field in which free radical photopolymers have found wide usage as adhesives, sealant composites, and protective coatings. These dental composites are based on a camphorquinone photoinitiator and a matrix containing methacrylate oligomers with inorganic fillers such as silicon dioxide. Resin cements ar... | 5 | Photochemistry |
PHBV, being biodegradable, biocompatible and renewable, is a good alternative for synthetic nonbiodegradable polymers made from petroleum. But it has the following drawbacks,
* Expensive
* Low thermal stability
* Brittle
* Primitive mechanical properties
* Processing difficulty | 1 | Biochemistry |
For any substance, the number density can be expressed in terms of its amount concentration c (in mol/m) as
where is the Avogadro constant. This is still true if the spatial dimension unit, metre, in both n and c is consistently replaced by any other spatial dimension unit, e.g. if n is in cm and c is in mol/cm, or if... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The effects of anaerobic corrosion are evident when evaluating the safety of chemical waste disposal. Currently, the permanent disposal of nuclear waste is commonly in deep geological repositories (DGR) that use copper coating to prevent metal corrosion. In the DGR, four major types of corrosion are expected to occur, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gas molecules in soil are in continuous thermal motion according to the kinetic theory of gases, and there is also collision between molecules – a random walk process. In soil, a concentration gradient causes net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration, which gives the movement of gas by diff... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Upon illumination of a dark-adapted leaf, there is a rapid rise in fluorescence from Photosystem II (PSII), followed by a slow decline. First observed by Kautsky et al., 1932, this is called the Kautsky Effect. This variable rise in chlorophyll fluorescence is due to photosystem II. Fluorescence from photosystem I is n... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The classical examples of the two nearly ideal types of electrodes, polarizable and non-polarizable, are the mercury droplet electrode in contact with an oxygen-free KCl solution and the silver/silver chloride electrode, respectively. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This experiment provides correlations between a carbon and its attached protons. The constant time (CT) version of H—C HSQC is normally used as it circumvents the issue of splitting of signal due to homonuclear C—C J couplings which reduces spectral resolution. The "constant time" refers to the entire evolution perio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Redox conditions are measured according to the redox potential (E) in volts, which represents the tendency for electrons to transfer from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. E can be calculated using half reactions and the Nernst equation. An E of zero represents the redox couple of the standard hydrogen electr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Studied and identified chromophores and a variety of dyes commonly used as biomolecule labels like: tryptophan, DAPI, fluorescein, thiazole orange, and BEBO.
* Explained DNA strand exchange in homologous recombination.
* Applying Widlund experiment, identified specific nucleosome positioning sequences.
* Uncovered me... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A single-stranded non-circular DNA molecule has two non-identical ends, the 3 end and the 5 end (usually pronounced "three prime end" and "five prime end"). The numbers refer to the numbering of carbon atoms in the deoxyribose, which is a sugar forming an important part of the backbone of the DNA molecule. In the back... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phosphonate esters are generally susceptible to hydrolysis under both acidic and basic conditions. Cleavage of the P-C bond is harder but can be achieved under aggressive conditions.
:O=PC(OR) + 2 HO → O=PC(OH) + 2 ROH | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bouguer-Lambert law: This law is based on observations made by Pierre Bouguer before 1729. It is often attributed to Johann Heinrich Lambert, who cited Bouguers (Claude Jombert, Paris, 1729) – and even quoted from it – in his Photometria' in 1760. Lambert expressed the law, which states that the loss of light intensit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Saloximes are used in the extraction and separation of metals from their ores. In one application of hydrometallurgy, Cu is extracted into organic solvents as its saloxime complex. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
More accurately, a single formula that describes the titration of a weak acid with a strong base from start to finish is given below:
where
" φ = fraction of completion of the titration (φ < 1 is before the equivalence point, φ = 1 is the equivalence point, and φ > 1 is after the equivalence point)
: = the concentrati... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, annulation (; occasionally annelation) is a chemical reaction in which a new ring is constructed on a molecule.
Examples are the Robinson annulation, Danheiser annulation and certain cycloadditions. Annular molecules are constructed from side-on condensed cyclic segments, for example helicenes an... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The amount of carbon dioxide varies naturally in a dynamic equilibrium with photosynthesis of land plants. The natural carbon sinks are:
*Soil is a carbon store and active carbon sink.
* Photosynthesis by terrestrial plants with grass and trees allows them to serve as carbon sinks during growing seasons.
* Absorption o... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Instead of cloning, adaptors containing the endonuclease sequence are ligated to the ends of fragmented genomic DNA or cDNA. The molecules are then self-circularized and digested with endonuclease, releasing the PET. Before sequencing, these PETs are ligated to adaptors to which PCR primers anneal for amplification.
T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general, the Gouy-Stodola theorem is used to quantify irreversibilities in a system and to perform exergy analysis. That is, it allows one to take a thermodynamic system and better understand how inefficient it is (energy-wise), how much work is lost, how much room there is for improvement and where. The second law ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The concentration of ferritin has been shown to increase in response to stresses such as anoxia, which implies that it is an acute phase protein. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although inorganic phosphate is primarily used in the Pho regulon system, there are several species of bacteria that can utilize varying forms of phosphate. One example is seen in E. coli which can use both inorganic and organic phosphate, as well as naturally occurring or synthetic phosphates (Phn). Several enzymes br... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although N-terminus arginylation was originally thought to be the only site for targeting by ATE1 enzymes, it has recently been discovered that arginylation may also occur in the middle of the peptide chain of a protein. The first discovery of this unprecedented modification occurred when neurotensin, a biological pept... | 1 | Biochemistry |
IUBMB organizes a triennial Congress of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and sponsors three annual focussed meetings. In addition, it supports symposia, educational activities (including the Tang Fellowships), award lectures (including Jubilee Lectures), and travel grants for students around the world. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The benzene dimer is the prototypical system for the study of pi stacking, and is experimentally bound by 8–12 kJ/mol (2–3 kcal/mol) in the gas phase with a separation of 4.96 Å between the centers of mass for the T-shaped dimer. The small binding energy makes the benzene dimer difficult to study experimentally, and th... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In molecular biology, fibrous proteins or scleroproteins are one of the three main classifications of protein structure (alongside globular and membrane proteins). Fibrous proteins are made up of elongated or fibrous polypeptide chains which form filamentous and sheet-like structures. These kind of protein can be disti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A notable feature of eukaryotic nuclear pre-mRNA introns is the relatively high level of conservation of the primary sequences of 5 and 3 splice sites over a great range of organisms.
Between 1989 and 1991, several groups reported four independent examples of introns with a splice site that differed from the common int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The location of substrate attachment to the complex has yet to be elucidated. It is believed that the Fe atoms closest to the interstitial carbon participate in substrate activation, but the terminal molybdenum is also a candidate for nitrogen fixation. X-ray crystallographic studies utilizing MoFe-protein and carbon m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first substrate-level phosphorylation occurs after the conversion of 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and Pi and NAD+ to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate via glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is then dephosphorylated via phosphoglycerate kinase, producing 3-phosphoglycerate and ATP through a substrate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hash oils made in the 19th century were made from hand collected hashish called charas and kief. The term hash oil was hashish that had been dissolved or infused into a vegetable oil for use in preparing foods for oral administration. Efforts to isolate the active ingredient in cannabis were well documented in the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Secondary structures in the DNA can result in folding or knotting of DNA template or primers, leading to decreased product yield or failure of the reaction. Hairpins, which consist of internal folds caused by base-pairing between nucleotides in inverted repeats within single-stranded DNA, are common secondary structure... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A chloridometer is a measuring instrument used to determine the concentration of chloride ions (Cl) in a solution. It uses a process known as coulometric titration or amperostatic coulometry, the accepted electrochemistry reference method to determine the concentration of chloride in biological fluids, including blood ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The reaction was discovered in the 1970s as part of a synthetic route to certain prostanoids. The reaction required tin tetrachloride and a stoichiometric amount of Wilkinson's catalyst:
An equal amount of a cyclopropane was formed as the result of decarbonylation.
The first catalytic application involved cyclization ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, a geometric lattice is an infinite, regular array of vertices (points) in space, which can be modelled vectorially as a Bravais lattice. Some lattices may be skew, which means that their primary lines may not necessarily be at right angles. In reciprocal space, a reciprocal lattice is defined as the set of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Metals typically are strong, dense, and good conductors of both electricity and heat.
The bulk of the elements in the periodic table, those to the left of a diagonal line drawn from boron to polonium, are metals.
Mixtures of two or more elements in which the major component is a metal are known as alloys.
People have ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* RdRps can be used as drug targets for viral pathogens as their function is not necessary for eukaryotic survival. By inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase function, new RNAs cannot be replicated from an RNA template strand, however, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase will remain functional.
* There are currently antivira... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The treatment of this type of data is similar to the treatment of absorbance data. In fact the equation defining the relation between fluorescent intensity and species' concentrations is very similar.
where is the fluorescent intensity of the ith species at unit concentration. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson. In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are drawn on the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the react... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The chemical potential of species in solution depends on the activity a using the following equation:
where is the chemical potential of the -th component, is the chemical potential of the -th component at a reference state, is the gas constant, is the temperature, and is the activity of the -th component.
Differ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At pressures above approximately 10-13 GPa and temperatures up to around 700 K, α-iron changes into a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure, which is also known as ε-iron or hexaferrum; the higher-temperature γ-phase also changes into ε-iron, but generally requires far higher pressures as temperature increases. The tr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
LA-ICP-MS can determine major and trace elements, however, with LA-ICPMS, the melt inclusion and any accompanying materials within the melt inclusion are ionized, thus destroying the melt inclusion, and then analyzed with a mass spectrometer. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The folding funnel hypothesis is a specific version of the energy landscape theory of protein folding, which assumes that a protein's native state corresponds to its free energy minimum under the solution conditions usually encountered in cells. Although energy landscapes may be "rough", with many non-native local mini... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Ritchie equation, derived in 1972, is another free-energy relationship:
where N is the nucleophile dependent parameter and k the reaction rate constant for water. In this equation, a substrate-dependent parameter like s in the Swain–Scott equation is absent. The equation states that two nucleophiles react with the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Typically, to understand how a given physical law applies to the system under consideration, one first begins by considering how it applies to a small, control volume, or "representative volume". There is nothing special about a particular control volume, it simply represents a small part of the system to which physica... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is used intravenously (injection into a vein) as a treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The experimental setup to perform Raman spectroelectrochemistry consists of a light source, a spectrometer, a potentiostat, a spectroelectrochemical cell, a three-electrode system, radiation beam conducting devices, data collection and analysis devices. Nowadays, there are commercial instruments that integrate all thes... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Manganese is a component of some enzymes and stimulates the development and activity of other enzymes. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria. Several enzymes activated by manganese contribute to the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol.
A deficiency o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Typical stages in a U6 snRNA (also termed class III) gene initiation (documented in vertebrates only):
*SNAPc (SNRNA Activating Protein complex; subunits: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) (also termed PBP and PTF) binds to the PSE (Proximal Sequence Element) centered approximately 55 base pairs upstream of the start site of transcriptio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process starts when light is absorbed by two BChl molecules that lie near the periplasmic side of the membrane. This pair of chlorophyll molecules, often called the "special pair", absorbs photons at 870 nm or 960 nm, depending on the species and, thus, is called P870 (for Rhodobacter sphaeroides) or P960 (for Blas... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is the proportion of nitrogen present that a plant absorbs and uses. Improving nitrogen use efficiency and thus fertilizer efficiency is important to make agriculture more sustainable, by reducing pollution (fertilizer runoff) and production cost and increasing yield. Worldwide, crops gene... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Among the theoretical criteria for melting, the Lindemann and Born criteria are those most frequently used as a basis to analyse the melting conditions.
The Lindemann criterion states that melting occurs because of "vibrational instability", e.g. crystals melt; when the average amplitude of thermal vibrations of atoms ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive feedback leads to a self-amplifying chain of events.
Chain reactions are one way that systems which are not in thermodynamic equilibrium can release energy or incre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Diffusion constant, relates the flux of particles with the negative gradient of the concentration (see Fick's laws of diffusion)
* Thermal conductivity (see Fourier's law)
* Ionic conductivity
* Mass transport coefficient
* Shear viscosity , where is the viscous stress tensor (see Newtonian fluid)
* Electrical condu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ochir has been a professor at the Mongolian University of Science and Technology since 1965. She held the positions of assistant professor, associate professor and professor, teaching courses in petrology and petrography. She served as the head of the universitys Department of Geology and Mineralogy from 1978 to 2009. ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bauxite tailings is a waste product generated in the industrial production of aluminium. Making provision for the approximately 77 million tons that is produced annually is one of the most significant problems for the aluminium mining industry. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Total pesticides use in agriculture in 2021 was 3.54 million tonnes of active ingredients (Mt), a 4 percent increase with respect to 2020, a 11 percent increase in a decade, and a doubling since 1990. Pesticides use per area of cropland in 2021 was 2.26 kg per hectare (kg/ha), an increase of 4 percent with respect to 2... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An alternative, catalyst-free method for transesterification uses supercritical methanol at high temperatures and pressures in a continuous process. In the supercritical state, the oil and methanol are in a single phase, and reaction occurs spontaneously and rapidly. The process can tolerate water in the feedstock, fre... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Paired receptors are membrane proteins with extracellular domains that interact with extracellular ligands. The extracellular region may contain multiple repeating protein domains and may be members of either the immunoglobulin or C-type lectin families. The extracellular domains of homologous paired receptors are typi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In Laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI) a laser is used to ablate the surface of the sample and the emitted molecules are ionized in the gas phase by charged droplets from electrospray. Similar to DESI the ionization happens in ambient conditions. Anderton et al. used this ionization technique coupled to a Fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Absorbance is a number that measures the attenuation of the transmitted radiant power in a material. Attenuation can be caused by the physical process of "absorption", but also reflection, scattering, and other physical processes. Absorbance of a material is approximately equal to its attenuance when both the absorbanc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The second ORF of L1 encodes a protein that has endonuclease and reverse transcriptase activity. The encoded protein has a molecular weight of 150 kDa. The structure of the ORF2 protein was solved in 2023. Its protein core contains three domains of unknown functions, termed "tower/EN-linker" and "wrist/RNA-binding doma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Wetlands are frequently applied to solve the issue of eutrophication. Nitrate is transformed in wetlands to free nitrogen and discharged to the air. Phosphorus is adsorbed by wetland soils which are taken up by the plants. Therefore, wetlands could help to reduce the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus to remit a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Levonorgestrel can be taken by mouth as a form of emergency birth control. The typical dosage is either 1.5 mg taken once or 0.75 mg taken 12–24 hours apart. The effectiveness in both methods is similar. The most widely used form of oral emergency contraception is the progestin-only pill, which contains a 1.5 mg dosage... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Organic ladder polymers are interesting because they can exhibit exceptional thermal stabilities and the conformation of the subunits is constrained. Because they are less flexible, their processing can be challenging. An early example was derived from condensation of the 1,2,4,5-tetraaminobenzene with naphthalenetetr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The canonical partition function Z of an ideal gas consisting of N = nN identical (non-interacting) particles, is:
where is the thermal de Broglie wavelength:
with the usual definitions: h is the Planck constant, m the mass of a particle, k the Boltzmann constant and T the absolute temperature. In an ideal gas z is th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To generate a nonthermal plasma at atmospheric pressure, a working gas (molecular or inert gas, e.g. air, nitrogen, argon, helium) is passed through an electric field. Electrons originating from ionization processes can be accelerated in this field to trigger impact ionization processes. If more free electrons are prod... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
V̇O max/peak is widely used as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in select groups of athletes or, rarely, in people under assessment for disease risk. In 2016, the American Heart Association (AHA) published a scientific statement recommending that CRF quantifiable as V̇O max/peak be regularly assessed a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to reclassification as UN0508, a class 1.3C explosive, hydroxybenzotriazole and its monohydrate crystal are no longer allowed to be transported by sea or air as per 49CFR (USDOT hazardous materials regulations). However, UNECE draft proposal ECE/TRANS/WP.15/AC.1/HAR/2009/1 has been circulated to UN delegates and, i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although not well understood at the time, the Fürst-Plattner rule played a critical role during R. B. Woodward's synthesis of Reserpine. The problematic stereocenter is highlighted in red, below.
Woodward's synthetic strategy used a Bischler-Napieralski reaction to form the tetrahydrocarbazole portion of Reserpine. Th... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Atta-ur-Rahman has been selected as one of the 500 most influential personalities of the Islamic World. Institutions have been named after Rahman in China, the Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Product Discovery (AuRIns) in Malaysia and the Academician Professor Atta-ur-Rahman One Belt and One Road TCM Research Cent... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Possible biomedical-oriented applications of this technique are related to the study of the myelin and myelopathies. Myelin is a highly ordered structure, in which many lipid-
enriched, densely compacted phospholipid bilayers are spirally rolled up around the
cylindrical axons. The linear acyl chains of the phospholipi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
James N. Pitts Jr. (January 10, 1921 – June 19, 2014) was an American chemist and researcher known for his work in the fields of photochemistry and atmospheric chemistry. Pitts was a pioneer in the study of smog and air pollution, especially in Los Angeles County. Pitts co-founded the Statewide Air Pollution Research ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tin pest is an autocatalytic, allotropic transformation of the element tin, which causes deterioration of tin objects at low temperatures. Tin pest has also been called tin disease, tin blight or tin leprosy (lèpre détain').
It was observed in medieval Europe that the pipes of pipe organs were affected in cool climates... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Molecular breeding is the application of molecular biology tools, often in plant breeding and animal breeding. In the broad sense, molecular breeding can be defined as the use of genetic manipulation performed at the level of DNA to improve traits of interest in plants and animals, and it may also include genetic engin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to serving as building blocks in total synthesis, the chiral pool is tapped to produce asymmetric catalysts, chiral protecting groups, and resolving agents. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sporopollenin is a biological polymer found as a major component of the tough outer (exine) walls of plant spores and pollen grains. It is chemically very stable (one of the most inert among biopolymers) and is usually well preserved in soils and sediments. The exine layer is often intricately sculptured in species-sp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Determining chirality based on Fischer Projections is effectively the same as the standard method. The primary difference is the benefit that Fischer Projections provide in depicting the orientation of substituents with the vertical and horizontal lines. Considering that orientation of these molecules is already known,... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*Paramagnetic Fluorescence Quenching, the allowance of new electronic states upon binding a paramagnetic metal atom
*Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET), the blocking of a lower energy state due to the binding of a metal atom.
*Photoinduced Charge Transfer (PCT), the modulation of energy levels in a complex by charge... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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