text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
One type of chiral auxiliary is based on the trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol motif as introduced by James K. Whitesell and coworkers in 1985. This chiral auxiliary was used in ene reactions of the derived ester of glyoxylic acid.
In the total synthesis of (−)-heptemerone B and (−)-guanacastepene E, attached with trans-2-phe... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
4-Nitrophenol irritates the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. It may also cause inflammation of those parts. It has a delayed interaction with blood and forms methaemoglobin which is responsible for methemoglobinemia, potentially causing cyanosis, confusion, and unconsciousness. When ingested, it causes abdominal pain... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
If a container with an ideal gas is expanded instantaneously, the temperature of the gas doesn't change at all, because none of the molecules slow down. The molecules keep their kinetic energy, but now the gas occupies a bigger volume. If the container expands slowly, however, so that the ideal gas pressure law holds a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are typically two different ways of mathematically describing how an electromagnetic wave interacts with the elements within an ellipsometer (including the sample): the Jones matrix and the Mueller matrix formalisms. In the Jones matrix formalism, the electromagnetic wave is described by a Jones vector with two o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermodynamic potentials are functions that characterize the equilibrium state of a substance. An example is the Gibbs free energy , which is a function of pressure and temperature. Knowing any one thermodynamic potential is sufficient to compute all equilibrium properties of a substance, often simply by taking deriva... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Steric hindrance is a consequence of steric effects. Steric hindrance is the slowing of chemical reactions due to steric bulk. It is usually manifested in intermolecular reactions, whereas discussion of steric effects often focus on intramolecular interactions. Steric hindrance is often exploited to control selectivit... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
HOT was founded to understand the processes controlling the fluxes of carbon and associated bioelements in the ocean and to document changes in the physical structure of the water column. To achieve this, the HOT program has several specific goals:
:1. Quantify temporal (seasonal to decadal) changes in reservoirs and f... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Photofragment ion imaging or, more generally, Product Imaging is an experimental technique for making measurements of the velocity of product molecules or particles following a chemical reaction or the photodissociation of a parent molecule. The method uses a two-dimensional detector, usually a microchannel plate, to ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
He died on January 4, 1882, at his home in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, at the age of 70. The funeral was held at St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in New York City. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Certain nitrogen-based ylides also exist such as azomethine ylides with the general structure:
These compounds can be envisioned as iminium cations placed next to a carbanion. The substituents R, R are electron withdrawing groups. These ylides can be generated by condensation of an α-amino acid and an aldehyde or by th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, a pentagonal bipyramid is a molecular geometry with one atom at the centre with seven ligands at the corners of a pentagonal bipyramid. A perfect pentagonal bipyramid belongs to the molecular point group D.
The pentagonal bipyramid is a case where bond angles surrounding an atom are not identical (see als... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
T independent antigen elicits antibody production by B lymphocytes without T lymphocyte involvement. There are 2 distinct subgroups of TI antigens, different in mechanism of activating B lymphocytes. TI-1 antigen, which has an activity that can directly activate B cells and TI-2 antigen, which has highly repetitive str... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As discussed above, an extensive form of entropy is recovered if we divide the volume of phase space, , by n!. An alternative approach is to argue that the dependence on particle number cannot be trusted on the grounds that changing also changes the dimensionality of phase space. Such changes in dimensionality lie o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Warburg coefficient (or Warburg constant; denoted or ) is the diffusion coefficient of ions in solution, associated to the Warburg element, . The Warburg coefficient has units of
The value of can be obtained by the gradient of the Warburg plot, a linear plot of the real impedance () against the reciprocal of th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) is a neurotrophic factor that signals predominantly through the TrkB receptor tyrosine kinase. It is also known as NT4, NT5, NTF4, and NT-4/5. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Previous work from MUSE includes the detection of endogenous fluorescent molecules in intact clinical and human tissues for functional and structural characterization, which is limited by the relatively dim autofluorescence found in tissue. However, the use of bright exogenous dyes can provide substantially more remitt... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Many atropisomers occur in nature, and some have applications to drug design. The natural product mastigophorene A has been found to aid in nerve growth.
Other examples of naturally occurring atropisomers include vancomycin isolated from an Actinobacterium, and knipholone, which is found in the roots of Kniphofia folio... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Initiation of translation is regulated by the accessibility of ribosomes to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. This stretch of four to nine purine residues are located upstream the initiation codon and hybridize to a pyrimidine-rich sequence near the 3 end of the 16S RNA within the 30S bacterial ribosomal subunit. Polymorphi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GC–MS is becoming the tool of choice for tracking organic pollutants in the environment. The cost of GC–MS equipment has decreased significantly, and the reliability has increased at the same time, which has contributed to its increased adoption in environmental studies. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The advent of inexpensive microarray experiments created several specific bioinformatics challenges: the multiple levels of replication in experimental design (Experimental design); the number of platforms and independent groups and data format (Standardization); the statistical treatment of the data (Data analysis); m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemical materials developed to assist in the production of food, feed, and fiber include herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides. Pesticides are chemicals that play an important role in increasing crop yield and mitigating crop losses. These work to keep insects and other animals away from crops to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mostafa A. El-Sayed (Arabic: مصطفى السيد) is an Egyptian-American physical chemist, nanoscience researcher, member of the National Academy of Sciences and US National Medal of Science laureate. He is known for the spectroscopy rule named after him, the El-Sayed rule. | 1 | Biochemistry |
By the early 1950s it was known from metabolic labeling studies using radioactive phosphate that phosphate groups attached to phosphoproteins inside cells can sometimes undergo rapid exchange of new phosphate for old. In order to perform experiments that would allow isolation and characterization of the enzymes involve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gene silencing can be achieved by introducing into cells a short "antisense oligonucleotide" that is complementary to an RNA target. This experiment was first done by Zamecnik and Stephenson in 1978 and continues to be a useful approach, both for laboratory experiments and potentially for clinical applications (antisen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, the chemical potential of a species is the energy that can be absorbed or released due to a change of the particle number of the given species, e.g. in a chemical reaction or phase transition. The chemical potential of a species in a mixture is defined as the rate of change of free energy of a thermo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spoil tips sometimes increased to millions of tons, and, having been abandoned, remain as huge piles today. They trap solar heat, making it difficult (although not impossible) for vegetation to take root; this encourages erosion and creates dangerous, unstable slopes. Existing techniques for regreening spoil tips inclu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The field has expanded significantly since the publication in 1973 with biochemists Stanley N. Cohen and Herbert W. Boyer by using E. coli bacteria to learn how to cut fragments, rejoin different fragments, and insert the new genes. The field has expanded tremendously in terms of precision and accuracy since then. Comp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cobalt sensors have been made that capitalize on the breaking of C-O bonds by Co(II) in a fluorescent probe known as Cobalt Probe 1 (CP1). | 5 | Photochemistry |
The test method involves variables limiting reproducibility. Tests normally show observations varying plus or minus ten to twenty percent around the mean. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The stomach contents can also be analyzed. This can help with the post-mortem interval identification by looking at the stage of digestion. The contents can also be analyzed for drugs or poisons to help determine a cause of death if it is unknown. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Generally, the background is calculated as a Chebyshev polynomial. In GSAS and GSAS-II they appear as follows. Again, background is treated as a Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind ("Handbook of Mathematical Functions", M. Abramowitz and IA. Stegun, Ch. 22), with intensity given by:
where are the coefficients of the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In geometry, Hermann–Mauguin notation is used to represent the symmetry elements in point groups, plane groups and space groups. It is named after the German crystallographer Carl Hermann (who introduced it in 1928) and the French mineralogist Charles-Victor Mauguin (who modified it in 1931). This notation is sometimes... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In glycolysis, hexokinase is directly inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phosphate, and pyruvate kinase is inhibited by ATP itself. The main control point for the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK), which is allosterically inhibited by high concentrations of ATP and activated by high concentrations of AMP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* A 32-inch diameter gas transmission pipeline, north of Natchitoches, Louisiana, belonging to the Tennessee Gas Pipeline exploded and burned from SCC on March 4, 1965, killing 17 people. At least 9 others were injured, and 7 homes 450 feet from the rupture were destroyed.
* SCC caused the catastrophic collapse of the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) serves as an extension of thin-layer chromatography (TLC), offering robustness, simplicity, speed, and efficiency in the quantitative analysis of compounds. This TLC-based analytical technique enhances compound resolution for quantitative analysis. Some of these improv... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The concept of magic numbers in the field of chemistry refers to a specific property (such as stability) for only certain representatives among a distribution of structures. It was first recognized by inspecting the intensity of mass-spectrometric signals of rare gas cluster ions. Then, the same effect was observed wit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many proteins and hormones are synthesized in the form of their precursors - zymogens, proenzymes, and prehormones. These proteins are cleaved to form their final active structures. Insulin, for example, is synthesized as preproinsulin, which yields proinsulin after the signal peptide has been cleaved. The proinsulin i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An optical delay-line is implemented using a movable stage to vary the path length of one of the two beam paths. A delay stage uses a moving retroreflector to redirect the beam along a well-defined output path but following a delay. Movement of the stage holding the retroreflector corresponds to an adjustment of path l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry transition metal imido complexes feature the NR ligand. They are similar to oxo ligands in some respects. In some the M-N-C angle is 180º but often the angle is decidedly bent. The parent imide (NH) is an intermediate in nitrogen fixation by synthetic catalysts. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A similar process (environmental stress cracking) occurs in polymers, when products are exposed to specific solvents or aggressive chemicals such as acids and alkalis. As with metals, attack is confined to specific polymers and particular chemicals. Thus polycarbonate is sensitive to attack by alkalis, but not by acids... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In a zinc finger protein, certain sequences of amino acid residues are able to recognise and bind to an extended target-site of four or even five nucleotides When this occurs in a ZFP in which the three-nucleotide subsites are contiguous, one zinc finger interferes with the target-site of the zinc finger adjacent to it... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In thermodynamics, the binodal, also known as the coexistence curve or binodal curve, denotes the condition at which two distinct phases may coexist. Equivalently, it is the boundary between the set of conditions in which it is thermodynamically favorable for the system to be fully mixed and the set of conditions in w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Research has examined integrating RO with electrodialysis to improve recovery of valuable deionized products, or to reduce concentrate volumes. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The range of applications for SMAs has grown over the years, a major area of development being dentistry. One example is the prevalence of dental braces using SMA technology to exert constant tooth-moving forces on the teeth; the nitinol archwire was developed in 1972 by orthodontist George Andreasen. This revolutioniz... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For molecular systems in thermal equilibrium, the addition of energy. e. g. by mechanical work, can cause a change in entropy. This is known from the theories of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Specifically, both theories assert that the change in energy must be proportional to the entropy change times the ab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The FSP is used when metals properties want to be improved using other metals for support and improvement of the first. This is promising process for the automotive and aerospace industries where new material will need to be developed to improve resistance to wear, creep, and fatigue. (Misha) Examples of materials succ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The reaction mechanism was first investigated by Scott Searles and coworkers at the University of Missouri. Overall, the reaction can be thought of as a reductive coupling of the carbonyl compound and the terminal alkyne. In the Crabbé reaction, the secondary amine serves as the hydride donor, which results in the fo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Simple:
* Strontium titanate
* Calcium titanate
* Lead titanate
* Bismuth ferrite
* Lanthanum ytterbium oxide
* Silicate perovskite
* Lanthanum manganite
* Yttrium aluminum perovskite (YAP)
* Lutetium aluminum perovskite (LuAP)
Solid solutions:
* Lanthanum strontium manganite
* LSAT (lanthanum aluminate – strontium alu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In most of the cases, agrochemicals refer to pesticides.
*Pesticides
**Insecticides
**Herbicides
**Fungicides
**Algaecides
**Rodenticides
**Molluscicides
**Nematicides
*Fertilisers
*Soil conditioners
*Liming and acidifying agents
*Plant growth regulators | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Plasma was first identified in laboratory by Sir William Crookes. Crookes presented a lecture on what he called "radiant matter" to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Sheffield, on Friday, 22 August 1879.
Systematic studies of plasma began with the research of Irving Langmuir and his colleagues ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In glycolysis, glucose and glycerol are metabolized to pyruvate. Glycolysis generates two equivalents of ATP through substrate phosphorylation catalyzed by two enzymes, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and pyruvate kinase. Two equivalents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) are also produced, which can be oxidize... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All 3 types of photooxygenation have been applied in the context of organic synthesis. In particular, type II photooxygenations have proven to be the most widely used (due to the low amount of energy required to generate singlet oxygen) and have been described as "one of the most powerful methods for the photochemical ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Sulfuric acid is the most widely used solution to produce an anodized coating. Coatings of moderate thickness 1.8 μm to 25 μm (0.00007" to 0.001") are known as Type II in North America, as named by MIL-A-8625, while coatings thicker than 25 μm (0.001") are known as Type III, hard-coat, hard anodizing, or engineered ano... | 8 | Metallurgy |
AFM-IR has been used to study miscibility and phase separation in drug polymer blends, the chemical analysis of nanocrystalline drug particles as small 90 nm across, the interaction of chromosomes with chemotherapeutics drugs, and of amyloids with pharmacological approaches to contrast neurodegeneration. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Degrees of german carbonate hardness (°dKH or ; the dKH is from the German deutsche Karbonathärte) is a unit of water hardness, specifically for temporary or carbonate hardness. Carbonate hardness is a measure of the concentration of carbonates such as calcium carbonate (CaCO) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO) per volume ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A subclass of acylureas known as benzoylureas are insecticides. They act as insect growth regulators by inhibiting the synthesis of chitin resulting in weakened cuticles and preventing molting. Members of this class include diflubenzuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, and teflubenzuron. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulates liquids using Newtons law of motion; from Newtons second law (), the trajectories of molecules can be traced out explicitly and used to compute macroscopic liquid properties like density or viscosity. However, classical MD requires expressions for the intermolecular forces ("... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transcription-translation coupling is a mechanism of gene expression regulation in which synthesis of an mRNA (transcription) is affected by its concurrent decoding (translation). In prokaryotes, mRNAs are translated while they are transcribed. This allows communication between RNA polymerase, the multisubunit enzyme t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The method outlined by Jordis in 1999 forms the basis for industrial galanthamine production.
This method is based on electrophilic halogenation of 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde 1 (accessible from isovanillin) with bromine / acetic acid to organobromide 2 followed by regioselective demethylation with sulfuric acid to pheno... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Firefly luciferin (also known as beetle luciferin) is the luciferin, or light-emitting compound, used for the firefly (Lampyridae), railroad worm (Phengodidae), starworm (Rhagophthalmidae), and click-beetle (Pyrophorini) bioluminescent systems. It is the substrate of luciferase (EC 1.13.12.7), which is responsible for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) is an international non-governmental organisation concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology. Formed in 1955 as the International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), the union has presently 79 member countries and regions (as of 2020). The Union is d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Exposure limits can be expressed as ceiling limits, a maximal value, short-term exposure limits (STEL), a 15-minute exposure limit or an 8-hour time-weighted average limit (TWA). Below is a sampling, not exhaustive, as less common isocyanates also have specific limits within the United States, and in some regions there... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are two main types of vibrations: free and forced. Free vibrations are the natural or normal modes of vibration for a substance. Forced vibrations are caused by some sort of excitation to make the analyte resonate beyond its normal modes. ARS employs forced vibrations upon the analyte unlike most commonly used te... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies, also known as SS-A and SS-B, respectively, are commonly found in primary Sjögrens syndrome, an autoimmune disorder that affects the exocrine glands. The presence of both antibodies is found in 30–60% of Sjögrens syndrome, anti-Ro antibodies alone are found in 50–70% of Sjögrens syndrome ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ocean turbidity is a measure of the amount of cloudiness or haziness in sea water caused by individual particles that are too small to be seen without magnification. Highly turbid ocean waters are those with many scattering particulates in them. In both highly absorbing and highly scattering waters, visibility into the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Jeewanu protocells are synthetic chemical particles that possess cell-like structure and seem to have some functional living properties. First synthesized in 1963 from simple minerals and basic organics while exposed to sunlight, it is still reported to have some metabolic capabilities, the presence of semipermeable me... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An equation similar to that of Kelvin can be derived for the solubility of small particles or droplets in a liquid, by means of the connection between vapour pressure and solubility, thus the Kelvin equation also applies to solids, to slightly soluble liquids, and their solutions if the partial pressure is replaced b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ram Charan Mehrotra was born in a middle-class family on 16 February 1922 in Kanpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh to Ram Bharose Mehrotra, a small-time cloth merchant and his homemaker wife, Chameli Devi. He lost both his parents before he turned 10 and had to continue his studies depending on merit scholarships... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Butterfly wings possess not only ultra-hydrophobic trait but also directional adhesive characteristics. If the water bead is along the radial outward (RO) direction from the body’s central axis, it rolls off and cleans the dirt away, leading to self-cleaning. On the other hand, if droplets stand against the opposite di... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In static methods a mixture is brought to equilibrium and the concentration of a species in the solution phase is determined by chemical analysis. This usually requires separation of the solid and solution phases. In order to do this the equilibration and separation should be performed in a thermostatted room. Very low... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For purposes of law enforcement, blood alcohol content is used to define intoxication and provides a rough measure of impairment. Although the degree of impairment may vary among individuals with the same blood alcohol content, it can be measured objectively and is therefore legally useful and difficult to contest in c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The affinity constants, k and k, of the 1879 paper can now be recognised as rate constants. The equilibrium constant, K, was derived by setting the rates of forward and backward reactions to be equal. This also meant that the chemical affinities for the forward and backward reactions are equal. The resultant expression... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fourier-transform spectroscopy is a measurement technique whereby spectra are collected based on measurements of the coherence of a radiative source, using time-domain or space-domain measurements of the radiation, electromagnetic or not. It can be applied to a variety of types of spectroscopy including optical spectr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the adult brain, the endocannabinoid system facilitates the neurogenesis of hippocampal granule cells. In the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, multipotent neural progenitors (NP) give rise to daughter cells that, over the course of several weeks, mature into granule cells whose axons project to and synapse ont... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Malachite green is traditionally used as a dye. Kilotonnes of MG and related triarylmethane dyes are produced annually for this purpose.
MG is active against the oomycete Saprolegnia, which infects fish eggs in commercial aquaculture, MG has been used to treat Saprolegnia and is used as an antibacterial. It is a very p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mechanism of thiol–disulfide exchange between oxidoreductases is understood to begin with the nucleophilic attack on the sulfur atoms of a disulfide bond in the oxidised partner, by a thiolate anion derived from a reactive cysteine in a reduced partner. This generates mixed disulfide intermediates, and is followed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some synthetic macromolecules, such as catenanes and rotaxanes, dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers, and other assemblies, have molecular weights extending into the thousands or tens of thousands, where most ionization techniques have difficulty producing molecular ions. MALDI is a simple and fast analytical method t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxidation with dioxiranes refers to the introduction of oxygen into organic molecules through the action of a dioxirane. Dioxiranes are well known for their oxidation of alkenes to epoxides; however, they are also able to oxidize other unsaturated functionality, heteroatoms, and alkane C-H bonds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The stability of emulsions can be characterized using techniques such as light scattering, focused beam reflectance measurement, centrifugation, and rheology. Each method has advantages and disadvantages. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The M30 Apoptosense® ELISA is a PEVIVA product owned by VLVbio (Nacka, Sweden) and was developed in collaboration with the Karolinska Institute in 2000.
Distributors:
* In the United States and Canada, the Peviva products are distributed by DiaPharma Group, Inc
* In the United Kingdom, the products are distributed by b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, HPO can be used for the reduction of arenediazonium salts, converting to Ar–H. When diazotized in a concentrated solution of hypophosphorous acid, an amine substituent can be removed from arenes.
Owing to its ability to function as a mild reducing agent and oxygen scavenger it is sometimes used... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Aircraft observations. Many aircraft campaigns have been conducted as part of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20070214031222/http://suborbital.nasa.gov/ Suborbital Science Program] and by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20060930215700/http://www.espo.nasa.gov/project/mission2.html Earth Science Project Office] an o... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Functional genomics includes function-related aspects of the genome itself such as mutation and polymorphism (such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis), as well as the measurement of molecular activities. The latter comprise a number of "-omics" such as transcriptomics (gene expression), proteomics (protei... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A reservoir is a thermodynamic system which controls the state of a system, usually by "imposing" itself upon the system being controlled. This means that the nature of its contact with the system can be controlled. A reservoir is so large that its thermodynamic state is not appreciably affected by the state of the sys... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One is known as "stockpile management," whereby an analyzer located upstream of the pile is able to track the cumulative chemistry of the pile. This allows the operator to direct haul trucks to different sections of the quarry in a way that will result in the final elemental composition of the pile close to target. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Froth flotation is one of the processes used to recover recycled paper. In the paper industry this step is called deinking or just flotation. The target is to release and remove the hydrophobic contaminants from the recycled paper. The contaminants are mostly printing ink and stickies. Normally the setup is a two-stage... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Glycogen is a multi-branched polysaccharide. It is primary means of glucose storage in animal cells. In the human body, the two main tissues which store glycogen are liver and skeletal muscle. Glycogen is typically more concentrated in the liver, but because humans have much more muscle mass, our muscles store about th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) is a two-stage hydrometallurgical process that first extracts and upgrades copper ions from low-grade leach solutions into a solvent containing a chemical that selectively reacts with and binds the copper in the solvent. The copper is extracted from the solvent with strong ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Because these alloys are intended for high temperature applications their creep and oxidation resistance are of primary importance. Nickel (Ni)-based superalloys are the material of choice for these applications because of their unique γ' precipitates. The properties of these superalloys can be tailored to a certain ex... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Test samples are filtered through standard filter paper and then transferred to M-endo or LES Endo Agar mediums. Colonies appear pinkish-red with green metallic sheen after 22–24 hours of incubation. These colonies can be confirmed as coliforms if they are inoculated in lauryl tryptose (LST), produce gas, and then inoc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Terminal inverted repeats have been observed in the DNA of various eukaryotic transposons, even though their source remains unknown. Inverted repeats are principally found at the origins of replication of cell organism and organelles that range from phage plasmids, mitochondria, and eukaryotic viruses to mammalian cell... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Currently there are many methods used to determine the zygosity status of a gene at a particular locus. These methods include the use of PCR with specifically designed probes to detect the variants of the genes (SNP typing is the simplest case). In cases where longer stretches of variation is implicated, post PCR ana... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zero-point energy has many observed physical consequences. It is important to note that zero-point energy is not merely an artifact of mathematical formalism that can, for instance, be dropped from a Hamiltonian by redefining the zero of energy, or by arguing that it is a constant and therefore has no effect on Heisenb... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The use of bracken fern as human food is mainly a historical question. The rhizomes of these plants served as human food in Scotland during the First World War. In America (USA, Canada), Russia, China and Japan, fern is grown commercially for human use. The usual procedure that is performed before eating the plant is t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The surface of a metal oxide consists of ordered arrays of acid–base centres. The cationic metal centres act as Lewis acid sites while the anionic oxygen centres act as Lewis bases. Surface hydroxyl groups can serve as Brønsted acid or base sites as they can give up or accept a proton. The surface of most metal oxides ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Richard Llewellyns novel How Green Was My Valley (1939) describes the social and environmental effects of coal mining in Wales at the turn of the 20th century. The local mines spoil tip, which he calls a slag heap, is the central figure of devastation. Eventually the pile overtakes the entire valley and crushes Huw Mo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies or FACSS is a scientific society incorporated on June 28, 1972, with the goal of promoting research and education in analytical chemistry. The organization combined the many smaller meetings of the individual societies into an annual meeting that inclu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One measure of air pollution used in air quality standards is the atmospheric concentration of particulate matter. This measure is usually expressed in μg/m (micrograms per cubic metre). In the current EU emission norms for cars, vans, and trucks and in the upcoming EU emission norm for non-road mobile machinery, parti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are three major approaches to single-cell proteomics: antibody based methods, fluorescent protein based methods, and mass-spectroscopy based methods. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An ylide () or ylid () is a neutral dipolar molecule containing a formally negatively charged atom (usually a carbanion) directly attached to a heteroatom with a formal positive charge (usually nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur), and in which both atoms have full octets of electrons. The result can be viewed as a structur... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.