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The chair conformation is the most stable conformer. At , 99.99% of all molecules in a cyclohexane solution adopt this conformation.
The symmetry group is D. All carbon centers are equivalent. Six hydrogen centers are poised in axial positions, roughly parallel with the C3 axis, and six hydrogen atoms are parallel wit... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The laws describing the behaviour of gases under fixed pressure, volume and absolute temperature conditions are called Gas Laws. The basic gas laws were discovered by the end of the 18th century when scientists found out that relationships between pressure, volume and temperature of a sample of gas could be obtained wh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An ideal solid surface is flat, rigid, perfectly smooth, and chemically homogeneous, and has zero contact angle hysteresis. Zero hysteresis implies the advancing and receding contact angles are equal.
In other words, only one thermodynamically stable contact angle exists. When a drop of liquid is placed on such a surfa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The HIV protease inhibitor Tipranavir is marketed for the treatment of AIDS. The first enantioselective medicinal chemistry route to Tipranavir included the conjugate addition of an organocuprate reagent to a chiral Michael acceptor. The chiral oxazolidinone in the Michael acceptor controlled the stereochemistry of one... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
IUPAC defines the temperature programmed chromatography Kovats index equation:
* & retention times of trailing and heading n-alkanes, respectively.
NOTE: TPGC index does depend on temperature program, gas velocity and the column used !
ASTM method D6730 defines the temperature programmed chromatography Kovats index eq... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A [4+2] cycloaddition is exemplified by the Diels-Alder reaction. The simplest case is the reaction of 1,3-butadiene with ethylene to form cyclohexene.
One symmetry element is conserved in this transformation – the mirror plane through the center of the reactants as shown to the left. The molecular orbitals of the re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are detailed descriptions of the interfacial DL in many books on colloid and interface science and microscale fluid transport. There is also a recent IUPAC technical report on the subject of interfacial double layer and related electrokinetic phenomena.
As stated by Lyklema, "...the reason for the formation of a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All data in T3DB is non-proprietary or is derived from a non-proprietary source. It is freely accessible and available to anyone. In addition, nearly every data item is fully traceable and explicitly referenced to the original source. T3DB data is available through a public web interface and downloads. | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the oldest methods is called the multiple tube method. In this method a measured sub-sample (perhaps 10 ml) is diluted with 100 ml of sterile growth medium and an aliquot of 10 ml is then decanted into each of ten tubes. The remaining 10 ml is then diluted again and the process repeated. At the end of 5 dilution... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
To produce hydrogel fiber, the solidification of the pregel solution is the most important step. The pregel solution needs to be solidified while maintaining its fibrous shape. To achieve this, several methods based on chemical crosslinking, phase change, rheological property change have been developed. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polyester resin has the following disadvantages:
# Strong styrene odour
# More difficult to mix than other resins, such as a two-part epoxy
# The toxic nature of its fumes, and especially of its catalyst, MEKP, pose a safety risk if proper protection isn't used
# Not appropriate for bonding many substrates
# The finis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This response was first identified in E. coli. The E. coli adaptive response constitutes of four genes: ada, alkA, alkB, and aidB, each one working in specific residues, all regulated by the E. coli Ada protein.
The E. coli adaptive response is mediated by the Ada protein, which covalently transfers methylation damag... | 1 | Biochemistry |
C/EBPβ levels are increased in cortical samples of Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease victims at autopsy. Cell culture studies in mice and human microglia lines also find increased C/EBPβ activity associated with pathogenic inflammation and cytokine responses. Downstream analysis of genes regulated by C/EBPβ have signif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a synthesis project bringing together oceanographic data, featuring two major releases as of 2018. The central goal of GLODAP is to generate a global climatology of the World Ocean's carbon cycle for use in studies of both its natural and anthropogenically forced state... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In eukaryotic transcription of mRNAs, terminator signals are recognized by protein factors that are associated with the RNA polymerase II and which trigger the termination process. The genome encodes one or more polyadenylation signals. Once the signals are transcribed into the mRNA, the proteins cleavage and polyadeny... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AUFS is an arbitrary but ubiquitous unit of UV absorbance intensity. It can be used in chemical analysis to quantify components in a mixture, as each components' integrated peak area correspond to their relative abundance. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The slightly curved, near vertical, lines on the main part of the map are the (constant rotational) corrected speed lines. They are a measure of rotor blade tip Mach number.
Note on the illustration that the speed lines are not distributed linearly with flow. This is because this particular compressor is fitted with va... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms. Like other polymers, biopolymers consist of monomeric units that are covalently bonded in chains to form larger molecules. There are three main classes of biopolymers, classified according to the monomers used and the structure of the biopolyme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology () is a research institute for terrestrial microbiology in Marburg, Germany. It was founded in 1991 by Rudolf K. Thauer and is one of 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft). Its sister institute is the Max Planck Institute for Marine Micro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The analysis of slag is based on its shape, texture, isotopic signature, chemical and mineralogical characteristics. Analytical tools like Optical Microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) are widely employ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Omega-alicyclic fatty acids typically contain an omega-terminal propyl or butyryl cyclic group and are some of the major membrane fatty acids found in several species of bacteria. The fatty acid synthetase used to produce omega-alicyclic fatty acids is also used to produce membrane branched-chain fatty acids. In bacter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ion suppression in LC-MS and LC-MS/MS refers to reduced detector response, or signal:noise as a manifested effect of competition for ionisation efficiency in the ionisation source, between the analyte(s) of interest and other endogenous or exogenous (e.g. plasticisers extracted from plastic tubes, mobile phase additive... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The research conducted by Otto and his research group is focused on various fields, varying from the origin of life (self-replicating systems and the Darwinian evolution thereof), to materials chemistry (self-synthesizing fibres, hydrogels and nanoparticle surfaces).
Specific interests include self-replicating molecule... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Atmospheric chemists often define the Henry solubility as
Here is the concentration of a species in the aqueous phase, and is the partial pressure of that species in the gas phase under equilibrium conditions.
The SI unit for is mol/(m·Pa); however, often the unit M/atm is used, since is usually expressed in M (1M ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recently it was pointed out that, in the same way that electric polarisation can be generated by spatially varying magnetic order, magnetism can be generated by a temporally varying polarisation. The resulting phenomenon was called Dynamical Multiferroicity. The magnetisation, is given by
where is the polarisation an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a major "energy currency" of the cell. The high energy bonds between the phosphate groups can be broken to power a variety of reactions used in all aspects of cell function.
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in the cytoplasm of cells during glycolysis and in mitochondria either duri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Duplex sequencing is a library preparation and analysis method for next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms that employs random tagging of double-stranded DNA to detect mutations with higher accuracy and lower error rates.
This method uses degenerate molecular tags in addition to sequencing adapters to recognize read... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Synthetic hydrocarbons can be produced in chemical reactions between carbon dioxide, which can be captured from power plants or the air, and hydrogen. The fuel, often referred to as electrofuel, stores the energy that was used in the production of the hydrogen.
Hydrogen fuel is typically prepared by the electrolysis of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is believed that an alternative visual cycle exists, which uses Müller glial cells instead of Retinal Pigment Epithelium. In this pathway, cones reduce all-trans retinal to all-trans retinol via all-trans Retinol Dehydrogenase, then transport all-trans retinol to Müller cells. There, it is transformed into 11-cis re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A figure is achiral with an orthogonal matrix and a vector . The determinant of is either 1 or −1 then. If it is −1 the isometry is orientation-reversing, otherwise it is orientation-preserving.
A general definition of chirality based on group theory exists. It does not refer to any orientation concept: a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the mitochondrion, pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to the acetyl group, which is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide by the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). Every "turn" of the citric acid cycle produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one equivalent of ATP guanosine tripho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tetrathionate is a product of the oxidation of thiosulfate, , by iodine, I:
:2 + I → + 2I
The use of bromine instead of iodine is dubious as excess bromine will oxidize the thiosulfate to sulfate. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The fecal pellets of zooplankton can be important vehicles for the transfer of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the deep ocean, often making large contributions to the carbon sequestration. The size distribution of the copepod community indicates high numbers of small fecal pellets are produced in the epipelagic. Ho... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The selection rule for rotational transitions, derived from the symmetries of the rotational wave functions in a rigid rotor, is ΔJ = ±1, where J is a rotational quantum number. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The rate of electrons being passed from P700* to the subsequent electron acceptors is high, preventing the electron from being transferred back to P700. Consequently, in most cases, the electrons transferring within photosystem I follow a linear pathway, from the excitation of the P700 special pair to the production of... | 5 | Photochemistry |
SBPase is a homodimeric protein, meaning that it is made up of two identical subunits. The size of this protein varies between species, but is about 92,000 Da (two 46,000 Da subunits) in cucumber plant leaves. The key functional domain controlling SBPase function involves a disulfide bond between two cysteine residue... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Pepper spray is banned for use in war by Article I.5 of the Chemical Weapons Convention, which bans the use of all riot control agents in warfare whether lethal or less-than-lethal. Depending on the location, it may be legal to use for self-defense. | 1 | Biochemistry |
SBO has benefited from the funds of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) is a polymer comprising two or more networks which are at least partially interlaced on a polymer scale but not covalently bonded to each other. The network cannot be separated unless chemical bonds are broken.
The two or more networks can be envisioned to be entangled in such ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
7-nt primer ligates in the open state of the hairpin, which will block rezipping of the last seven nucleotides and increase the distance between the surface and the magnetic bead by ~5 nm. If the ligation is not successful, no change in the hairpin length is observed. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences
* Reaction Citation Index
* Science Citation Index Expanded
* Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition
* Chemical Abstracts Service
* Scopus
* Inspec | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The lower limit of the hot working temperature is determined by its recrystallization temperature. As a guideline, the lower limit of the hot working temperature of a material is 60% its melting temperature (on an absolute temperature scale). The upper limit for hot working is determined by various factors, such as: ex... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Electrophilic, soluble alkylating agents are often toxic and carcinogenic, due to their tendency to alkylate DNA. This mechanism of toxicity is relevant to the function of anti-cancer drugs in the form of alkylating antineoplastic agents. Some chemical weapons such as mustard gas (sulfide of dichloroethyl) function as ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A possible mechanism for Leber's congenital amaurosis has been proposed as the deficiency of RPE65. Without the RPE65 protein, the RPE is unable to store retinyl esters, and the visual cycle is therefore interrupted. At the beginning stages of the disease, the cone cells are unaffected, as they can rely on the alternat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process of peak-fitting high energy resolution XPS spectra is a mixture of scientific knowledge and experience. The process is affected by instrument design, instrument components, experimental settings and sample variables. Before starting any peak-fit effort, the analyst performing the peak-fit needs to know if t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Excessive exposure or intake may lead to a condition known as manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rain is generally mildly acidic, with a pH between 5.2 and 5.8 if not having any acid stronger than carbon dioxide. If high amounts of nitrogen and sulfur oxides are present in the air, they too will dissolve into the cloud and raindrops, producing acid rain. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In these cycles and engines the working fluid are always like liquid:
*Stirling cycle (Malone engine)
*Heat Regenerative Cyclone | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
High-tensile steels are low-carbon, or steels at the lower end of the medium-carbon range, which have additional alloying ingredients in order to increase their strength, wear properties or specifically tensile strength. These alloying ingredients include chromium, molybdenum, silicon, manganese, nickel, and vanadium. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
IUPAC defines resolution in optical spectroscopy as the minimum wavenumber, wavelength or frequency difference between two lines in a spectrum that can be distinguished. Resolving power, R, is given by the transition wavenumber, wavelength or frequency, divided by the resolution. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The photopigments used to carry out anaerobic photosynthesis are similar to chlorophyll but differ in molecular detail and peak wavelength of light absorbed. Bacteriochlorophylls a through g absorb electromagnetic radiation maximally in the near-infrared within their natural membrane milieu. This differs from chlorophy... | 5 | Photochemistry |
With reference to the definitions, above, a magma chamber will tend to cool down and crystallize minerals according to the liquid line of descent. When this occurs, especially in conjunction with zonation and crystal accumulation, and the melt portion is removed, this can change the composition of a magma chamber. In f... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In polymer science, the side chain of an oligomeric or polymeric offshoot extends from the backbone chain of a polymer. Side chains have noteworthy influence on a polymer's properties, mainly its crystallinity and density. An oligomeric branch may be termed a short-chain branch, and a polymeric branch may be termed a l... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Some drugs enhance or inhibit the response to NMBAs which require the dosage adjustment guided by monitoring. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The RM system was first discovered by Salvatore Luria and Mary Human in 1952 and 1953. They found that a bacteriophage growing within an infected bacterium could be modified, so that upon their release and re-infection of a related bacterium the bacteriophages growth is restricted (inhibited; also described by Luria in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The flow of currents within an axon can be described quantitatively by cable theory and its elaborations, such as the compartmental model. Cable theory was developed in 1855 by Lord Kelvin to model the transatlantic telegraph cable and was shown to be relevant to neurons by Hodgkin and Rushton in 1946. In simple cable ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound is any substance that increases the availability of oxygen in body tissues by influencing the molecular structure of water in blood plasma and thereby promoting the movement (diffusion) of oxygen through plasma. Oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds have shown promise in the treatm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Back titration is a titration done in reverse; instead of titrating the original sample, a known excess of standard reagent is added to the solution, and the excess is titrated. A back titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of the normal titration, as with p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In viruses and bacteriophages, the DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein capsid, sometimes further enveloped by a lipid membrane. Double-stranded DNA is stored inside the capsid in the form of a spool, which can have different types of coiling leading to different types of liquid-crystalline packing. This packing can c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Studies have demonstrated seaweed's potential to improve nitrogen levels. Seaweed aquaculture offers an opportunity to mitigate, and adapt to climate change. Seaweed, such as kelp, also absorbs phosphorus and nitrogen and is thus useful to remove excessive nutrients from polluted parts of the sea. Some cultivated seaw... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
As a successor to the HSEES program, ATSDR launched the National Toxic Substance Incidents Program (NTSIP) in 2009. One aspect of NTSIP is a national database of information related to chemical spills. NTSIP also has Assessment of Chemical Exposure teams to assist state and local health departments in the aftermath of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An osmometer is a device for measuring the osmotic strength of a solution, colloid, or compound.
There are several different techniques employed in osmometry:
* Freezing point depression osmometers may also be used to determine the osmotic strength of a solution, as osmotically active compounds depress the freezing poi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Abé (1996) explores the record of iron and steel firms in Victorian England by analyzing Bolckow Vaughan & Company. It was wedded for too long to obsolescent technology and was a very late adopter of the open hearth furnace method. Abé concludes that the firm—and the British steel industry—suffered from a failure of en... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Thioacetic acid is prepared by the reaction of acetic anhydride with hydrogen sulfide:
It has also been produced by the action of phosphorus pentasulfide on glacial acetic acid, followed by distillation.
Thioacetic acid is typically contaminated by acetic acid.
The compound exists exclusively as the thiol tautomer, con... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Semidiones are radical anions analogous to semiquinones, obtained from the one-electron reduction of non-quinone conjugated dicarbonyls.
The simplest possible semidiones are derived from 1,2-dicarbonyls and have structure , making them the second member of a homologous series starting with ketyl radicals.
They are ofte... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*ABCB10 NM_012089
*ABCB7 NM_004299
*ABCD3 NM_002857
*ABCE1 NM_002939
*ABCF1 NM_001090
*ABCF2 NM_005692
*ABCF3 NM_018358
*CALM1 Calmodulin grasps calcium ions
*MFSD11 NM_024311 similar to MSFD10 aka TETRAN or tetracycline transporter-like protein
*MFSD12 NM_174983
*MFSD3 NM_138431
*MFSD5 NM_032889
*SLC15A4 NM_145648
... | 1 | Biochemistry |
# The effector of both the G and G pathways is the cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-generating enzyme adenylate cyclase, or AC. While there are ten different AC gene products in mammals, each with subtle differences in tissue distribution or function, all catalyze the conversion of cytosolic adenosine triphosphate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Naphthenic hydrocarbons are saturated cyclic hydrocarbons, and are very important in the refining of liquid crude oil.
Also known as cyclic alkanes, they are represented by the formula CH, where n is a positive integer. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) is a purification technique that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength. Salting out is typically used to preci... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The prediction of crystal properties by numerical simulation has become commonplace in the last 20 years as computers have grown more powerful and theoretical techniques more sophisticated. High accuracy prediction of elastic, electronic, transport and phase properties is possible with modern methods. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The grid complexes exhibit pH-dependent changes in the optical absorption, electronic spin states and reversible redox states. The latticial metal complexes may thus be used theoretically for information storage and processing in the future. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In 1993 the silicon carbide was considered a semiconductor in both research and early mass production providing advantages for fast, high-temperature and/or high-voltage devices. The first devices available were Schottky diodes, followed by junction-gate FETs and MOSFETs for high-power switching. Bipolar transistors an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Plasmids are often used to purify a specific sequence, since they can easily be purified away from the rest of the genome. For their use as vectors, and for molecular cloning, plasmids often need to be isolated.
There are several methods to isolate plasmid DNA from bacteria, ranging from the miniprep to the maxiprep or... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A racemate is optically inactive (achiral), meaning that such materials do not rotate the polarization of plane-polarized light. Although the two enantiomers rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions, the rotations cancel each other out because they are present in equal amounts of negative (-) counterclockwis... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Filling a clean bottle with river water is a very simple task, but a single sample is only representative of that point along the river the sample was taken from and at that point in time. Understanding the chemistry of a whole river, or even a significant tributary, requires prior investigation to understand how homog... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A quasiperiodic crystal, or quasicrystal, is a structure that is ordered but not periodic. A quasicrystalline pattern can continuously fill all available space, but it lacks translational symmetry. While crystals, according to the classical crystallographic restriction theorem, can possess only two-, three-, four-, and... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Galling is a form of wear caused by adhesion between sliding surfaces. When a material galls, some of it is pulled with the contacting surface, especially if there is a large amount of force compressing the surfaces together. Galling is caused by a combination of friction and adhesion between the surfaces, followed by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Soft chemistry (also known as chimie douce) is a type of chemistry that uses reactions at ambient temperature in open reaction vessels with reactions similar to those occurring in biological systems. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Each radioligand therapy requires significant patient testing and eligibility requirements before administration. Radioligand therapies for cancer treatment are not the first course of action and generally require the patient to have undergone other previous treatments and many diagnostic imagings (i.e. seeing if speci... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The upper limit for efficiency in TPVs (and all systems that convert heat energy to work) is the Carnot efficiency, that of an ideal heat engine. This efficiency is given by:
where T is the temperature of the PV converter. Practical systems can achieve T= ~300 K and T= ~1800 K, giving a maximum possible efficiency of ~... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The basic setup in electrosynthesis is a galvanic cell, a potentiostat and two electrodes. Typical solvent and electrolyte combinations minimizes electrical resistance. Protic conditions often use alcohol-water or dioxane-water solvent mixtures with an electrolyte such as a soluble salt, acid or base. Aprotic condition... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Further alloys with low melting points are at , at and at . The alloy consisting of 40.8 % caesium, 11.8 % sodium and 47.4 % potassium has a melting point of . | 8 | Metallurgy |
Infection does not kill the host bacteria, in contrast to most other families of phage. Progeny phage are assembled as they extrude through the membrane of growing bacteria, probably at adhesion sites joining inner and outer membranes. The five phage proteins that form the coat of the completed phage enter the inner me... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the problems of both the glutamate–glutamine cycle and the GABA-glutamine cycle is ammonia homeostasis. When one molecule of glutamate or GABA is converted to glutamine in the astrocytes, one molecule of ammonia is absorbed. Also, for each molecule of glutamate or GABA cycled into the astrocytes from the synapse... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Arsenic removal technologies are traditional treatment processes which have been tailored to improve removal of arsenic from drinking water. Although some of the removal processes, such as precipitative processes, adsorption processes, ion exchange processes, and separation (membrane) processes, may be technically feas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The state of an amount of gas is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature. The modern form of the equation relates these simply in two main forms. The temperature used in the equation of state is an absolute temperature: the appropriate SI unit is the kelvin. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fulgurites are formed when lightning strikes the ground, fusing and vitrifying mineral grains. The primary SiO phase in common tube fulgurites is lechatelierite, an amorphous silica glass. Many fulgurites show some evidence of crystallization: in addition to glasses, many are partially protocrystalline or microcrystall... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Restriction enzymes are used to excise the gene of interest (the insert) from the parent. The insert is purified in order to isolate it from other DNA molecules. A common purification method is gel isolation. The number of copies of the gene is then amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Simultaneously, th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS were started in 1980 in the Department of Chemistry of Ohio State University by Isaiah Shavitt, Hans Lischka and Ron Shepard. The programs pioneered the Graphical Unitary Group Approach (GUGA) for configuration interaction calculations, which is now available in many other program suites. The prog... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In general, patches consist of three separate layers that contribute and control the release of medicine. The outer impermeable backing layer controls the direction of release and reduces drug loss away from the site of contact. It also protects the other layers and acts as a mechanical support. The middle reservoir la... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lanthanide organometallic complexes have been synthesized by RT and RTLE. Lanthanides are very electropositive elements.
Organomercurials, such as HgPh, are common kinetically inert RT and RTLE reagents that allow functionalized
derivatives to be synthesized, unlike organolithiums and Grignard reagents. Diarylmercuria... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cellular noise is random variability in quantities arising in cellular biology. For example, cells which are genetically identical, even within the same tissue, are often observed to have different expression levels of proteins, different sizes and structures. These apparently random differences can have important biol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In crystallography and solid state physics, the Laue equations relate incoming waves to outgoing waves in the process of elastic scattering, where the photon energy or light temporal frequency does not change upon scattering by a crystal lattice. They are named after physicist Max von Laue (1879–1960).
The Laue equatio... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Eastern Analytical Symposium and Exposition is sponsored by the following organizations: the Analytical Division of the American Chemical Society, the American Chemical Society New York and New Jersey Sections, the American Microchemical Society, the Chromatography Forum of Delaware Valley, the Coblentz Society, th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Chester (closed 24 August 1962)
* Dublin (1801-1922 part of UK system – see Dublin Assay Office)
* Exeter (closed 1883)
* Glasgow (closed 31 March 1964)
* Newcastle (closed 1884)
* Norwich (closed 1702)
* York (closed 1857) | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It is important to distinguish molecularity from order of reaction. The order of reaction is an empirical quantity determined by experiment from the rate law of the reaction. It is the sum of the exponents in the rate law equation. Molecularity, on the other hand, is deduced from the mechanism of an elementary reaction... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A non-Kekulé molecule is a conjugated hydrocarbon that cannot be assigned a classical Kekulé structure.
Since non-Kekulé molecules have two or more formal charges or
radical centers, their spin-spin interactions can cause electrical conductivity or ferromagnetism (molecule-based magnets), and applications to functiona... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The kinetic process of destabilisation can be rather long (up to several months or years for some products). Thus, it is often required for the formulator to use further accelerating methods to reach reasonable development time for new product design. Thermal methods are the most commonly used and consist of increasing... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The mole fraction is defined as the amount of a constituent (in moles) divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture :
The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole fractions. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Examples of enzymes capable of arene dearomatization are toluene dixoyhydrogenase, naphthalene dixoyhydrogenase and benzoyl CoA reductase. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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