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Semiconductors are materials that have an electrical resistivity (and conductivity) between that of metallic conductors and non-metallic insulators. They can be found in the periodic table moving diagonally downward right from boron. They separate the electrical conductors (or metals, to the left) from the insulators (... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To maintain indoor air quality, it may be desirable to expunge return air from the conditioned space and replace it with fresh outdoor air, sometimes called "make-up air." The optimal location to expunge return air from a Cromer cycle system is just after the desiccant (location 2 on Figure 1). At this point, the retur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
FRET efficiencies can also be inferred from the photobleaching rates of the donor in the presence and absence of an acceptor. This method can be performed on most fluorescence microscopes; one simply shines the excitation light (of a frequency that will excite the donor but not the acceptor significantly) on specimens ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fried became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1971. He became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1981. He received the Medicinal Chemistry Award in 1974 from the American Chemical Society. He also received the Alfred Burger Award in Medicinal Chemistry in 1996.
He also received the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Heusler compounds are magnetic intermetallics with face-centered cubic crystal structure and a composition of XYZ (half-Heuslers) or XYZ (full-Heuslers), where X and Y are transition metals and Z is in the p-block. The term derives from the name of German mining engineer and chemist Friedrich Heusler, who studied such ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Borane dimethylsulfide is flammable and reacts readily with water to produce a flammable gas. It also has an unpleasant smell. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The core of β-catenin consists of several very characteristic repeats, each approximately 40 amino acids long. Termed armadillo repeats, all these elements fold together into a single, rigid protein domain with an elongated shape – called armadillo (ARM) domain. An average armadillo repeat is composed of three alpha he... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the present context, "incomplete transformation" refers to the fact that in the absence of carbide precipitation, the bainite reaction stops well before the austenite reaches its equilibrium or paraequilibrium chemical composition. It stops at the point where the free energies of austenite and ferrite of identical c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Single particle testing is an extensive but powerful laboratory procedure developed by Tomra. Outo of a sample set of multiple hundreds of fragments in the size range 30-60mm are measured individually on each of the available detection technologies. After recording of the raw data, all the fragments are comminute and a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Operational backscattering spectrometers at reactors include IN10, IN13, and IN16B at the Institut Laue-Langevin, the High Flux Backscattering Spectrometer (HFBS) at the NIST Center for Neutron Research,
the SPHERES instrument of Forschungszentrum Jülich at FRM II
and EMU at ANSTO. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In general, the recovery of fluorescence will not be dominated by either simple isotropic diffusion, or by a single simple unbinding rate. There will be both diffusion and binding, and indeed the diffusion constant may not be uniform in space, and there may be more than one type of binding sites, and these sites may al... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ketones are classified on the basis of their substituents. One broad classification subdivides ketones into symmetrical and unsymmetrical derivatives, depending on the equivalency of the two organic substituents attached to the carbonyl center. Acetone and benzophenone () are symmetrical ketones. Acetophenone is an un... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The concept of reflection can be extended to three-dimensional objects, including the inside parts, even if they are not transparent. The term then relates to structural as well as visual aspects. A three-dimensional object is reversed in the direction perpendicular to the mirror surface. In physics, mirror images are ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A 2022 study by researchers from the Mayo Clinic, Maastricht University, and Ethris GmBH, a biotech company that focuses on RNA therapeutics, found that chemically modified mRNA encoding BMP-2 promoted dosage-dependent healing of femoral osteotomies in male rats. The mRNA molecules were complexed within nonviral lipid ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An ATM designed with a rotated sample is typically a far-field measurement configuration using a time-domain spectroscopy strategy.
A high power infrared laser is typically used. Its beam is split by a beamsplitter into two optical paths: a probe beam and a THz generation beam.
The THz generation beam typically receive... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Under AC conditions with varying frequency ω, heterogeneous systems and composite materials exhibit a universal dielectric response, in which overall admittance exhibits a region of power law scaling with frequency. . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SUI1 is a translation initiation factor that directs the ribosome to the translation start site, helped by eIF2 and the initiator Met-tRNA. SUI1 ensures that translation initiation commences from the correct start codon (usually AUG), by stabilizing the pre-initiation complex around the start codon. SUI1 promotes a hig... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gene knockout by mutation is commonly carried out in bacteria. An early instance of the use of this technique in Escherichia coli was published in 1989 by Hamilton, et al. In this experiment, two sequential recombinations were used to delete the gene. This work established the feasibility of removing or replacing a fun... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using 2 drugs at the same time can sometimes affect each others fraction unbound. For example, assume that Drug A and Drug B are both protein-bound drugs. If Drug A is given, it will bind to the plasma proteins in the blood. If Drug B is also given, it can displace Drug A from the protein, thereby increasing Drug As... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many compounds and complexes adopt bitetrahedral structures. In this motif, the two tetrahedra share a common edge. The inorganic polymer silicon disulfide features an infinite chain of edge-shared tetrahedra. In a completely saturated hydrocarbon system, bitetrahedral molecule CH has been proposed as a candidate for t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Vat leaching involves contacting material, which has usually undergone size reduction and classification, with leach solution in large vats. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Thermal desorption first appeared as an environmental treatment technology in 1985 when it was specified in the Record of Decision for the McKin Company Superfund site within the Royal River watershed in Maine.
It is frequently referred to as "low temp" thermal desorption to differentiate it from high temperature incin... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Ellman's reagent (5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or DTNB) is a colorogenic chemical used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups in a sample. It was developed by George L. Ellman. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The same capability of natural organic matter that helps with water retention in soil creates problems for current water purification methods. In water, organic matter can still bind to metal ions and minerals. These bound molecules are not necessarily stopped by the purification process, but do not cause harm to any h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR, or qPCR when used quantitatively) is a laboratory technique of molecular biology based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It monitors the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR (i.e., in real time), not at its end, as in conventional PCR. Real-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If enough mass is used it can create a seasonal advantage. That is, it can heat in the winter and cool in the summer. This is sometimes called passive annual heat storage or PAHS. The PAHS system has been successfully used at 7000 ft. in Colorado and in a number of homes in Montana. The Earthships of New Mexico utilize... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When compounded with fibers, thermosetting resins form fiber-reinforced polymer composites, which are used in the fabrication of factory-finished structural composite OEM or replacement parts, and as site-applied, cured and finished composite repair and protection materials. When used as the binder for aggregates and o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* In Thomson scattering light interacts with electrons (this is the low-energy limit of Compton scattering).
* In Rayleigh scattering a medium composed of particles whose sizes are much smaller than the wavelength scatters light sideways. In this scattering process, the energy (and therefore the wavelength) of the inci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Starting point for the Woodward synthesis was the hydroquinone 1 that was converted to cis-bicycle 2 in a Diels-Alder reaction with butadiene. Conversion to the desired trans isomer 5 was accomplished by synthesis of the sodium enolate salt 4 (benzene, sodium hydride) followed by acidification. Reduction (lithium alumi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In materials science, effective medium approximations (EMA) or effective medium theory (EMT) pertain to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials. EMAs or EMTs are developed from averaging the multiple values of the constituents that directly make up the composi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Endoglin has been shown to interact with high affinity to TGF beta receptor 3 and TGF beta receptor 1, and with lower affinity to TGF beta receptor 2. It has high sequence similarity to another TGF beta binding protein, betaglycan, which was one of the first cues that indicated that endoglin is a TGF beta binding prote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In recent years, more advanced UV-VIS detectors have been increasingly used, based on diode arrays and entire spectrum collection at any given moment of data collection. The are called Diode Array detectors, and they collect entire UV spectra of every point the eluting peaks, while operating as a multi-wavelength UV-v... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Poolman is ISI highly cited researcher in microbiology. He has published over 275 peer-reviewed papers in international scientific journals, which have been cited more than 25,000 times. His H-index (Google Scholar) is 83, and he holds four patents. Poolman shares his findings with wide audiences through newspaper, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
With fewer ions, the electric field increases, resulting in electrons with energy of about 2 eV, which is enough to excite atoms and produce light. With longer glow discharge tubes, the longer space is occupied by a longer positive column, while the cathode layer remains the same. For example, with a neon sign, the p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Water gas shift is the most widespread industrial process for the production of dihydrogen, H. It involves the reaction of carbon monoxide and water (syngas) to form hydrogen and carbon dioxide as a byproduct. In many catalytic reaction schemes, one of the elementary reactions is the oxidation of CO with an adsorbed ox... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In three dimensions, there are an infinite number of point groups, but all of them can be classified by several families.
* C (for cyclic) has an n-fold rotation axis.
** C is C with the addition of a mirror (reflection) plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation (horizontal plane).
** C is C with the addition of n... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Haber process, also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia. The German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch developed it in the first decade of the 20th century. The process converts atmospheric nitrogen (N) to ammonia (NH) by a reaction with hydrogen (H) usin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The nanocar is a molecule designed in 2005 at Rice University by a group headed by Professor James Tour. Despite the name, the original nanocar does not contain a molecular motor, hence, it is not really a car. Rather, it was designed to answer the question of how fullerenes move about on metal surfaces; specifically, ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The cold blob in the North Atlantic (also called the North Atlantic warming hole) describes a cold temperature anomaly of ocean surface waters, affecting the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) which is part of the thermohaline circulation, possibly related to global warming-induced melting of the Greenl... | 9 | Geochemistry |
2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl azide (trisyl azide) is an organic chemical used as a reagent to supply azide for electrophilic amination reactions, such as for the asymmetric synthesis of unnatural amino acids. Introduction of an azide on the α carbon of carboxylic acid derivative using trisyl azide is an efficient ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, the hydrogenation of carbon–nitrogen double bonds is the addition of the elements of dihydrogen (H) across a carbon–nitrogen double bond, forming amines or amine derivatives. Although a variety of general methods have been developed for the enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones, methods for the hydrog... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Consider a system composed of chemical species (e.g. water splitting) in thermodynamic equilibrium at constant pressure and thermodynamic temperature T:
:::::HO(l) H(g) + 1/2 O(g) (1)
Equilibrium is displaced to the right only if energy (enthalpy change ΔH for water-splitting) is provided to the system under strict... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Treatment of diisopinocampheylborane with TMEDA give the crystalline adduct of monoisopinocampheylborane. This adduct reacts with boron trifluoride to liberate the monoisopinocampheylborane (IpcBH) in 100% ee. Monoisopinocampheylborane reacts with a variety of alkenes. Two other reagents have been developed for the h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Given the short sequences of most promoter elements, promoters can rapidly evolve from random sequences. For instance, in E. coli, ~60% of random sequences can evolve expression levels comparable to the wild-type lac promoter with only one mutation, and that ~10% of random sequences can serve as active promoters even w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and many other hydroxy-containing compounds can be readily deprotonated due to a large difference between the electronegativity of oxygen (3.5) and that of hydrogen (2.1). Hydroxy-containing compounds engage in intermolecular hydrogen bonding increasing the electrostatic attraction b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
EVB has been successfully applied to calculating reaction free energies of enzymes. More recently it has been looked at as a tool to study enzyme evolution and to assist in enzyme design. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A compact disk/digital versatile disk (CD/DVD) based immunoassay is a method for determining the concentration of a compound in research and diagnostic laboratories by performing the test on an adapted CD/DVD surface using an adapted optical disc drive; these methods have been discussed and prototyped in research labs ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a template reaction is any of a class of ligand-based reactions that occur between two or more adjacent coordination sites on a metal center. In the absence of the metal ion, the same organic reactants produce different products. The term is mainly used in coordination chemistry. The template effects emp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eschenmoser began his scientific career as a graduate student in the laboratory of Leopold Ružička, at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) in Zurich. Ruzicka was a notable organic chemist himself having been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1939 for his work on the synthesis of androsterone and testos... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
If there are aryl- groups on phosphorus, transition-metal can not only bind to the phosphorus directly, but also form arene-coordinated products of η-type coordination. Refluxing diphosphene in 1,4-dioxane with the excess of Cr(CO) can generate mono and bis arene tricarbonylchromium(0) complexes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Homologous recombination is the exchange of genes between two DNA strands that include extensive regions of base sequences that are identical to one another. In eukaryotic species, bacteria, and some viruses, homologous recombination happens spontaneously and is a useful tool in genetically engineered. Homologous recom... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ampicillin is in the penicillin group of beta-lactam antibiotics and is part of the aminopenicillin family. It is roughly equivalent to amoxicillin in terms of activity. Ampicillin is able to penetrate gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. It differs from penicillin G, or benzylpenicillin, only by the presence... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A variety of compounds are added to stabilize the foams. These additives include pine oil, various alcohols (methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC)), polyglycols, xylenol (cresylic acid). | 8 | Metallurgy |
Cilazapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.
It was patented in 1982 and approved for medical use in 1990. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Benzaldehyde, for bees
* Butopyronoxyl (trade name Indalone). Widely used in a "6-2-2" mixture (60% Dimethyl phthalate, 20% Indalone, 20% Ethylhexanediol) during the 1940s and 1950s before the commercial introduction of DEET
* DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide)
* Dimethyl carbate
* Dimethyl phthalate, not as common as it... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In geometry, a figure is chiral (and said to have chirality) if it is not identical to its mirror image, or, more precisely, if it cannot be mapped to its mirror image by rotations and translations alone. An object that is not chiral is said to be achiral.
A chiral object and its mirror image are said to be enantiomorp... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Thermogalvanic cells are a kind of heat engine. Ultimately the driving force behind them is the transport of entropy from the high temperature source to the low temperature sink. Therefore, these cells work thanks to a thermal gradient established between different parts of the cell. Because the rate and enthalpy of ch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molecules whose framework forms a closed cage, like dodecahedrane and buckminsterfullerene, can encapsulate atoms and small molecules in the hollow space within. Those insertions are not chemically bonded to the caging compound, but merely mechanically trapped in it.
Cross, Saunders and Prinzbach succeeded in encapsu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In biochemistry, the glutamate–glutamine cycle is a cyclic metabolic pathway which maintains an adequate supply of the neurotransmitter glutamate in the central nervous system. Neurons are unable to synthesize either the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, or the inhibitory GABA from glucose. Discoveries of glutamat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Setting up for transcription in mammals is regulated by many cis-regulatory elements, including core promoter and promoter-proximal elements that are located near the transcription start sites of genes. Core promoters combined with general transcription factors are sufficient to direct transcription initiation, but gen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In polymer physics, the coil–globule transition is the collapse of a macromolecule from an expanded coil state through an ideal coil state to a collapsed globule state, or vice versa. The coil–globule transition is of importance in biology due to the presence of coil-globule transitions in biological macromolecules su... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Human chorionic gonadotropin injection is extensively used for final maturation induction in lieu of luteinizing hormone. In the presence of one or more mature ovarian follicles, ovulation can be triggered by the administration of HCG. As ovulation will happen between 38 and 40 hours after a single HCG injection, proce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This aspect of agricultural chemistry deals with the role of molecular chemistry in agriculture as well as the negative consequences. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mouse sperm genome is 80–90% methylated at its CpG sites in DNA, amounting to about 20 million methylated sites. After fertilization, early in the first day of embryogenesis, the paternal chromosomes are almost completely demethylated in six hours by an active TET-dependent process, before DNA replication begins (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Michael Philip Hartshorn (10 September 1936 – 15 December 2017) was a British-born New Zealand organic chemist. He was awarded the Hector Memorial Medal by the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1973. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ash content of a sample is a measure of the amount of inorganic noncombustible material it contains. The residues after a sample is completely burnt - in contrast to the ash remaining after incomplete combustion - typically consist of oxides of the inorganic elements present in the original sample. Ash is one of th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As early as the 1860s, experiments demonstrated that biologically relevant molecules can be produced from interaction of simple carbon sources with abundant inorganic catalysts. The spontaneous formation of complex polymers from abiotically generated monomers under the conditions posited by the "soup" theory is not str... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This method adds to the dilution to threshold method by considering the perceived intensity of the compounds as well. Assessors can report this based on a predetermined scale.
The posterior intensity method measures the maximum intensity perceived for each eluting compound. A panel of assessors is recommended to be use... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
If a differentiable function is one-to-one (injective) for each independent variable, e.g., is one-to-one for at a fixed while it is not necessarily one-to-one for , then the following total differentials exist because each independent variable is a differentiable function for the other variables, e.g., .
Substitut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbohydrate macromolecules (polysaccharides) are formed from polymers of monosaccharides. Because monosaccharides have multiple functional groups, polysaccharides can form linear polymers (e.g. cellulose) or complex branched structures (e.g. glycogen). Polysaccharides perform numerous roles in living organisms, acting... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Retention uniformity is calculated from the following formula:
where n is the number of compounds separated, R are the Retention factor of the compounds sorted in non-descending order. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The system is the part of the universe being studied, while the surroundings is the remainder of the universe that lies outside the boundaries of the system. It is also known as the environment or the reservoir. Depending on the type of system, it may interact with the system by exchanging mass, energy (including hea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The field of surface chemistry started with heterogeneous catalysis pioneered by Paul Sabatier on hydrogenation and Fritz Haber on the Haber process. Irving Langmuir was also one of the founders of this field, and the scientific journal on surface science, Langmuir, bears his name. The Langmuir adsorption equation is u... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following are examples of topics in food physical chemistry that are of interest to both the food industry and food science:
* Water in foods
** Local structure in liquid water
** Micro-crystallization in ice cream emulsions
* Dispersion and surface-adsorption processes in foods
* Water and protein activities
* Foo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Upon treatment with a base, such as triethylamine, methanesulfonyl chloride will undergo an elimination to form sulfene. Sulfene can undergo cycloadditions to form various heterocycles. α-Hydroxyketones react with sulfene to form five-membered sultones. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Planar chirality, also known as 2D chirality, is the special case of chirality for two dimensions.
Most fundamentally, planar chirality is a mathematical term, finding use in chemistry, physics and related physical sciences, for example, in astronomy, optics and metamaterials. Recent occurrences in latter two fields ar... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In nanobiotechnology, a peptoid nanosheet is a synthetic protein structure made from peptoids. Peptoid nanosheets have a thickness of about three nanometers and a length of up to 100 micrometers, meaning that they have a two-dimensional, flat shape that resembles paper on the nanoscale.
This makes them one of the thinn... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For very high temperatures there are relativistic corrections to this formula, that is, additional terms of the order of | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because of the relatively long residence time of the ocean's thermohaline circulation, carbon transported as marine snow into the deep ocean by the biological pump can remain out of contact with the atmosphere for more than 1000 years. That is, when the marine snow is finally decomposed to inorganic nutrients and disso... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Video camera tubes in the early days of television used the photoelectric effect, for example, Philo Farnsworth's "Image dissector" used a screen charged by the photoelectric effect to transform an optical image into a scanned electronic signal. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Holmes was elected Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2000, and Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2006. In 2003, he received the Descartes Prize and in 2012 the Royal Medal of the Royal Society. His formal titles include Chemistry alumnus, Laureate Professor of Chemistry, University of Melbourne; CSIRO F... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Hellmann–Feynman theorem is actually a direct, and to some extent trivial, consequence of the variational principle (the Rayleigh-Ritz variational principle) from which the Schrödinger equation may be derived. This is why the Hellmann–Feynman theorem holds for wave-functions (such as the Hartree–Fock wave-function)... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Selenium is an essential micronutrient in mammals, but is also recognized as toxic in excess. Selenium exerts its biological functions through selenoproteins, which contain the amino acid selenocysteine. Twenty-five selenoproteins are encoded in the human genome. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A thermodynamic system can be identified or described in various ways. Most directly, it can be identified by a suitable set of state variables. Less directly, it can be described by a suitable set of quantities that includes state variables and state functions.
The primary or original identification of the thermodynam... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes. The 1982 discovery of ribozymes demonstrated that RNA can be both genetic material (like DNA) and a biological cat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rate constant can be calculated for elementary reactions by molecular dynamics simulations.
One possible approach is to calculate the mean residence time of the molecule in the reactant state. Although this is feasible for small systems with short residence times, this approach is not widely applicable as reactions are... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It was found that the luciferase enzyme produced in fireflies is localized to the peroxisome within the photocytes. When mammalian cells were modified to produce the enzyme, it was found that they were targeted to the mammalian peroxisome as well. Because protein targeting to peroxisomes is not well understood, this fi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (MMPP) is a water-soluble peroxy acid used as an oxidant in organic synthesis. Its main areas of use are the conversion of ketones to esters (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation), epoxidation of alkenes (Prilezhaev reaction), oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones, oxidation of amines to p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The saturation state (known as Ω) of seawater for a mineral is a measure of the thermodynamic potential for the mineral to form or to dissolve, and for calcium carbonate is described by the following equation:
Here Ω is the product of the concentrations (or activities) of the reacting ions that form the mineral (Ca and... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Both bulk and depth analysis of solids may be performed with glow discharge. Bulk analysis assumes that the sample is fairly homogeneous and averages the emission or mass spectrometric signal over time. Depth analysis relies on tracking the signal in time, therefore, is the same as tracking the elemental composition in... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Senapathy proposed a plausible mechanistic and functional rationale why the eukaryotic nucleus originated, a major question in biology. If the transcripts of the split genes and the spliced mRNAs were present in a cell without a nucleus, the ribosomes would try to bind to both the un-spliced primary RNA transcript and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A major advantage of the SELDI process is the chromatographic separation step. While liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is based on the elution of analytes in the separated sample, separation in SELDI is based on retention. Any sample components that interfere with analytical measurements, such as salts, d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One common pair fluorophores for biological use is a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) – yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) pair. Both are color variants of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Labeling with organic fluorescent dyes requires purification, chemical modification, and intracellular injection of a host protein. GFP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The electrochemical regeneration of activated carbon based adsorbents involves the removal of molecules adsorbed onto the surface of the adsorbent with the use of an electric current in an electrochemical cell restoring the carbon's adsorptive capacity. Electrochemical regeneration represents an alternative to thermal ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Primer dimers may be visible after gel electrophoresis of the PCR product. PDs in ethidium bromide-stained gels are typically seen as a 30-50 base-pair (bp) band or smear of moderate to high intensity and distinguishable from the band of the target sequence, which is typically longer than 50 bp.
In quantitative PCR, PD... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Up to here, an ideal surface was considered, but going beyond the idealized case there are several effects which influence premelting:
*Curvature: When the surface considered is not planar but exhibits a curvature premelting is affected. The rule is that whenever the surface is concave, viewed from the solid's perspect... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
VMAT1 also has effects on the modulation of gastrin processing in G cells. These intestinal endocrine cells process amine precursors, and VMAT1 pulls them into vesicles for storage. The activity of VMAT1 in these cells has a seemingly inhibitory effect on the processing of gastrin. Essentially, this means that certa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tantalum alkylidene complexes arise by treating trialkyltantalum dichloride with alkyl lithium reagents. This reaction initially forms a thermally unstable tetraalkyl-monochloro-tantalum complex, which undergoes α-hydrogen elimination, followed by alkylation of the remaining chloride.
Tantalum alkyliden... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Despite the difficulty of theoretical interpretation, measured conductivity is a good indicator of the presence or absence of conductive ions in solution, and measurements are used extensively in many industries. For example, conductivity measurements are used to monitor quality in public water supplies, in hospitals, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Preparative methods for small scale reactions for research or for production of fine chemicals often employ expensive consumable reagents.
* Oxidation of primary alcohols or aldehydes with strong oxidants such as potassium dichromate, Jones reagent, potassium permanganate, or sodium chlorite. The method is more suitabl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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