text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
His parents emigrated from Switzerland to the United States, where Nef studied chemistry at Harvard University until 1884. Upon graduation, he joined Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich, where he received his Ph.D. in 1887.
He was a professor at Purdue University from 1887 till 1889 and at Clark University fro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The second variant of the method construct the approximations to the Green's operator
now with vectors
The chain fraction for T-matrix now also holds, with little bit different definition of coefficients . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cathleen M. Crudden is a Canadian chemist. She is a Canada Research Chair in Metal Organic Chemistry at Queen's University at Kingston. In February 2021, she took up the role of Editor-in-chief at ACS Catalysis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Molecular imprinting is a technique to create template-shaped cavities in polymer matrices with predetermined selectivity and high affinity. This technique is based on the system used by enzymes for substrate recognition, which is called the "lock and key" model. The active binding site of an enzyme has a shape specifi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A world effort was triggered in the 1960s to study magnetohydrodynamic converters in order to bring MHD power conversion to market with commercial power plants of a new kind, converting the kinetic energy of a high velocity plasma into electricity with no moving parts at a high efficiency. Research was also conducted i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Triazabicyclodecene (1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene or TBD) is an organic compound consisting of a bicyclic guanidine. For a charge-neutral compound, it is a relatively strong base that is effective for a variety of organic transformations. TBD is colorless solid that is soluble in a variety of solvents. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Dimetcote patent was approved in 1948 by the U.S. Patent Office. The owner of the patent is PPG Industries. Dimetcote, which was created to protect the surface of metal, could be coloured by being mixed with other paints. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Galvanization or galvanizing (also spelled galvanisation or galvanising) is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are coated by submerging them in a bath of hot, molten zinc. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The information on this page is partially translated from the equivalent page in French :fr:Alain Berton (Chimiste) licensed under the Creative Commons/Attribution Sharealike [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/]. History of contributions can be checked here:[https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alai... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
XPS is widely used to generate an empirical formula because it readily yields excellent quantitative accuracy from homogeneous solid-state materials. Absolute quantification requires the use of certified (or independently verified) standard samples, and is generally more challenging, and less common. Relative quantific... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Romans were already familiar with the ability of a prism to generate a rainbow of colors. Newton is traditionally regarded as the founder of spectroscopy, but he was not the first scientist who studied and reported on the solar spectrum. The works of Athanasius Kircher (1646), Jan Marek Marci (1648), Robert Boyle (... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glycans can be found attached to proteins as in glycoproteins and proteoglycans. In general, they are found on the exterior surface of cells. O- and N-linked glycans are very common in eukaryotes but may also be found, although less commonly, in prokaryotes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chayen earned her first degree in pharmacy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. During her undergraduate studies, she visited the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology to learn histochemistry. She subsequently pursued MSc and PhD research at the Kennedy Institute. In 1983, Chayen submitted her thesis on stimulus-response... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oligomer Restriction (abbreviated OR) is a procedure to detect an altered DNA sequence in a genome. A labeled oligonucleotide probe is hybridized to a target DNA, and then treated with a restriction enzyme. If the probe exactly matches the target, the restriction enzyme will cleave the probe, changing its size. If, how... | 1 | Biochemistry |
systems are important building blocks in supramolecular assembly because of their versatile noncovalent interactions with various functional groups. Particularly, , and interactions are widely used in supramolecular assembly and recognition.
concerns the direct interactions between two -systems; and interaction ar... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The lacUV5 promoter is a mutated promoter from the Escherichia coli lac operon which is used in molecular biology to drive gene expression on a plasmid. lacUV5 is very similar to the classical lac promoter, containing just 2 base pair mutations in the -10 hexamer region, compared to the lac promoter. LacUV5 is among th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Colonies of lichens may be spectacular in appearance, dominating the surface of the visual landscape as part of the aesthetic appeal to visitors of Yosemite National Park, Sequoia National Park, and the Bay of Fires. Orange and yellow lichens add to the ambience of desert trees, tundras, and rocky seashores. Intricate ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
While such diagrams can be drawn for any chemical system, it is important to note that the addition of a metal binding agent (ligand) will often modify the diagram. For instance, carbonate () has a great effect upon the diagram for uranium. (See diagrams at right). The presence of trace amounts of certain species such ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An action potential occurs when the membrane potential of a specific cell rapidly rises and falls. This depolarization then causes adjacent locations to similarly depolarize. Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, and in some plant cells. C... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some humans produce flatus that contains methane. In one study of the feces of nine adults, five of the samples contained archaea capable of producing methane. Similar results are found in samples of gas obtained from within the rectum.
Even among humans whose flatus does contain methane, the amount is in the range of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anti-nuclear ribonucleoprotein (anti-nRNP) antibodies, also known as anti-U1-RNP antibodies, are found in 30–40% of SLE. They are often found with anti-Sm antibodies, but they may be associated with different clinical associations. In addition to SLE, these antibodies are highly associated with mixed connective tissue ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC, EDAC or EDCI) is a water-soluble carbodiimide usually handled as the hydrochloride.
It is typically employed in the 4.0-6.0 pH range. It is generally used as a carboxyl activating agent for the coupling of primary amines to yield amide bonds. While other carbodiimide... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Walter Hieber prepared the first metal carbonyl hydride in 1931 by the so-called Hieber base reaction of metal carbonyls. In this reaction a hydroxide ion reacts with the carbon monoxide ligand of a metal carbonyl such as iron pentacarbonyl in a nucleophilic attack to form a metallacarboxylic acid. This intermedia rel... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ethyl 3-bromopropionate is the organobromine compound with the formula BrCHCHCOCH. It is a colorless liquid and an alkylating agent. It is prepared by the esterification of 3-bromopropionic acid. Alternatively, it can be prepared by hydrobromination of ethyl acrylate, a reaction that proceeds in an anti-Markovnikov ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Proteorhodopsin (PR or pRhodopsin) was first discovered in 2000 within a bacterial artificial chromosome from previously uncultivated marine Gammaproteobacteria, still only referred to by their ribotype metagenomic data, SAR86. More species of Gammaproteobacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative, were found to ex... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1991, Yamamoto disclosed the first catalytic enantioselective method for carbonyl allylation, which employed a chiral boron Lewis acid-catalyst in combination with allyltrimethylsilane. Numerous other catalytic enantioselective methods for carbonyl allylation followed. Catalytic variants of the Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi r... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2020, the FDA granted orphan drug designation deulinoleate ethyl for the treatment of patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). PSP is a disease involving modification and dysfunction of tau protein; mechanism of action of deulinoleate ethyl both lowers lipid peroxidation and prevents mitochondrial cell de... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*President-Royal Australian Chemical Institute (Queensland Division)
*Chair, International Relations Committee of RACI
*Member, National Committee for Chemistry
*Executive Secretary, World Chemistry Congress/IUPAC General Assembly (2001)
*Chair, Board of Australian Science Innovations
*Organiser, Chemistry-Biotechnolog... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electron spectroscopy refers to a group formed by techniques based on the analysis of the energies of emitted electrons such as photoelectrons and Auger electrons. This group includes X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Electron energy loss spe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Minerals of copper were known from ancient times. In Crete, little fragments of malachite and azurite were powdered and used as make up or to decorate ceramic as early as 6000 BCE.
Therefore, the minerals were not collected because people were looking for copper but for virtues like those mentioned or simply because of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the context of machine learning, is often called the information gain achieved if would be used instead of which is currently used. By analogy with information theory, it is called the relative entropy of with respect to .
Expressed in the language of Bayesian inference, is a measure of the information gained b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemical metallurgy is the science of obtaining metals from their concentrates, semi products, recycled bodies and solutions, and of considering reactions of metals with an approach of disciplines belonging to chemistry. As such, it involves reactivity of metals and it is especially concerned with the reduction and oxi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Concrete cancer may refer to:
* Rebar corrosion and spalling of the concrete cover above rebar caused by the rust expansion and accelerated by chloride attack and pitting corrosion of the steel reinforcements.
* Alkali–silica reaction (ASR), also known as alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR), when reactive amorphous silic... | 8 | Metallurgy |
DMSO is a widely used solvent.
The sulfoxide functional group occurs in several drugs. Notable is esomeprazole, the optically pure form of the proton-pump inhibitor omeprazole. Another commercially important sulfoxides include armodafinil.
Methionine sulfoxide forms from the amino acid methionine and its accumulation i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The winnowing-fan (λίκνον [líknon], also meaning a "cradle") featured in the rites accorded Dionysus and in the Eleusinian Mysteries: "it was a simple agricultural implement taken over and mysticized by the religion of Dionysus," Jane Ellen Harrison remarked. Dionysus Liknites ("Dionysus of the winnowing fan") was wake... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Meteorites come in a variety of compositions, but chemical analysis can determine whether they were once in planetesimals that melted or differentiated. Chondrites are undifferentiated and have round mineral inclusions called chondrules. With the ages of 4.56 billion years, they date to the early solar system. A partic... | 9 | Geochemistry |
#Rutile (TiO) frequently exhibits a prismatic or acicular growth habit. In the presence of alkali dopants or a solid-state ZrSiO dopant, rutile has been observed to crystallise from an anatase parent-phase in the form of abnormally large grains existing in a matrix of finer, equiaxed anatase or rutile grains.
# Alumina... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Insert size of up to 350 kb can be cloned in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). BACs are maintained in E. coli with a copy number of only 1 per cell. BACs are based on F plasmid, another artificial chromosome called the PAC is based on the P1 phage. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Halohydrins are usually prepared by treatment of an alkene with a halogen, in the presence of water. The reaction is a form of electrophilic addition, with the halogen acting as electrophile. In that regard, it resembles the halogen addition reaction and proceeds with anti addition, leaving the newly added X and OH gr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In biochemistry, a Ramachandran plot (also known as a Rama plot, a Ramachandran diagram or a [φ,ψ] plot), originally developed in 1963 by G. N. Ramachandran, C. Ramakrishnan, and V. Sasisekharan, is a way to visualize energetically allowed regions for backbone dihedral angles ψ against φ of amino acid residues in prote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene. An mRNA molecule transfers a portion of the DNA code to other parts of the cell for making proteins. DNA therapeutics needs access to the nucleus to be transcribed into RNA, and its functionality depends on... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jones married Vera Haines, a dispensing chemist in Gympie in 1923. They had two children. He died on 11 August 1970 in Brisbane. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Heat conduction in a Newtonian context is modelled by the Fourier equation, namely a parabolic partial differential equation of the kind:
where θ is temperature, t is time, α = k/(ρ c) is thermal diffusivity, k is thermal conductivity, ρ is density, and c is specific heat capacity. The Laplace ope... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heavy chain contains similar gene segments such as VH, JH and CH, but also has another gene segment called D (diversity). Unlike the light chain multigene family, VDJ gene segments code for the variable region of the heavy chain. The rearrangement and reorganization of gene segments in this multigene family is more co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pool boiling is boiling at a stagnant fluid. Its behavior is well characterized by Nukiyama boiling curve, which shows the relation between the amount of surface superheat and applied heat flux on the surface. With the varying degrees of the superheat, the curve is composed of natural convection, onset of nucleate boil... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A wide range of organosulfur compounds are known which contain one or more halogen atom ("X" in the chemical formulas that follow) bonded to a single sulfur atom, e.g.: sulfenyl halides, RSX; sulfinyl halides, RS(O)X; sulfonyl halides, RSOX; alkyl and arylsulfur trichlorides, RSCl and trifluorides, RSF; and alkyl and a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
SAMs are an inexpensive and versatile surface coating for applications including control of wetting and adhesion, chemical resistance, bio compatibility, sensitization, and molecular recognition for sensors and nano fabrication. Areas of application for SAMs include biology, electrochemistry and electronics, nanoelectr... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Scale of temperature is a methodology of calibrating the physical quantity temperature in metrology. Empirical scales measure temperature in relation to convenient and stable parameters or reference points, such as the freezing and boiling point of water. Absolute temperature is based on thermodynamic principles: usin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A "lasagna cell" is accidentally produced when salty moist food such as lasagna is stored in a steel baking pan and is covered with aluminium foil. After a few hours the foil develops small holes where it touches the lasagna, and the food surface becomes covered with small spots composed of corroded aluminium. In this ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, a racemic mixture or racemate (), is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule or salt. Racemic mixtures are rare in nature, but many compounds are produced industrially as racemates. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hydrocracking is a catalytic cracking process assisted by the presence of added hydrogen gas. Unlike a hydrotreater, hydrocracking uses hydrogen to break C-C bonds (hydrotreatment is conducted prior to hydrocracking to protect the catalysts in a hydrocracking process). In 2010, 265 million tons of petroleum was proces... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The matrix consists of crystallized molecules, of which the three most commonly used are sinapinic acid, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHCA, alpha-cyano or alpha-matrix) and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). A solution of one of these molecules is made, often in a mixture of highly purified water and an organic solv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sedimentation potential is measured by attaching electrodes to a glass column filled with the dispersion of interest. A voltmeter is attached to measure the potential generated from the suspension. To account for different geometries of the electrode, the column is typically rotated 180 degrees while measuring the pote... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is compelling evidence that components within some UCMs are toxic to marine organisms. The clearance rate (also known as feeding feed) of mussels was reduced by 40% following exposure to a monoaromatic UCM derived from a Norwegian crude oil. The toxicity of monoaromatic UCM components was further evidenced by an ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
By detecting the associated mRNA, UCP2, UCP4, and UCP5 were shown to reside in neurons throughout the human central nervous system. These proteins play key roles in neuronal function. While many study findings remain controversial, several findings are widely accepted.
For example, UCPs alter the free calcium concentra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NMR spectroscopy is used in industrially relevant systems to study the sequence distribution of copolymers or the occurrence of transesterification in polyester blends. A change in sequence distribution can effect the crystallinity, and transesterification can affect the compatibility of two otherwise incompatible poly... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The pharmacology of dextrorphan is similar to that of dextromethorphan (DXM). However, dextrorphan is much more potent as an NMDA receptor antagonist as well much less active as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, but retains DXM's activity as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
It also has more affinity for the opioid re... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Larry Verdansky, a repair technician assigned alone on Station Five, is interested in "siliconies", the silicon-based life forms found on some asteroids. The creatures typically grow to a maximum size of by absorbing gamma rays from radioactive ores. Some are telepathic.
When the space freighter Robert Q appears at th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two bands may overlap with the head of one on top of another band or close to each other. This may make a stepped appearance. The two band heads close to each other are called a double head. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biochemical research in Australia began in the 1920s in the Australian national science agency Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (now the CSIRO). The first university biochemistry department then started at the University of Adelaide under Thorburn Brailsford Robertson. There was initially a joint biochemi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The methylglyoxal pathway is an offshoot of glycolysis found in some prokaryotes, which converts glucose into methylglyoxal and then into pyruvate. However unlike glycolysis the methylglyoxal pathway does not produce adenosine triphosphate, ATP. The pathway is named after the substrate methylglyoxal which has three c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gunnar Aksnes (8 August 1926 in Kvam, Hardanger – 31 January 2010 in Bergen, Hordaland) was a Norwegian chemist and poet, the brother of the astronomer Kaare Aksnes, married to Milly Aksnes (b. 1928) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Quantum versions of most of the common thermodynamic cycles have been studied, for example the Carnot cycle, Stirling cycle and Otto cycle.
The Otto cycle can serve as a template for other reciprocating cycles.
It is composed of the following four segments:
*Segment isomagnetic or isochoric process, partial equil... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is a moderate-spectrum, bacteriolytic, β-lactam antibiotic in the aminopenicillin family used to treat susceptible Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is usually the drug of choice within the class because it is better-absorbed, following oral administration, than other β-lactam antibiotics.
In general, Str... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
::</big>
and
::</big>
where:
* C is concentration
* D is the diffusion coefficient
* V is the velocity of flow
* x is the distance down the channel
* γ is the wall shear rate
* b is the height of the channel
This equation is especially applicable to analyzing protein adsorption to biomedical devices in arteries, e.g. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the case of low material loss, the Nicolson–Ross–Weir method is known to be unstable for sample thicknesses at integer multiples of one half wavelength due to resonance phenomenon. Improvements over the standard algorithm have been presented in engineering literature to alleviate this effect. Furthermore, complete f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It ranges from Ontario west to Alaska, and south to Missouri, north-central Nebraska, the northern half of Wyoming, and central Washington south through Idaho into north-central Utah. A disjunct subset of its range occurs from central Colorado to northwestern New Mexico. An isolated population was formerly found in Chi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A quark–gluon plasma (QGP) or quark soup is a state of matter in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) which exists at extremely high temperature and/or density. This state is thought to consist of asymptotically free strong-interacting quarks and gluons, which are ordinarily confined by color confinement inside atomic nuclei o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The extracellular type II and type I kinase receptors binding to the TGF-β ligands. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a superfamily of cytokines that play a significant upstream role in regulating of morphogenesis, homeostasis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The significance of TGF-β is apparent with th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A helical wheel is a type of plot or visual representation used to illustrate the properties of alpha helices in proteins.
The sequence of amino acids that make up a helical region of the protein's secondary structure are plotted in a rotating manner where the angle of rotation between consecutive amino acids is 100°,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As PACs consist of a light sensor and an enzyme in a single protein, they can be expressed in other species and cell types to manipulate cAMP levels with light. When bPAC is expressed in mouse sperm, blue light illumination speeds up the swimming of transgenic sperm cells and aids fertilization. When expressed in neuro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Prolonged exposure to pyridine may result in liver, heart and kidney damage. Evaluations as a possible carcinogenic agent showed that there is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of pyridine, although there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals. Therefore, IARC considers pyridine as possibly ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The hepatocyte is a complex and multifunctional differentiated cell whose cell response will be influenced by the zone in hepatic lobule, because concentrations of oxygen and toxic substances present in the hepatic sinusoids change from periportal zone to centrilobular zone10. The hepatocytes of the intermediate zone h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most modern MCP detectors consist of two microchannel plates with angled channels, rotated 180° from each other - producing a shallow chevron (v-like) shape. In a chevron MCP, the electrons that exit the first plate start the cascade in the next plate. The angle between the channels reduces ion feedback in the device, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sodium–potassium alloy, colloquially called NaK (commonly pronounced ), is an alloy of the alkali metals sodium (Na, atomic number 11) and potassium (K, atomic number 19) that is normally liquid at room temperature. Various commercial grades are available. NaK is highly reactive with water (like its constituent element... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lithiasis (formation of stones) is a global human health problem. Stones can form in both urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Related to the formation of stones is the formation of crystals; this can occur in joints (e.g. gout) and in the viscera. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Atomic physics is the subfield of AMO that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus, while molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules. The term atomic physics is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nucle... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Arylsulfonic acids are susceptible to hydrolysis, the reverse of the sulfonation reaction. Whereas benzenesulfonic acid hydrolyzes above 200 °C, most related derivatives are easier to hydrolyze. Thus, heating aryl sulfonic acids in aqueous acid produces the parent arene. This reaction is employed in several scenarios... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mikhail Tsvet was born on 14 May 1872 in Asti, Italy. His mother was Italian, and his father was a Russian official. His mother died soon after his birth, and he was raised in Geneva, Switzerland. He received his BS degree from the Department of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Geneva in 1893. However, he d... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are three major epidermal cell types which all ultimately derive from the outermost (L1) tissue layer of the shoot apical meristem, called protodermal cells: trichomes, pavement cells and guard cells, all of which are arranged in a non-random fashion.
An asymmetrical cell division occurs in protodermal cells resu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The basic requirements for the formation of euxinic conditions are the absence of oxygen (O), and the presence of sulfate ions (SO), organic matter (CHO), and bacteria capable of reducing sulfate to hydrogen sulfide (HS). The bacteria utilize the redox potential of sulfate as an oxidant and organic matter as a reductan... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A molecular-weight size marker, also referred to as a protein ladder, DNA ladder, or RNA ladder, is a set of standards that are used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel during electrophoresis, using the principle that molecular weight is inversely proportional to migration rate through a gel mat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Any charged particle, such as an ion, feels a force from an electric or magnetic field. Ion traps work by using this force to confine ions in a small, isolated volume of space so that they can be studied or manipulated. Although any static (constant in time) electromagnetic field produces a force on an ion, it is not p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An important early contribution was made by Pierre Prevost in 1791. Prevost considered that what is nowadays called the photon gas or electromagnetic radiation was a fluid that he called "free heat". Prevost proposed that free radiant heat is a very rare fluid, rays of which, like light rays, pass through each other wi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Children
*Pregnancy
*Lactation
*Situations where a patient has a history of hypersensitivity
*Kidney failure | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Episomes in prokaryotes are special sequences which can divide either separate from or integrated into the prokaryotic chromosome. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A concentration cell is an electrochemical cell where the two electrodes are the same material, the electrolytes on the two half-cells involve the same ions, but the electrolyte concentration differs between the two half-cells.
An example is an electrochemical cell, where two copper electrodes are submerged in two copp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In their reactions with metal complexes, diazonium cations behave similarly to . For example, low-valent metal complexes add with diazonium salts. Illustrative complexes are and the chiral-at-metal complex . | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive photosynthesis, a process where the energy of light is used to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Because they are aquatic organisms, they typically employ several strategies which are collectively known as a " concentrating mechanism" to aid in the acqui... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Aminosulfuranes are highly selective for the replacement of hydroxyl groups with fluoride, but in the absence of alcohol functionality, they have the ability to transform a wide array of substrates into the corresponding fluorides or acyl fluorides. For example, ketones are converted to geminal difluorides. However, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Falipamil is a bradycardic drug focused on decreasing the heart rate of animals. The drug focuses on treating sinuses in some animals, with the most common experiments being conducted in dogs. Falipamil is commonly administered to reduce sinus, and different dosage administrations have proven to bear different results ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This jumping library uses adaptors containing markers for fragment selection in combination with barcodes for multiplexing. The protocol was developed by Talkowski et al. and based on mate-pair library preparation for SOLiD sequencing. The selected DNA fragment size is 3.5 – 4.5 kb. Two adaptors were involved: one cont... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pioneer factors can exhibit their greatest range of effects on transcription through the modulation of epigenetic factors by recruiting activating or repressing histone modification enzymes and controlling CpG methylation by protecting specific cysteine residues. This has effects on controlling the timing of transcrip... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Luciferins have been shown to be largely conserved among different species while luciferases show a greater degree of diversity. Eighty percent of the species that exhibit bioluminescence exist in aquatic habitats. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Quantitative filter paper, also called ash-free filter paper, is used for quantitative and gravimetric analysis. During the manufacturing, producers use acid to make the paper ash-less and achieve high purity. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The process of converting pig iron into wrought iron (also known as bar iron) was at that time carried out in a finery forge, which was fuelled by charcoal. Charcoal was a limited resource, but coal, more widely available, could not be used because the sulphur in coal would adversely affect the quality of the wrought i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The largest steps towards the modern treatment was the formulation of quantum mechanics with the matrix mechanics approach by Werner Heisenberg and the discovery of the Schrödinger equation by Erwin Schrödinger.
There are a variety of semi-classical treatments within AMO. Which aspects of the problem are treated quantu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In biochemistry, a rate-limiting step is a step that controls the rate of a series of biochemical reactions. The statement is, however, a misunderstanding of how a sequence of enzyme catalyzed reaction steps operate. Rather than a single step controlling the rate, it has been discovered that multiple steps control the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Roofing shingles and roll roofing account for most of the remaining bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During the night, a plant employing CAM has its stomata open, allowing to enter and be fixed as organic acids by a PEP reaction similar to the pathway. The resulting organic acids are stored in vacuoles for later use, as the Calvin cycle cannot operate without ATP and NADPH, products of light-dependent reactions that... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.