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As a more complex example, the ionic strength of a mixed solution 0.050 M in NaSO and 0.020 M in KCl is: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hexafluoroethane is used as a versatile etchant in semiconductor manufacturing. It can be used for selective etching of metal silicides and oxides versus their metal substrates and also for etching of silicon dioxide over silicon. The primary aluminium and the semiconductor manufacturing industries are the major emitte... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The principal manuscripts are:
* The Lucca MS, Lucca, Biblioteca Capitolare Feliniana, Codex 490, the oldest witness, c. 800.
* The Sélestat MS, Sélestat, Bibliothèque Humaniste, MS 17. A very full yet old witness, early ninth century.
* The Codex Matritensis (Madrid codex), Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional, MS A.16 (Was: ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
C/EBPβ and δ are transiently induced during the early stages of adipocyte differentiation (adipogenesis), while C/EBPα is upregulated during the terminal stages of adipogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that each plays an important role in this process. For example, Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts (M... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transition metal alkyl complexes are coordination complexes that contain a bond between a transition metal and an alkyl ligand. Such complexes are not only pervasive but are of practical and theoretical interest. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ion-exchange membranes are traditionally used in electrodialysis or diffusion dialysis by means of an electrical potential or concentration gradient, respectively, to selectively transport cationic and anionic species. When applied in an electrodialysis desalination process, anion- and cation-exchange membranes are ty... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A purge box is typically used so that absorption of THz radiation by gaseous water molecules is minimized. A dry air source is often used for this purpose, however, a nitrogen gas source may also be used.
Water is known to have many discrete absorptions in the THz region that are rotational modes of water molecules. Al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At the spinal cord, cannabinoids suppress noxious-stimulus-evoked responses of neurons in the dorsal horn, possibly by modulating descending noradrenaline input from the brainstem. As many of these fibers are primarily GABAergic, cannabinoid stimulation in the spinal column results in disinhibition that should increase... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Specific dynamic action (SDA), also known as thermic effect of food (TEF) or dietary induced thermogenesis (DIT), is the amount of energy expenditure above the basal metabolic rate due to the cost of processing food for use and storage. Heat production by brown adipose tissue which is activated after consumption of a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, a methylene bridge, methylene spacer, or methanediyl group is any part of a molecule with formula ; namely, a carbon atom bound to two hydrogen atoms and connected by single bonds to two other distinct atoms in the rest of the molecule. It is the repeating unit in the skeleton of the unbranched a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cereins are a group of bacteriocins produced by various strains of the bacterium Bacillus cereus. Although all cereins are by definition produced by B. cereus, it is possible that they are chemically quite different from one another. Cereins have been found to be active against other strains of B. cereus, as well as a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.4. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The polyadenylation activity of GLD-2, as we previously mentioned, is stimulated by physical interaction with an RNA binding protein, GLD-3. To test whether GLD-3 might stimulate GLD-2 by recruiting it to RNA, some studies tethered C. elegans GLD-2 to mRNAs in Xenopus oocytes by using MS2 coat protein. Tethered GLD-2 a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Note that
where m is the mass of particle i.
To prove this, we need to use two facts:
:*The square of a particle's four momentum is the square of its mass,
:*And conservation of four-momentum,
So, to begin,
Then adding the three while inserting squared masses leads to,
Then note that the last four terms add up to zero ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As austenite cools, the carbon diffuses out of the austenite and forms carbon-rich iron-carbide (cementite) and leaves behind carbon-poor ferrite. Depending on alloy composition, a layering of ferrite and cementite, called pearlite, may form. If the rate of cooling is very swift, the carbon does not have sufficient tim... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Iron levels in cells are maintained by translation regulation of many proteins involved in iron storage and metabolism. The 5′ UTR has the ability to form a hairpin loop secondary structure (known as the iron response element or IRE) that is recognized by iron-regulatory proteins (IRP1 and IRP2). In low levels of iron,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Klein–Nishina formula was derived in 1928 by Oskar Klein and Yoshio Nishina, and was one of the first results obtained from the study of quantum electrodynamics. Consideration of relativistic and quantum mechanical effects allowed development of an accurate equation for the scattering of radiation from a target ele... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although the exact route of vanillin biosynthesis in V. planifolia is currently unknown, several pathways are proposed for its biosynthesis. Vanillin biosynthesis is generally agreed to be part of the phenylpropanoid pathway starting with -phenylalanine, which is deaminated by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) to form ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Serum ferritin levels are measured in medical laboratories as part of the iron studies workup for iron-deficiency anemia. They are measured in nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) or micrograms per liter (μg/L); the two units are equivalent.
The ferritin levels measured usually have a direct correlation with the total amou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the future, radioligand therapy may expand to include more α-emitter based treatments. Currently, β radioligand therapies are more commonly used in oncology. Clinical trials of α-emitters are underway due to their higher potency and ability to induce double-strand DNA breaks. There are multiple Actinium-225 based PS... | 1 | Biochemistry |
George W. Corner and Willard M. Allen discovered the hormonal action of progesterone in 1929. By 1931–1932, nearly pure crystalline material of high progestational activity had been isolated from the corpus luteum of animals, and by 1934, pure crystalline progesterone had been refined and obtained and the chemical stru... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Z-HIT is a special case of the Hilbert transform and through restriction by the Kramers–Kronig relations it can be derived for one-Port-systems. The frequency-dependent relationship between impedance and phase angle can be observed in the Bode plot of an impedance spectrum. Equation (1) is obtained as a general solutio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are a number of types of mechanical screening equipment that cause segregation. These types are based on the motion of the machine through its motor drive.
*Circle-throw vibrating equipment - This type of equipment has an eccentric shaft that causes the frame of the shaker to lurch at a given angle. This lurchi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Intravenous dexmedetomidine exhibits linear pharmacokinetics with a rapid distribution half-life of approximately 6 minutes in healthy volunteers, and a longer and more variable distribution half-life in ICU patients. The terminal elimination half-life of intravenous dexmedetomidine ranged 2.1 to 3.1 hours in healthy a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Unhindered settling is a process that removes the discrete particles in a very low concentration without interference from nearby particles. In general, if the concentration of the solutions is lower than 500 mg/L total suspended solids, sedimentation will be considered discrete. Concentrations of raceway effluent tota... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Biophysical organic chemistry is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry.
Natural product chemistry is the process of Identifying compounds found in nature to determine their properties. Compound discoveries have and often lead to medicinal uses, develop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AR STAT2 deficiency was first time observed in 2 siblings. After routine immunization with measles-mump-rubella, one sibling developed disseminated vaccine-strain measles (MMR) but recovered and second sibling died in infancy from a viral infection due to primary immunodeficiency disorder. Later, the results showed tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Organoniobium chemistry is the chemistry of compounds containing niobium-carbon (Nb-C) bonds. Compared to the other group 5 transition metal organometallics, the chemistry of organoniobium compounds most closely resembles that of organotantalum compounds. Organoniobium compounds of oxidation states +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
These properties of the genetic code make it more fault-tolerant for point mutations. For example, in theory, fourfold degenerate codons can tolerate any point mutation at the third position, although codon usage bias restricts this in practice in many organisms; twofold degenerate codons can withstand silence mutation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The split gene theory implies that structural features of split genes predicted from computer-simulated random sequences occur in eukaryotic split genes. This is borne out in most known split genes. The sequences exhibit a nearly perfect negative exponential distribution of ORF lengths. With rare exceptions, eukaryotic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Isozymes (and allozymes) are variants of the same enzyme. Unless they are identical in their biochemical properties, for example their substrates and enzyme kinetics, they may be distinguished by a biochemical assay. However, such differences are usually subtle, particularly between allozymes which are often neutral v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Perhaps the simplest definition of electronegativity is that of Leland C. Allen, who has proposed that it is related to the average energy of the valence electrons in a free atom,
where ε are the one-electron energies of s- and p-electrons in the free atom and n are the number of s- and p-electrons in the valence shell... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Numerous reports have been published indicating that the glutamate/GABA–glutamine cycle is compromised in a variety of neurological disorders and conditions. Biopsies of sclerotic hippocampus tissue from human subjects with epilepsy have shown decreased glutamate–glutamine cycling. Another pathology in which the glutam... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SIR4 is involved in scaffolding the assembly of silenced chromatin. It binds to DNA with high affinity, but low specificity. It is most stable when co-expressed with SIR2, but neither SIR2 nor SIR3 are required for it to operate at the telomeres. Each half of the SIR4 protein has distinct responsibilities in heterochro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
H can interfere with the removal of methane from the atmosphere, a greenhouse gas. Typically, atmospheric CH is oxidized by hydroxyl radicals (OH), but H can also react with OH to reduce it to HO.
# CH + OH → CH + HO
# H + OH → H + HO | 1 | Biochemistry |
Monocytes, activated dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages stimulate the accumulation of IL-23 after exposure to molecules of Gram-positive/negative bacteria or viruses. Receptor for IL-23 contains IL12β and IL23R subunits, which upon binding of IL-23 promotes the phosphorylation STAT4. The presence of IL12β enables sim... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The formose reaction is of importance to the question of the origin of life, as it leads from simple formaldehyde to complex sugars like ribose, a building block of RNA. In one experiment simulating early Earth conditions, pentoses formed from mixtures of formaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, and borate minerals such as colema... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The main benefit of electrodialysis is the high recovery, especially in the water recovery. Another advantage is the fact that not high pressure is applied which implies that the effect fouling is not significant and consequently no chemicals are required to fight against them. Moreover, the fouling layer is not compac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In-Methylcyclophanes are organic compounds and members of a larger family of cyclophanes. These compounds are used to study how chemical bonds in molecules adapt to strain. In-methylcyclophanes in particular have a methyl group in proximity to a benzene ring. This is only possible when both methyl group and ring are at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Outdoors, DLI values vary depending on latitude, time of year, and cloud cover. Occasionally, values over 70 mol·m·d can be reached at bright summer days at some locations. Monthly-averaged DLI values range between 20-40 in the tropics, 15-60 at 30° latitude and 1-40 at 60° latitude. For plants growing in the shade of ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Bioceramics properties of being anticorrosive, biocompatible, and aesthetic make them quite suitable for medical usage. Zirconia ceramic has bioinertness and noncytotoxicity. Carbon is another alternative with similar mechanical properties to bone, and it also features blood compatibility, no tissue reaction, and non-t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
REMS scans on femur and spine last 40 and 80 seconds, respectively, allowing the acquisition of several thousands of ultrasound signals related to the skeletal site under examination. The patented algorithm (see for more details) automatically processes these signals on the basis of their spectral features; each signal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although less commonly used, activation energy also applies to nuclear reactions and various other physical phenomena. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dry basis is an expression of a calculation in chemistry, chemical engineering and related subjects, in which the presence of water (HO) (and/or other solvents) is neglected for the purposes of the calculation. Water (and/or other solvents) is neglected because addition and removal of water (and/or other solvents) are ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
According to Ohta (1994, pp. 90–91) the ranking and scientific analysis of energy quality was first proposed in 1851 by William Thomson under the concept of "availability". This concept was continued in Germany by Z. Rant, who developed it under the title, "die Exergie" (the exergy). It was later continued and standard... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Volatility is an important consideration when crafting perfumes. Humans detect odors when aromatic vapors come in contact with receptors in the nose. Ingredients that vaporize quickly after being applied will produce fragrant vapors for a short time before the oils evaporate. Slow-evaporating ingredients can stay on th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In atomic physics, exoelectron emission (EE) is a weak electron emission, appearing only from pretreated (irradiated, deformed etc.) objects. The pretreatment ("excitation") turns the objects into an unequilibrial state. EE accompanies the relaxation of these unequilibria. The relaxation can be stimulated e.g. by sligh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In ultraviolet (UV) methods there is no visible color change but the principle is exactly the same, i.e. the measurement of a change in the absorbance of the solution. UV methods usually measure the difference in absorbance at 340 nm wavelength between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its reduced form (NADH)... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hexaferrum and epsilon iron (ε-Fe) are synonyms for the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase of iron that is stable only at extremely high pressure.
A 1964 study at the University of Rochester mixed 99.8% pure α-iron powder with sodium chloride, and pressed a 0.5-mm diameter pellet between the flat faces of two diamond a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A nuclear localization signal (NLS) is a target peptide that directs proteins to the nucleus and is often a unit consisting of five basic, positively charged amino acids. The NLS normally is located anywhere on the peptide chain.
A nuclear export signal (NES) is a target peptide that directs proteins from the nucleus b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electropositive metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, etc. can insert into alkyl halides, breaking the carbon-halide bond
( halide could be chlorine, bromine, iodine ) and forming a carbon-metal bond. This reaction happens via a SET mechanism ( single-electron-transfer mechanism ). If magnesium reacts wit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Medium-carbon steel has approximately 0.3–0.5% carbon content. It balances ductility and strength and has good wear resistance. It is used for large parts, forging and automotive components. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The main advantages for SRCD over lab-based cCD machines arise from the use of the synchrotron light emission as the source. A number of biologically interesting absorption bands are found in the region between ~170 nm and ~350 nm. For proteins these come from their secondary and tertiary structures, while structural... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When the modeling phase is complete, selected systems are validated using a professional third party to provide oversight and to determine how closely the model is able to predict the reality of system performance. System validation uses non-pathogenic surrogates such as MS 2 phage or Bacillus subtilis to determine the... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Two-component signal transduction systems enable bacteria to sense, respond, and adapt to a wide range of environments, stressors, and growth conditions. These pathways have been adapted to respond to a wide variety of stimuli, including nutrients, cellular redox state, changes in osmolarity, quorum signals, antibiotic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The microprocessor complex is a protein complex involved in the early stages of processing microRNA (miRNA) and RNA interference (RNAi) in animal cells. The complex is minimally composed of the ribonuclease enzyme Drosha and the dimeric RNA-binding protein DGCR8 (also known as Pasha in non-human animals), and cleaves ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The toxicity of metal carbonyls is due to toxicity of carbon monoxide, the metal, and because of the volatility and instability of the complexes, any inherent toxicity of the metal is generally made much more severe due to ease of exposure. Exposure occurs by inhalation, or for liquid metal carbonyls by ingestion or du... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Low levels of vitamin D in pregnancy are associated with gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and small (for gestational age) infants. Although taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy raises blood levels of vitamin D in the mother at term, the full extent of benefits for the mother or baby is unclear. Pregnant wo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Supramolecular equivalent of step-growth mechanism is commonly known as isodesmic or equal-K model (K represents the total binding interaction between two neighboring monomers). In isodesmic supramolecular polymerization, no critical temperature or concentration of monomers is required for the polymerization to occur ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The amount of material available for assimilating into organismal cells controls the rate of metabolism at the cellular to lake ecosystem level. In lakes, phosphorus and nitrogen are the most common limiting nutrients of primary production and ecosystem respiration. Foundational work on the positive relationship betwee... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Also called Kharasch effect (named after Morris S. Kharasch), these reactions that do not involve a carbocation intermediate may react through other mechanisms that have regioselectivities not dictated by Markovnikov's rule, such as free radical addition. Such reactions are said to be anti-Markovnikov, since the haloge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acetyl-CoA is formed into malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, at which point malonyl-CoA is destined to feed into the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is the point of regulation in saturated straight-chain fatty acid synthesis, and is subject to both phosphorylation and allosteric regulation. Reg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alloying elements are added to a base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation by hammering, bending, extruding, et cetera, and are perman... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* D. Markovitsi, Processes triggered in guanine quadruplexes by direct absorption of UV radiation: From fundamental studies toward optoelectronic biosensors, Photochem. Photobiol. 2023, doi.org/10.1111/php.13826.
* Balanikas, E.; Banyasz, A.; Baldacchino, G.; Markovitsi, D. Deprotonation Dynamics of Guanine Radical Cat... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The structure of β-rhombohedral boron is complicated by the presence of partial occupancies and vacancies. The idealized unit cell, has been shown to be electron-deficient and hence metallic according to theoretical studies, but β-boron is a semiconductor. Application of the Jemmis rule shows that the partial occup... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* In non-homogeneous media, the diffusion coefficient varies in space, . This dependence does not affect Fick's first law but the second law changes:
* In anisotropic media, the diffusion coefficient depends on the direction. It is a symmetric tensor . Fick's first law changes to it is the product of a tensor and a v... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methylglyoxal is a component of some kinds of honey, including manuka honey; it appears to have activity against E. coli and S. aureus and may help prevent formation of biofilms formed by P. aeruginosa.
Research suggests that methylglyoxal contained in honey does not cause an increased formation of advanced glycation e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Three types of spectra can be collected from a PIXE experiment:
# X-ray emission spectrum.
# Rutherford backscattering spectrum.
# Proton transmission spectrum. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Renner-Teller effect is a phenomenon in molecular spectroscopy where a pair of electronic states that become degenerate at linearity are coupled by rovibrational motion.
The Renner-Teller effect is observed in the spectra of molecules that have electronic states that allow vibration through a linear configuration.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1643, the Italian physicist and mathematician, Evangelista Torricelli, who for a few months had acted as Galileos secretary, conducted a celebrated experiment in Florence. He demonstrated that a column of mercury in an inverted tube can be supported by the pressure of air outside of the tube, with the creation of a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pertussis toxin (PT) is a protein-based AB-type exotoxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough. PT is involved in the colonization of the respiratory tract and the establishment of infection. Research suggests PT may have a therapeutic role in treating a number of common human ailm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research on several fields of material chemistry (macromolecules, soft matter, and surfactants) as well as statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, and biophysical chemistry. It has been published weekly since 1997 by the American Chem... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Racemic malic acid is produced industrially by the double hydration of maleic anhydride. In 2000, American production capacity was 5,000 tons per year. The enantiomers may be separated by chiral resolution of the racemic mixture. S-Malic acid is obtained by fermentation of fumaric acid.
Self-condensation of malic acid ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GaN is another option, because metal nitrides usually have a narrow band gap that could encompass almost the entire solar spectrum. GaN has a narrower band gap than but is still large enough to allow water splitting to occur at the surface. GaN nanowires exhibited better performance than GaN thin films, because they h... | 5 | Photochemistry |
*PSMA1 NM_002786
*PSMA2 NM_002787
*PSMA3 NM_002788
*PSMA4 NM_002789
*PSMA5 NM_002790
*PSMA6 NM_002791
*PSMA7 NM_002792 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, alpha type, 7 (PSMA7),
*PSMB1 NM_002793 Homo sapiens proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, beta type, 1 (PSMB1), mRNA
*PSMB2 NM_0... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Eutrophication is a general term describing a process in which nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of microorganisms that may deplete the water of oxygen. Although eutrophication is a natural process, manmade or cultural eutrophication is far more common and is a rapid process caus... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The huge amount of Pre-Hispanic silver adornments known especially from Perú, Bolivia and Ecuador raises the question whether the pre-Hispanic civilizations obtained the raw material from native ores or from argentiferous-lead ores. Although native silver may be available in America, it is as rare as in the Old World. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
While the cytosolic fermentation pathway of lactate is well established, a novel feature of the lactate shuttle hypothesis is the oxidation of lactate in the mitochondria. Baba and Sherma (1971) were the first to identify the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the mitochondrial inner membrane and matrix of rat skele... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A common way to define a Henry volatility is dividing the partial pressure by the aqueous-phase concentration:
The SI unit for is Pa·m/mol. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The case to be heard at the High Court in 2009 represented 18 young people who alleged that toxic waste dumped by Corby Borough Council between 1984 and 1999 was the cause of their deformities. All had serious disabilities, including missing or underdeveloped fingers and deformities of their feet. They alleged that the... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The GTEx project is a human genetics project aimed at understanding the role of genetic variation in shaping variation in the transcriptome across tissues. The project has collected a variety of tissue samples (> 50 different tissues) from more than 700 post-mortem donors. This has resulted in the collection of >11,000... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In many cases, the splicing process can create a range of unique proteins by varying the exon composition of the same mRNA. This phenomenon is then called alternative splicing. Alternative splicing can occur in many ways. Exons can be extended or skipped, or introns can be retained. It is estimated that 95% of transcri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methyl fluoroacetate (MFA) is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an extremely toxic methyl ester of fluoroacetic acid. It is a colorless, odorless liquid at room temperature. It is used as a laboratory chemical and as a rodenticide. Because of its extreme toxicity, MFA was studied for potential use a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are a number of physical processes which may cause contraction with increasing temperature, including transverse vibrational modes, rigid unit modes and phase transitions.
In 2011, Liu et al. showed that the NTE phenomenon originates from the existence of high pressure, small volume configurations with higher ent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The foundations of the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe were laid down by Carl Wilhelm Scheele and Joseph Priestley around the last quarter of the eighteenth century. The oxy-hydrogen blowpipe itself was developed by the Frenchman Bochard-de-Saron, the English mineralogist Edward Daniel Clarke and the American chemist Robert Hare... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
S has been positively correlated with the magnitude of carbon isotope fractionation (represented by ΔC), with larger values of S corresponding with a larger values of ΔC. It has been theorized that because increasing S means the transition state is more like the product, the OC---C-2 bond will be shorter, resulting in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lotka said (1922b: 151):
Gilliland noted that these difficulties in analysis in turn required some new theory to adequately explain the interactions and transactions of these different energies (different concentrations of fuels, labour and environmental forces). Gilliland (Gilliland 1978, p. 101) suggested that Odum'... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many flavin-dependent enzymes are capable of oxidizing aliphatic nitro compounds to less-toxic aldehydes and ketones. Nitroalkane oxidase and 3-nitropropionate oxidase oxidize aliphatic nitro compounds exclusively, whereas other enzymes such as glucose oxidase have other physiological substrates. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The level of nucleotides remaining in the cell after storage was thought by Warnick to be important in determining whether the cell would be able to re-synthesize ATP and recover after rewarming. Frequent changing of the perfusate or the use of a large volume of perfusate has the theoretical disadvantage that broken do... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, treadmilling is a phenomenon observed within protein filaments of the cytoskeletons of many cells, especially in actin filaments and microtubules. It occurs when one end of a filament grows in length while the other end shrinks, resulting in a section of filament seemingly "moving" across a stratu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ferroelectricity is a characteristic of certain materials that have a spontaneous electric polarization that can be reversed by the application of an external electric field. All ferroelectrics are also piezoelectric and pyroelectric, with the additional property that their natural electrical polarization is reversible... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine results in thymine and ammonia. This is the most common single nucleotide mutation. In DNA, this reaction, if detected prior to passage of the replication fork, can be corrected by the enzyme thymine-DNA glycosylase, which removes the thymine base in a G/T mismatch. This leav... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemical mimicry of an organism's pheromones allows predators with this ability to draw select prey to them, rather than spend their energy finding and attempting to capture these organisms with varied success. The pheromones are typically used by the prey species to attract members of their own species as potential ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Simply add the name of the attached halide to the end of the acyl group. For example, is ethanoyl chloride. An alternate suffix is "-carbonyl halide" as opposed to "-oyl halide". The prefix form is "halocarbonyl-". | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Yeast artificial chromosome or YAC is a DNA molecule that is developed by humans to take the DNA sequences that belong to yeast cells and clone them. Yeast artificial chromosomes can be inserted with fragments of DNA from the organism of interest. Yeast cells will then assimilate the yeast artificial chromosome that co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Similar to the polar sensitivity factor, the steric sensitivity factor δ for a new reaction series will describe to what magnitude the reaction rate is influenced by steric effects. When a reaction series is not significantly influenced by polar effects, the Taft equation reduces to:
A plot of the ratio of the rates v... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Knowles was awarded a Fellowship of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (FIMMM) in 2004 in recognition of his contributions to the field of materials science. In 2015, he was also made Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng). He holds two European patents and has authored over 100 academic papers... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The original example proceeded via sequential loss of two equivalents of H from decamethyltungstocene dihydride, Cp*WH. The first dehydrogenation step affords a simple tuck-in complex:
:(CMe)WH → (CMe)(η-CMeCH)WH + H
The second dehydrogenation step affords a double tuck-in complex:
:(CMe)(η-CMeCH)WH → (CMe)(η-... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Like Pfitzner–Moffatt oxidation and Swern oxidation, with DMSO, MsO can oxidize primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, respectively, in HMPA. This method applies to benzylic alcohol. HMPA may be substituted by dichloromethane but may result in more side-products. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Esomeprazole is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme CYP2C19, and may therefore interact with drugs that depend on it for metabolism, such as diazepam and warfarin; the concentrations of these drugs may increase if they are used concomitantly with esomeprazole. Conversely, clopidogrel (Plavix) is an inactive prodrug t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
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