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In general, action potentials that reach the synaptic knobs cause a neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters are small molecules that may open ion channels in the postsynaptic cell; most axons have the same neurotransmitter at all of their termini. The arrival of the action potential o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemical structures of BNA monomers containing a bridge at the 2, 4-position of the ribose to afford a 2, 4-BNA monomer as synthesized by Takeshi Imanishi's group. The nature of the bridge can vary for different types of monomers. The 3D structures for A-RNA and B-DNA were used as a template for the design of the BNA m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper-free click chemistry is a bioorthogonal reaction as a variant of an azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition. By eliminating cytotoxic copper catalysts, the reaction proceeds without live-cell toxicity. It was developed as a faster alternative to the Staudinger ligation with the first generation of Cu-free click chemi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a known opportunistic pathogen. One of its virulence factors is its ability to produce pyocyanin, a toxin released to kill both microbes and mammalian cells alike. The pyocyanin production occurs when activated by PhoB. This implies that P. aeruginosa uses the low Pi as a signal that the host ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another regulatory element located upstream of the gene is an enhancer. Enhancers function as a "turn on" switch in gene expression and will activate the promoter region of a particular gene while silencers act as the "turn off" switch. Though these two regulatory elements work against each other, both sequence types a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electroacoustic phenomena arise when ultrasound propagates through a fluid containing ions. The associated particle motion generates electric signals because ions have electric charge. This coupling between ultrasound and electric field is called electroacoustic phenomena. The fluid might be a simple Newtonian liquid, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfating roasting oxidizes certain sulfide ores to sulfates in a supply of air to enable leaching of the sulfate for further processing. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The viscosity of liquid metals can vary greatly depending on the atomic composition of the liquid, especially in the case of alloys. In particular, the temperature dependence of the viscosity of liquid metals may range from the standard Arrhenius law dependence, to a much steeper (non-Arrhenius) dependence such as that... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A preliminary zeroth order analysis may be performed to answer fundamental questions about the nature of the unknown material. Methods that might be used for the preliminary analysis include spectroscopic methods, such as infrared spectroscopy or x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The results of the zeroth order characte... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Enantioselective synthesis, also called asymmetric synthesis, is a form of chemical synthesis. It is defined by IUPAC as "a chemical reaction (or reaction sequence) in which one or more new elements of chirality are formed in a substrate molecule and which produces the stereoisomeric (enantiomeric or diastereomeric) pr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Fluoride is naturally present in groundwater, fresh and saltwater sources, as well as in rainwater, particularly in urban areas. Seawater fluoride levels are usually in the range of 0.86 to 1.4 mg/L, and average 1.1 mg/L (milligrams per litre). For comparison, chloride concentration in seawater is about 19 g/L. The low... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as . | 1 | Biochemistry |
The glutathione peroxidase family of enzymes (abbreviated GSH-Px) catalyze reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides:
:2GSH + HO → GSSG + 2 HO
The two H atoms are donated by thiols in a process that begins with oxidation of a selenol side chain in GSH-Px. The organoselenium compound ebselen is a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Titer has the same origin as the word "title", from the French word titre, meaning "title" but referring to the documented purity of a substance, often gold or silver. This comes from the Latin word titulus, also meaning "title". | 1 | Biochemistry |
A protein phosphatase is a phosphatase enzyme that removes a phosphate group from the phosphorylated amino acid residue of its substrate protein. Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common forms of reversible protein posttranslational modification (PTM), with up to 30% of all proteins being phosphorylated at any... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to the biological complexity of gene expression, the considerations of experimental design that are discussed in the expression profiling article are of critical importance if statistically and biologically valid conclusions are to be drawn from the data.
There are three main elements to consider when designing a m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The New Jersey Zinc process is no longer used to produce primary zinc in the U.S., in Europe and Japan, but it still is used to treat secondary operations. This process peaked in 1960, when it accounted for 5% of world zinc production. A modified version of this process is still used at Huludao, China, which produced 6... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In some materials, superspots will occur at positions that do not represent a simple fraction, say q=(0.5234,0,0). In this case the structure strictly speaking has lost all translational symmetry in a particular direction. This is called an incommensurate structure. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, prochiral molecules are those that can be converted from achiral to chiral in a single step. An achiral species which can be converted to a chiral in two steps is called proprochiral.
If two identical substituents are attached to a sp-hybridized atom, the descriptors pro-R and pro-S are used to dist... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Microspectrophotometry is the measure of the spectra of microscopic samples using different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (e.g. ultraviolet, visible and near infrared, etc.) It is accomplished with microspectrophotometers, cytospectrophotometers, microfluorometers, Raman microspectrophotometers, etc. A micro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because converting RNA into cDNA, ligation, amplification, and other sample manipulations have been shown to introduce biases and artifacts that may interfere with both the proper characterization and quantification of transcripts, single molecule direct RNA sequencing has been explored by companies including Helicos (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Evelyn Brower Man (October 7, 1904 – September 3, 1992) was an American biochemist. She was a leading woman in developing the first test to detect hormone levels in the thyroid gland. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photogeochemical reactions may be classified based on thermodynamics and/or the nature of the materials involved. In addition, when ambiguity exists regarding an analogous reaction involving light and living organisms (phototrophy), the term "photochemical" may be used to distinguish a particular abiotic reaction from ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program is a long-term oceanographic study based at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. In 2015, the American Society for Microbiology designated the HOT Program's field site Station ALOHA (A Long-Term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment; ()) a "Milestone in Microbiology", for playing "a k... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Lichens often have a regular but very slow growth rate of less than a millimeter per year.
In crustose lichens, the area along the margin is where the most active growth is taking place. Most crustose lichens grow only 1–2 mm in diameter per year. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Spectral responsivity is a similar measurement, but it has different units: amperes per watt (A/W); (i.e. how much current comes out of the device per unit of incident light power). Responsivity is ordinarily specified for monochromatic light (i.e. light of a single wavelength). Both the quantum efficiency and the resp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The general steps to prepare a complementary DNA (cDNA) library for sequencing are described below, but often vary between platforms.
# RNA Isolation: RNA is isolated from tissue and mixed with Deoxyribonuclease (DNase). DNase reduces the amount of genomic DNA. The amount of RNA degradation is checked with gel and capi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Herbicide resistance became a critical problem in Australian agriculture, after many Australian sheep farmers began to exclusively grow wheat in their pastures in the 1970s. Introduced varieties of ryegrass, while good for grazing sheep, compete intensely with wheat. Ryegrasses produce so many seeds that, if left unche... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Molybdenum is an essential element in most organisms; a 2008 research paper speculated that a scarcity of molybdenum in the Earth's early oceans may have strongly influenced the evolution of eukaryotic life (which includes all plants and animals).
At least 50 molybdenum-containing enzymes have been identified, mostly i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Microscale thermophoresis (MST) is a technology for the biophysical analysis of interactions between biomolecules. Microscale thermophoresis is based on the detection of a temperature-induced change in fluorescence of a target as a function of the concentration of a non-fluorescent ligand. The observed change in fluore... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By the time of the American Civil War, as telegraph traffic increased, the Grove cell's tendency to discharge poisonous nitrogen dioxide (NO) fumes proved increasingly hazardous to health, and as telegraphs became more complex, the need for constant voltage became critical. The Grove cell was limited in this respect, b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In stoichiometry of a chemical reaction to produce a chemical product, it may be observed or predicted that with amounts supplied in specified proportions, one of the reactants will be consumed by the reaction before the others. The amount of product is thus limited by the supply of this reagent. This limiting reagent ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the chloromethyl group is a functional group that has the chemical formula . The naming of this group is derived from the methyl group (which has the formula ), by replacing one hydrogen atom by a chlorine atom. Compounds with this group are a subclass of the organochlorines.
The way of introducin... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Having properly sized particles allow aggregate companies to create long-lasting roads and other products. Particle size analysis is also routinely conducted on bitumen emusions to predict their stability and their behavior. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Aerogels are highly porous ultralight materials in which the liquid component of a gel has been replaced with a gas, and are noteworthy for being solids that are extremely effective thermal insulators with very low density. Aerogels can be prepared in a variety of ways, and though most have been based on silica, materi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Attempts to correct for changes in thyroid binding globulin due to liver disease, protein losing states, pregnancy or various drugs
It is used to calculate free thyroxine index (total T4 x T3 uptake), an estimate of free T4. Free thyroxine index may be calculated with increased diagnostic accuracy using direct TBG meas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Palytoxin was first isolated, named and described from Palythoa toxica by Moore and Scheuer in a study published in 1971. They measured that its molar mass is approximately 3300 g/mol. They also identified it to be the substance that was probably responsible for the toxicity of P. toxica, but it was uncertain at the ti... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In synaptic vesicles, some neurochemists have suggested that vesicles occasionally may not completely fuse with presynaptic membranes in neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. The controversy lies in whether or not endocytosis always occurs in vesicle reforming after release of the neurotransmitter. Anothe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Holmes undergraduate studies and masters research were conducted at the University of Melbourne where he was resident at Ormond College. Travelling to the UK on a Shell Overseas Science Scholarship, he performed his PhD work at University College London under the supervision of Franz Sondheimer. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Phanes are abstractions of highly complex organic molecules introduced for simplification of the naming of these highly complex molecules.
Systematic nomenclature of organic chemistry consists of building a name for the structure of an organic compound by a collection of names of its composite parts but describing also... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluorinations with DAST can be carried out in conventional glass equipment, although etching of the glass may result from reaction byproducts. Reactions are typically carried out in aprotic or non-polar solvents. Moisture and atmospheric oxygen should be excluded from the reaction. Reactions are generally started at -7... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The transcriptome can be seen as a subset of the proteome, that is, the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome.
However, the analysis of relative mRNA expression levels can be complicated by the fact that relatively small changes in mRNA expression can produce large changes in the total amount of the correspondin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The PCP protein has been identified in dinoflagellate genomes in at least two forms, a homodimeric form composed of two 15-kD monomers, and a monomeric form of around 32kD believed to have evolved from the homodimeric form via gene duplication. The monomeric form consists of two pseudosymmetrical eight-helix domains in... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Elbs reaction is an organic reaction describing the pyrolysis of an ortho methyl substituted benzophenone to a condensed polyaromatic. The reaction is named after its inventor, the German chemist Karl Elbs, also responsible for the Elbs oxidation. The reaction was published in 1884. Elbs however did not correctly ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Where two rivers meet at a confluence there exists a mixing zone. A mixing zone may be very large and extend for many miles as in the case of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers in the United States and the River Clwyd and River Elwy in North Wales. In a mixing zone water chemistry may be very variable and can be diffi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Petroleum is a fossil fuel derived from fossilized organic materials, such as zooplankton and algae. Vast amounts of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms where they were covered in stagnant water (water with no dissolved oxygen) or sediments such as mud and silt faster than they could decompose aerobically. Ap... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
TRIM28 has been shown to interact with:
* CBX5,
* CEBPB,
* Glucocorticoid receptor,
* SETDB1 and
* ZNF10. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sticking coefficient is the term used in surface physics to describe the ratio of the number of adsorbate atoms (or molecules) that adsorb, or "stick", to a surface to the total number of atoms that impinge upon that surface during the same period of time. Sometimes the symbol S is used to denote this coefficient, and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although metal centers (e.g., Li, Zn, Sc, etc.) are most commonly cationic and electrophilic (Lewis acidic) in nature, certain metal centers (particularly ones in a low oxidation state and/or carrying a negative charge) are among the strongest recorded nucleophiles and are sometimes referred to as "supernucleophiles." ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During anoxia, provision of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation in the matrix is important not only as a mere means of energy, but also to prevent mitochondria from straining glycolytic ATP reserves by maintaining the adenine nucleotide translocator in ‘forward mode’ carrying ATP towards the cytosol. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An aminopolycarboxylic acid (sometimes abbreviated APCA) is a chemical compound containing one or more nitrogen atoms connected through carbon atoms to two or more carboxyl groups. Aminopolycarboxylates that have lost acidic protons form strong complexes with metal ions. This property makes aminopolycarboxylic acids us... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to their ability to scatter light back into the photovoltaic structure and low absorption, plasmonic nanoparticles are under investigation as a method for increasing solar cell efficiency. Forcing more light to be absorbed by the dielectric increases efficiency.
Plasmons can be excited by optical radiation and indu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In coordination chemistry, a spectator ligand is a ligand that does not participate in chemical reactions of the complex. Instead, spectator ligands (vs "actor ligands") occupy coordination sites. Spectator ligands tend to be of polydentate, such that the M-spectator ensemble is inert kinetically. Although they do not ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bronze and brass are both copper alloys that are solid solution strengthened. Bronze is the result of adding about 12% tin to copper while brass is the result of adding about 34% zinc to copper. Both of these alloys are being utilized in coins production, ship hardware, and art. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Multiangle light scattering (MALS) describes a technique for measuring the light scattered by a sample into a plurality of angles. It is used for determining both the absolute molar mass and the average size of molecules in solution, by detecting how they scatter light. A collimated beam from a laser source is most oft... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are three types of thermogravimetry:
*Isothermal or static thermogravimetry: In this technique, the sample weight is recorded as a function of time at a constant temperature.
*Quasistatic thermogravimetry: In this technique, the sample temperature is raised in sequential steps separated by isothermal intervals, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Studies suggest dexmedetomidine for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults may reduce time to extubation and ICU stay.
Compared with other sedatives, some studies suggest dexmedetomidine may be associated with less delirium. However, this finding is not consistent across multiple studies. At the very least, when ag... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In addition to its well-known roles in the electron transport chain and cell apoptosis, according to a recent study cytochrome c can also act as an antioxidative enzyme in the mitochondria; it does so by removing superoxide (O) and hydrogen peroxide (HO) from mitochondria. Therefore, not only is cytochrome c required i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the apertureless mode is more promising than the aperture mode, the latter is more widely used because of easier instrumental setup and operation. To obtain a high resolution Raman micrograph/spectrum, the following conditions should be met: (1) the size of the aperture must be on the order of the wavelength o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some of the earliest, published studies on sweat composition date back to the 19th century. Further studies in the 20th century began to solidify understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of the eccrine sweat gland. In-vivo and in-vitro studies from this time period, and even those continuing today, have ident... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A fan is a powered machine used to create a flow of air. A fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or blades, generally made of wood, plastic, or metal, which act on the air. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, rotor, or runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of housing, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An extensive range of recommended values for the Margules parameters can be found in the literature. Selected values are provided in the table below. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The use of supercritical carbon dioxide, instead of water, has been examined as a geothermal working fluid. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Berylliosis is an occupational disease. Relevant occupations are those where beryllium is mined, processed or converted into metal alloys, or where machining of metals containing beryllium and recycling of scrap alloys occurs. It is associated with aerospace manufacturing, microwave semiconductor electronics, beryllium... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), also known as deoxyadenylic acid or deoxyadenylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a derivative of the common nucleic acid AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2 carbon on the nucleotides pentose has been reduced ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amination of nucleophiles with N-unsubstituted oxaziridines is quite versatile in the breadth of possible nucleophiles and corresponding products. Hydrazines may be derived from the amination of secondary or tertiary amines, hydroxylamine and thiohydroxamines may be formed from their corresponding alcohols and thiols... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The most commonly studied system to date is the system, consisting of a proton bound with a ion. The system was first observed in 2000 by a group at the University of Waterloo in Canada.
The formation of the ion can be understood classically; as the single electron in a hydrogen atom cannot fully shield the positiv... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The hydroxymethyl group is the name for a substituent with the structural formula . It consists of a methylene bridge ( unit) bonded to a hydroxyl group (). This makes the hydroxymethyl group an alcohol. It has the identical chemical formula with the methoxy group () that differs only in the attachment site and orienta... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The biosynthetic pathway of phycocyanobilin begins with 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA). Two molecules of 5-ALA undergo a condensation reaction catalyzed by Porphobilinogen (PBG) Synthase to yield a molecule of Porphobilinogen (PBG) (not shown). Four molecules of PBG are polymerized into a linear tetrapyrrole by Porphob... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In other less formal contexts, an alcohol is often called with the name of the corresponding alkyl group followed by the word "alcohol", e.g., methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol. Propyl alcohol may be n-propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol, depending on whether the hydroxyl group is bonded to the end or middle carbon on the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A racemic mixture is denoted by the prefix (±)- or dl- (for sugars the prefix - may be used), indicating an equal (1:1) mixture of dextro and levo isomers. Also the prefix rac- (or racem-) or the symbols RS and SR (all in italic letters) are used.
If the ratio is not 1:1 (or is not known), the prefix (+)/(−), - or d/l... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The ionotropic glutamate receptors bind the neurotransmitter glutamate. They form tetramers, with each subunit consisting of an extracellular amino terminal domain (ATD, which is involved tetramer assembly), an extracellular ligand binding domain (LBD, which binds glutamate), and a transmembrane domain (TMD, which form... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bioorganometallic chemistry is the study of biologically active molecules that contain carbon directly bonded to metals or metalloids. The importance of main-group and transition-metal centers has long been recognized as important to the function of enzymes and other biomolecules. However, only a small subset of natur... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An anion exchange membrane (AEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct anions but reject gases such as oxygen or hydrogen. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Multiple challenges exist in assessing exposure to pesticides in the general population, and many others that are specific to occupational exposures of agricultural workers. Beyond farm workers, estimating exposure to family members and children presents additional challenges, and may occur through "take-home" exposure... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Some miRNAs in plants have been seen to contain 2'-O-methylation, a modification to the ribose sugar that is added by the methyltransferase HEN1. This modification is thought to protect the miRNA against polyuridylation, which would result in its subsequent degradation.
In addition, pri-miRNAs have been shown to contai... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Protein adsorption can also occur as a direct result of heating a mixture. Protein adsorption in milk processing is often used as a model for this type of adsorption in other situations. Milk is composed mainly of water, with less than 20% of suspended solids or dissolved proteins. Proteins make up only 3.6% of milk in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The replication cycle of a retrovirus entails the insertion ("integration") of a DNA copy of the viral genome into the nuclear genome of the host cell. Most retroviruses infect somatic cells, but occasional infection of germline cells (cells that produce eggs and sperm) can also occur. Rarely, retroviral integration ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CCL7 was first characterized from osteosarcoma supernatant. CCL7 consists of 99 amino acids, which contains 23-amino acid signal peptide. The mature protein about 76 amino acids is secreted after cleavage of the signal peptide. In contrast to most chemokines, CCL7 exists in a general monomeric form, differing from the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Salimuzzaman was born in Subeha (Barabanki District) near Lucknow on 19 October 1897. His father's name was Chaudhry Muhammad Zaman and his elder brother Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman was a distinguished All India Muslim League leader and one of the founding fathers of Pakistan. He received his early education from Lucknow, b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Expressome may refer to:
*A supramolecular complex consisting of RNA polymerase and a trailing ribosome linked by a shared mRNA. The expressome complex mediates a mechanism of gene expression regulation termed transcription-translation coupling.
*The whole set of gene expression in a cell, tissue, organ, organisms, and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some researchers have speculated that Earth may have been seeded by organic compounds early in its development by tholin-rich comets, providing the raw material necessary for life to develop (see Miller–Urey experiment for discussion related to this). Tholins do not exist naturally on present-day Earth due to the oxidi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When generating THz radiation via a photoconductive emitter, an ultrafast pulse (typically 100 femtoseconds or shorter) creates charge carriers (electron-hole pairs) in a semiconductor material. This incident laser pulse abruptly changes the antenna from an insulating state into a conducting state. Due to an electric ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The valence bonds do not have to be formed by nearest neighbors only and their distributions may vary in different materials. Ground states with large contributions of long range valence bonds have more low-energy spin excitations, as those valence bonds are easier to break up. On breaking, they form two free spins. Ot... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ptaquiloside has unstable chemical structure and readily undergoes glucose liberation. The resulting ptaquilodienone is the active form of ptaquiloside and accounts for the observed biological effects. The cyclopropyl group in the dienone is highly reactive as an electrophile, not only because it is conjugated with the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for zinc in 2001. The current EARs for zinc for women and men ages 14 and up is 6.8 and 9.4 mg/day, respectively. The RDAs are 8 and 11 mg/day. RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biological molecular machines have been known and studied for years given their vital role in sustaining life, and have served as inspiration for synthetically designed systems with similar useful functionality. The advent of conformational analysis, or the study of conformers to analyze complex chemical structures, in... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Nb.BbvCI is a nicking endonuclease used to cut one strand of double-stranded DNA. It has been successfully used to incorporate fluorochrome-labeled nucleotides into specific spots of a DNA sequence via nick translation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The groups in phosphoric acids can also condense with the hydroxyl groups of alcohols to form phosphate esters. Since orthophosphoric acid has three groups, it can esterify with one, two, or three alcohol molecules to form a mono-, di-, or triester. See the general structure image of an ortho- (or mono-) phosphate es... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dilution of sample or reducing the volume of sample injected may give a reduction of ion suppression by reducing the quantity of interfering species present, although the quantity of analyte of interest will also be reduced, making this an undesirable approach for trace analysis.
Similar is the effect of reducing the m... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Enone–alkene cycloadditions often suffer from side reactions, e.g. those associated with the diradical intermediate. These side reactions can often be minimized by a judicious choice of reaction conditions.
Dissolved oxygen is avoided since it is photo reactive.
A variety of solvents can be used. Acetone is a useful so... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Pumps vary in pressure capacity, but their performance is measured on their ability to yield a consistent and reproducible volumetric flow rate. Pressure may reach as high as 60 MPa (6000 lbf/in), or about 600 atmospheres. Modern HPLC systems have been improved to work at much higher pressures, and therefore are able t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Alain Viel is the director of Northwest Undergraduate Laboratories and senior lecturer in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at Harvard University. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fumaric acid was developed as a medicine to treat the autoimmune condition psoriasis in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing 3 esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe. Biogen would later go on to develop the main ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In outer sphere redox reactions no bonds are formed or broken; only an electron transfer (ET) takes place. A quite simple example is the Fe/Fe redox reaction, the self exchange reaction which is known to be always occurring in an aqueous solution containing the aquo complexes [Fe(HO)] and [Fe(HO)6]. Redox occurs with G... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Promoters of active genes have nucleosome free regions (NFR). This allows for promoter DNA accessibility to various proteins, such as transcription factors. Nucleosome free region typically spans for 200 nucleotides in S. cerevisiae Well-positioned nucleosomes form boundaries of NFR. These nucleosomes are called +1-nuc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Normative mineralogy is an estimate of the mineralogy of the rock. It usually differs from the visually observable mineralogy, at least as much as the types of mineral species, especially amongst the ferromagnesian minerals and feldspars, where it is possible to have many solid solution series of minerals, or minerals ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 2016 a new study showed that flat roofs in urban areas are fruitful places to extract micrometeorites. The "urban" cosmic spherules have a shorter terrestrial age and are less altered than the previous findings.
Amateur collectors may find micrometeorites in areas where dust from a large area has been concentrated, ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Hammond married Ellen Sarah Sophia Clarke (1833–1905), the sister-in-law of Samuel Warren, in 1874. Hammond survived her by three years upon her death in 1905.
Along with New York architect Alexander Twombly, who was the engineer and draftsman of Forest Paper Company, Hammond designed what is today known as Camp Hammon... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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