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A typical optical transfection protocol is as follows:
1) Build an optical tweezers system with a high NA objective
2) Culture cells to 50-60% confluency
3) Expose cells to at least 10 µg/ml of plasmid DNA
4) Dose the plasma membrane of each cell with 10-40 ms of focussed laser, at a power of <100 mW at focus
5) Observ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If analytes are too small to generate a readable signal for determining concentration, the assay matrix can be modified. CD/DVD based assays utilize the optical properties of gold. Gold nanoparticle bioconjugates are tracers used to increase the sensitivity of the assay. The gold nanoparticles can be identified with ph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Temperature is an important quantity to know for the understanding of the system. Material properties such as density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and specific heat depend on temperature, and very high or low temperature can bring unexpected changes in the system. In solid, the heat equation can be used to obtain ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Claudins allow for Mg transport via the paracellular pathway; that is, it mediates the transport of the ion through the tight junctions between cells that form an epithelial cell layer. In particular, Claudin-16 allows the selective reuptake of Mg in the human kidney. Some patients with mutations in the CLDN19 gene als... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The oldest form of mineral processing practiced since the Stone Age is hand-picking. Georgius Agricola also describes hand-picking is his book De re metallica in 1556. Sensor-based sorting is the automation and extension to hand picking. In addition to sensors that measure visible differences like color (and the furthe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Kröhnke pyridine synthesis provides a fairly general method for generating substituted pyridines using pyridine itself as a reagent which does not become incorporated into the final product. The reaction of pyridine with bromomethyl ketones gives the related pyridinium salt, wherein the methylene group is highly ac... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1698, the English mechanical designer Thomas Savery invented a pumping appliance that used steam to draw water directly from a well by means of a vacuum created by condensing steam. The appliance was also proposed for draining mines, but it could only draw fluid up approximately 25 feet, meaning it had to be located... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In heterogeneous catalysis the catalyst is in a different phase from the reactants. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a discipline which includes a large variety of reactions: mild or total oxidations, dehydrogenation, hydrogen transfer, O–O and deuterium-alkane isotopic exchange, metal deposition, water detoxification, ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
While it is important to note that the process of remineralization is a series of complex biochemical pathways [within microbes], it can often be simplified as a series of one-step processes for ecosystem-level models and calculations. A generic form of these reactions is shown by:
The above generic equation starts wit... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Joule expansion (a subset of free expansion) is an irreversible process in thermodynamics in which a volume of gas is kept in one side of a thermally isolated container (via a small partition), with the other side of the container being evacuated. The partition between the two parts of the container is then opened,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The atmospheric properties of exoplanets are of particular importance, as atmospheres provide the most likely observables for the near future, including habitability indicators and biosignatures. Over billions of years, the processes of life on a planet would result in a mixture of chemicals unlike anything that could ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A full description of non-linear inverse Compton scattering must include some effects related to the quantization of light and matter. The principal ones are listed below.
* Inclusion of the discretization of the emitted radiation, i.e. the introduction of photons with respect to the continuous description of the class... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Other uses include making custom-shaped apertures and blocks (for example, electron-beam cutouts and lung blocks) for medical radiation treatment, and making casts of keys that are hard to otherwise duplicate.
Like other fusible alloys, e.g. Roses metal, Woods metal can be used as a heat-transfer medium in hot baths. H... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A post–September 11 development, explosive detection systems have become a part of all US airports. These systems run on a host of technologies, many of them based on GC–MS. There are only three manufacturers certified by the FAA to provide these systems, one of which is Thermo Detection (formerly Thermedics), which pr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are ten assay offices at:
Polish Assay Offices test and mark precious metal alloy articles (gold, silver and platinum group metals). They also supervise compliance with Hallmarking Law at processing plants and precious metal alloy sales points. All Assay Offices must report to the Central Office of Measures. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
ASBMB has hosted a yearly meeting each year since 1956. It has also coordinated the joint ComBio meeting with societies in related research fields since 1999. It also supports smaller special interest group meetings, symposia, workshops, conferences, and school science competitions. | 1 | Biochemistry |
It has been observed that the stereoelectronic environment at the β-carbon of can also direct asymmetric induction. A number of predictive models have evolved over the years to define the stereoselectivity of such reactions. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Faradaic losses are experienced by both electrolytic and galvanic cells when electrons or ions participate in unwanted side reactions. These losses appear as heat and/or chemical byproducts.
An example can be found in the oxidation of water to oxygen at the positive electrode in electrolysis. Some electrons are divert... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Resonance has a deeper significance in the mathematical formalism of valence bond theory (VB). Quantum mechanics requires that the wavefunction of a molecule obey its observed symmetry. If a single contributing structure does not achieve this, resonance is invoked.
For example, in benzene, valence bond theory begins wi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In general, reactions of organic free radicals (•C(CH)(X)R) with metal-centered radicals (M•) either produce an organometallic complex (reaction 1) or a metal hydride (M-H) and an olefin (CH=C(X)R) by the metallo radical M• abstracting a β-hydrogen from the organic radical •C(CH)(X)R (reaction 2).
These organo-radical ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metal whiskering is a phenomenon that occurs in electrical devices when metals form long whisker-like projections over time. Tin whiskers were noticed and documented in the vacuum tube era of electronics early in the 20th century in equipment that used pure, or almost pure, tin solder in their production. It was notice... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Radicals are either (1) formed from spin-paired molecules or (2) from other radicals. Radicals are formed from spin-paired molecules through homolysis of weak bonds or electron transfer, also known as reduction. Radicals are formed from other radicals through substitution, addition, and elimination reactions. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
DNA extraction is frequently a preliminary step in many diagnostic procedures used to identify environmental viruses and bacteria and diagnose illnesses and hereditary diseases. These methods consist of, but are not limited to:
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) technique was developed in the 1980s. The basic id... | 1 | Biochemistry |
PPA is known as a self-immolative material which depolymerizes through endcap cleavage in response to a specific stimulus. For this reason, several PPA polymers with different endcaps have been synthesized and used as self-immolative materials for sensing toxic and specific compounds. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Differential static light scatter (DSLS) is a term coined to represent the change in total light scatter of a system over time or temperature in a static environment.
Static light scattering or SLS and its many types are well outlined in literature and is the base principal for DSLS but varies specifically in that the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pdr1p and Pdr3p is a part of Gal4 transcription factor family due to their zinc-finger DNA binding motif, which is located in N-terminus end of Pdr1p. Pdr1p also contains a long internal region of many inhibitory domains and possess a C-terminal transcription activation domain (amino acids 879–1036). The transcriptiona... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Zinc finger nucleases are genetically engineered enzymes that combine fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain on a DNA-cleavage domain. These are also combined with CRISPR-CAS9 or TALENs to gain a sequence-specific addition, or deletion, within the genome of more complex cells and organisms. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stopped-flow is an experimental technique for studying chemical reactions with a half time of the order of 1 ms, introduced by Britton Chance and extended by Quentin Gibson (Other techniques, such as the temperature-jump method, are available for much faster processes.) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A DNA microarray is a collection of spots attached to a solid support such as a microscope slide where each spot contains one or more single-stranded DNA oligonucleotide fragments. Arrays make it possible to put down large quantities of very small (100 micrometre diameter) spots on a single slide. Each spot has a DNA f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For high energy photons it is useful to distinguish between small and large angle scattering. For large angles, where , the scatter ratio is large and
showing that the (large angle) differential cross section is inversely proportional to the photon energy.
The differential cross section has a constant peak in the forw... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Interference of atom matter waves was first observed by Esterman and Stern in 1930, when a Na beam was diffracted off a surface of NaCl. The short de Broglie wavelength of atoms prevented progress for many years until two technological breakthroughs revived interest: microlithography allowing precise small devices and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) is a gene expression technique used in molecular biology to produce a snapshot of the 5′ end of the messenger RNA population in a biological sample (the transcriptome). The small fragments (historically 27 nucleotides long, but now limited only by sequencing technologies) from the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The letters s,t,u are also used in the terms s-channel (timelike channel), t-channel, and u-channel (both spacelike channels). These channels represent different Feynman diagrams or different possible scattering events where the interaction involves the exchange of an intermediate particle whose squared four-momentum e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plasmid copies are paired around a centromere-like site and then separated in the two daughter cells. Partition systems involve three elements, organized in an auto-regulated operon:
* A centromere-like DNA site
* Centromere binding proteins (CBP)
* The motor protein
The centromere-like DNA site is required in cis for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Researchers have extensively investigated the use of hematite (α-FeO) in PEC water-splitting devices due to its low cost, ability to be n-type doped, and band gap (2.2eV). However, performance is plagued by poor conductivity and crystal anisotropy. Some researchers have enhanced catalytic activity by forming a layer of... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The azo-transfer compounds, trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide and imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide react with amines to give the corresponding azides. Diazo transfer onto amines using trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide () and Tosyl azide () has been reported. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chitin was probably present in the exoskeletons of Cambrian arthropods such as trilobites. The oldest preserved chitin dates to the Oligocene, about , consisting of a beetle encased in amber. | 1 | Biochemistry |
HDAC8 has been found to be most similar to HDAC3. Its major feature is its catalytic domain which contains an NLS region in the center. Two transcripts of this HDAC have been found which include a 2.0kb transcript and a 2.4kb transcript. Unlike the other HDAC molecules, when purified, this HDAC showed to be enzymatical... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Spectrophotometry is an important technique used in many biochemical experiments that involve DNA, RNA, and protein isolation, enzyme kinetics and biochemical analyses. Since samples in these applications are not readily available in large quantities, they are especially suited to be analyzed in this non-destructive te... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Advantages of HPTLC:
* Provides straightforward information about effects arising from individual compounds in complex or natural samples separated in parallel.
* Combines chromatographic separation with effect-directed detection using enzymatic or biological assays.
* Helps to select important compounds from a sample ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
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Water () is a polar inorganic compound that is at room temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, which is nearly colorless apart from an inherent hint of blue. It is by far the most studied chemical compound and is described as the "universal solvent" and the "solven... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Helmchens Postulates are the theoretical models used to predict the elution order and extent of separation of diastereomers (including those formed from CDAs) that are adsorbed onto a surface. Although Helmchens postulates are specific for amides on silica gel using liquid chromatography, the postulates provide fundam... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The discovery of plant viruses causing disease is often accredited to A. Mayer (1886) working in the Netherlands demonstrated that the sap of mosaic obtained from tobacco leaves developed mosaic symptom when injected in healthy plants. However the infection of the sap was destroyed when it was boiled. He thought that t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The solute carrier family 18 member 2 (SLC18A2) also known as vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC18A2 gene. SLC18A2 is an integral membrane protein that transports monoamines—particularly neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GGT is predominantly used as a diagnostic marker for liver disease. Elevated serum GGT activity can be found in diseases of the liver, biliary system, pancreas and kidneys. Latent elevations in GGT are typically seen in patients with chronic viral hepatitis infections often taking 12 months or more to present.
Individu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thiols, or more specific their conjugate bases, are readily alkylated to give sulfides:
:RSH + R′Br + B → RSR′ + [HB]Br (B = base) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
C5a is a protein fragment released from cleavage of complement component C5 by protease C5-convertase into C5a and C5b fragments. C5b is important in late events of the complement cascade, an orderly series of reactions which coordinates several basic defense mechanisms, including formation of the membrane attack compl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rhamnolipids are a class of glycolipid produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, amongst other organisms, frequently cited as bacterial surfactants. They have a glycosyl head group, in this case a rhamnose moiety, and a 3-(hydroxyalkanoyloxy)alkanoic acid (HAA) fatty acid tail, such as 3-hydroxydecanoic acid.
Specifically th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The material may be solid, liquid, gas, a material of some intermediate characteristics such as gel or sputum, tissue, organism, or a combination of these. Even if a material sample is not countable as individual items, the quantity of the sample may still be describable in terms of its volume, mass, size, or other suc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A speciation calculation is one in which concentrations of all the species in an equilibrium system are calculated, knowing the analytical concentrations, T, T etc. of the reactants A, B etc. This means solving a set of nonlinear equations of mass-balance
for the free concentrations [A], [B] etc. When the pH (or equiva... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reaction dynamics is a field within physical chemistry, studying why chemical reactions occur, how to predict their behavior, and how to control them. It is closely related to chemical kinetics, but is concerned with individual chemical events on atomic length scales and over very brief time periods. It considers stat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A direct indicating dial thermometer, common in household devices (such as a patio thermometer or a meat thermometer), uses a bimetallic strip wrapped into a coil in its most common design. The coil changes the linear movement of the metal expansion into a circular movement thanks to the helicoidal shape it draws. One ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Changeable optics filters are used in the colorimeter to select the wavelength which the solute absorbs the most, in order to maximize accuracy. The usual wavelength range is from 400 to 700 nm. If it is necessary to operate in the ultraviolet range then some modifications to the colorimeter are needed. In modern color... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
XPS detects only electrons that have actually escaped from the sample into the vacuum of the instrument. In order to escape from the sample, a photoelectron must travel through the sample. Photo-emitted electrons can undergo inelastic collisions, recombination, excitation of the sample, recapture or trapping in various... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For the simple reaction, the change in Gibbs energy is:
where a and a are the activities at equilibrium. The activities a are related to the concentrations c by a=γc where γ is the activity coefficient. The equilibrium potential is given by the Nernst equation:
where is the standard potential
Defining the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*AkzoNobel Coil Coatings Europe, https://web.archive.org/web/20130528041259/http://www.akzonobel.com/CCE/coil_coatings/ourindustry/ecca/,
*ArcelorMittal, http://www.constructalia.com/francais/actualites/plus_dactus/plus_dactus100/magazine_ecca_2012_une_source_d_inspiration_pour_les_architectes,
*Shingels, https://web.a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hydrazines and hydroxylamines displace carbonyl oxygens much more readily than amines. Their equilibria strongly favor the dehydrated product, and the carbonyl is recovered only with difficulty. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The DeMayo reaction is a photochemical reaction in which the enol of a 1,3-diketone reacts with an alkene (or another species with a C=C bond) and the resulting cyclobutane ring undergoes a retro-aldol reaction to yield a 1,5-diketone:
The net effect is to add the two carbon atoms in the C=C double bond between the two... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cucurbit[n]urils have similar size of γ-CD, which also behave similarly (e.g., 1 cucurbit[n]uril can thread onto 2 PEG chains). | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Luminol is synthesized in a two-step process, beginning with 3-nitrophthalic acid. First, hydrazine (NH) is heated with the 3-nitrophthalic acid in a high-boiling solvent such as triethylene glycol and glycerol. An acyl substitution condensation reaction occurs, with loss of water, forming 3-nitrophthalhydrazide. Re... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Polymersomes are synthetic versions of liposomes (vesicles with a lipid bilayer), made of amphiphilic block copolymers. They can encapsulate either hydrophilic or hydrophobic contents and can be used to deliver cargo such as DNA, proteins, or drugs to cells. Advantages of polymersomes over liposomes include greater sta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The PPM family, which includes PP2C and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, are enzymes with Mn/Mg metal ions that are resistant to classic inhibitors and toxins of the PPP family. Unlike most PPPs, PP2C exists in only one subunit but, like PTPs, it displays a wide variety of structural domains that confer unique funct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ratsimamanga started working at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in 1945 after he was approached by Frédéric Joliot-Curie, CNRS's research director and Nobel prize laureate in Chemistry (1935). At CNRS, he pioneered the study of Human blood group systems, and treatments for leprosy and tubercul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transduction with viral vectors can be used to insert or modify genes in mammalian cells. It is often used as a tool in basic research and is actively researched as a potential means for gene therapy. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Genes encoding the MuvB complex were originally identified from loss-of-function mutation studies in C. elegans. When mutated, these genes produced worms with multiple vulva-like organs, hence the name ‘Muv’. Three classes of Muv genes were classified, with class B genes encoding homologues of mammalian RB, E2F, and DP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This has an interesting consequence on the electric dipole moment (EDM) of any particle. The EDM is defined through the shift in the energy of a state when it is put in an external electric field: , where d is called the EDM and δ, the induced dipole moment. One important property of an EDM is that the energy shift due... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gelation occurs when a polymer forms large interconnected polymer molecules through cross-linking. In other words, polymer chains are cross-linked with other polymer chains to form an infinitely large molecule, interspersed with smaller complex molecules, shifting the polymer from a liquid to a network solid or gel pha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* CDC14s: CDC14A, CDC14B, CDC14C, CDKN3
* Phosphatase and tensin homologs: PTEN
* slingshot: SSH1, SSH2, SSH3 | 1 | Biochemistry |
A key issue in bacterial phylogeny is to understand how different bacterial species are related to each other and their branching order from a common ancestor. Currently most phylogenetic trees are based on 16S rRNA or other genes/proteins. These trees are not always able to resolve key phylogenetic questions with a hi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Accidental or inadvertent poisoning of agricultural workers due to exposure to pesticides is a very serious matter resulting in many deaths and hospitalizations. The effects of pesticides at high concentrations on human health is a thus a matter of much study, resulting in many publications on the toxicology of pestici... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Photothermal deflection spectroscopy is a kind of spectroscopy that measures the change in refractive index due to heating of a medium by light. It works via a sort of "mirage effect" where a refractive index gradient exists adjacent to the test sample surface. A probe laser beam is refracted or bent in a manner propo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bis(chloromethyl) ether has been extensively used in chemical synthesis, primarily as a crosslinking agent in the manufacture of ion-exchange resins and in the textile industry. It was also used as a linker in the synthesis of certain nerve agent antidotes (asoxime chloride, obidoxime).
Bis(chloromethyl) was also effec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photoexcitation is the first step in a photochemical process where the reactant is elevated to a state of higher energy, an excited state. The first law of photochemistry, known as the Grotthuss–Draper law (for chemists Theodor Grotthuss and John W. Draper), states that light must be absorbed by a chemical substance in... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Fluoride salts are commonly used in biological assay processing to inhibit the activity of phosphatases, such as serine/threonine phosphatases. Fluoride mimics the nucleophilic hydroxide ion in these enzymes' active sites. Beryllium fluoride and aluminium fluoride are also used as phosphatase inhibitors, since these co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Almost all amine oxides are prepared by the oxidation of either tertiary aliphatic amines or aromatic N-heterocycles. Hydrogen peroxide is the most common reagent both industrially and in academia, however peracids are also important. More specialised oxidising agents can see niche use, for instance Caros acid or m'CPB... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is an organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis, notably as the principal acceptor in plants. It is a colourless anion, a double phosphate ester of the ketopentose (ketone-containing sugar with five carbon atoms) called ribulose. Salts of RuBP can be isolated, but its crucia... | 5 | Photochemistry |
To become functional, the 4-phospho-pantetheine sidechain of acyl-CoA molecules has to be attached to the PCP-domain by 4PP transferases (Priming) and the S-attached acyl group has to be removed by specialized associated thioesterases (TE-II) (Deblocking). | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a zeta-potential titration, the Zeta potential is the indicator. Measurement of the zeta potential can be performed using microelectrophoresis, or electrophoretic light scattering, or electroacoustic phenomena. The last method makes possible to perform titrations in concentrated systems, with no dilution. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because many reagents exist for radical generation and trapping, establishing a single prevailing mechanism is not possible. However, once a radical is generated, it can react with multiple bonds in an intramolecular fashion to yield cyclized radical intermediates. The two ends of the multiple bond constitute two possi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Epoxidations of alkynes and allenes proceed by concerted mechanisms analogous to epoxidations of simple alkenes. Often, these epoxidized products are unstable and undergo further oxidation reactions via different mechanisms, such as Y-H insertion.
Kinetic studies of heteroatom oxidations have demonstrated that their me... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
These luxurious products were most often sold in important jewellery stores. Sometimes the retailer's paper labels survived the cleaning attempts of the last decades, and these labels are always a keen addition for any collector. They confirm that silver overlay porcelain and glass was sold all over Germany.
Friedrich ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
LC–MS is frequently used in drug development because it allows quick molecular weight confirmation and structure identification. These features speed up the process of generating, testing, and validating a discovery starting from a vast array of products with potential application. LC–MS applications for drug developme... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Noyori asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones is an excellent example of dynamic kinetic resolution at work. The enantiomeric β-ketoesters can undergo epimerization, and the choice of chiral catalyst, typically of the form Ru[(R)-BINAP]X, where X is a halogen, leads to one of the enantiomers reacting preferentially fa... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ion pairs are formed when a cation and anion, which are present in a solution of an ionizable substance, come together to form a discrete chemical species. There are three distinct types of ion pairs, depending on the extent of solvation of the two ions. For example, magnesium sulfate exists as both contact and solvent... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although TSS appears to be a straightforward measure of particulate weight obtained by separating particles from a water sample using a filter, it suffers as a defined quantity from the fact that particles occur in nature in essentially a continuum of sizes. At the lower end, TSS relies on a cut-off established by prop... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dimer acids, or dimerized fatty acids, are dicarboxylic acids prepared by dimerizing unsaturated fatty acids obtained from tall oil, usually on clay catalysts. The CAS number of the material is [61788-89-4]. Dimer acids are used primarily for synthesis of polyamide resins and polyamide hot melt adhesives. They are also... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Persistent triplet state carbenes are likely to have very similar reactivity as other non-persistent triplet state carbenes. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Since the outer conductor layer is low-impedance copper, and only the center is higher impedance steel, the skin effect gives RF transmission lines with heavy copper-cladding a low impedance at high frequencies, equivalent to that of a solid copper wire.
Tensile strength of copper-clad steel conductors is greater than ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In biophysics, the Kautsky effect (also fluorescence transient, fluorescence induction or fluorescence decay) is a phenomenon consisting of a typical variation in the behavior of a plant fluorescence when exposed to light. It was discovered in 1931 by H. Kautsky and A. Hirsch.
When dark-adapted photosynthesising cells ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
S. pyogenes causes diseases ranging from pharyngitis to life-threatening impetigo including necrotizing fasciitis. An MLST scheme for S. pyogenes has been developed. At present, the database ([http://www.mlst.net mlst.net]) contains the allelic profiles of isolates that represent the worldwide diversity of the organism... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As outlined above, the Kidd Process did not use wax on its permanent cathodes. This highlighted disadvantages associated with the use of wax by the Isa Process. Cathode copper consumers applied pressure to producers to remove residual wax from the cathode copper, and the use of wax also created “housekeeping” problems ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Multiferroic composite structures in bulk form are explored for high-sensitivity ac magnetic field sensors and electrically tunable microwave devices such as filters, oscillators and phase shifters (in which the ferri-, ferro- or antiferro-magnetic resonance is tuned electrically instead of magnetically). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rapamycin and rapalogs (rapamycin derivatives) are small molecule inhibitors, which have been evaluated as anticancer agents. The rapalogs have more favorable pharmacokinetic profile compared to rapamycin, the parent drug, despite the same binding sites for mTOR and FKBP12. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nonferrous archaeometallurgy in the southern Levant is the archaeological study of non-iron-related metal technology in the region of the Southern Levant during the Chalcolithic period and Bronze Age from approximately 4500BC to 1000BC. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Woollins reagent is an organic compound containing phosphorus and selenium. Analogous to Lawessons reagent, it is used mainly as a selenation reagent. It is named after John Derek Woollins. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A mesophilic start in surface bodies of waters hypothesis has evolved from Darwins concept of a warm little pond' and the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis. Freshwater bodies under temperate climates can accumulate prebiotic materials while providing suitable environmental conditions conducive to simple life forms. The climate... | 9 | Geochemistry |
One of the remarkable features of plasma electrolyte coatings is the presence of micro pores and cracks on the coating surface. Plasma electrolytic oxide coatings are generally recognized for high hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. However, the coating properties are highly dependent on the substrate... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Transcriptional adaptation is a recently described type of genetic compensation by which a mutation in one gene leads to the transcriptional modulation of related genes, termed adapting genes or modifiers. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Leucopelargonidin is a colorless chemical compound related to leucoanthocyanins. It can be found in Albizia lebbeck (East Indian walnut), in the fruit of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew), in the fruit of Areca catechu (Areca nut), in the fruit of Hydnocarpus wightiana (Hindi Chaulmoogra), in the rhizome of Rumex hymenos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The pioneering work of chemical kinetics was done by German chemist Ludwig Wilhelmy in 1850. He experimentally studied the rate of inversion of sucrose and he used integrated rate law for the determination of the reaction kinetics of this reaction. His work was noticed 34 years later by Wilhelm Ostwald. After Wilhelmy,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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