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Ultra- and High Shear in-line or batch reactors allow production of biodiesel continuously, semi- continuously, and in batch-mode. This drastically reduces production time and increases production volume.
The reaction takes place in the high-energetic shear zone of the Ultra- and High Shear mixer by reducing the drople... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The mechanism of electromethanogenesis is outlined in Figure 1. Water is introduced into the system with the anode, biocathode, and microbes. At the anode, microbes attract HO molecules which are then oxidized after an electrical current is turned on from the power source. Oxygen is released from the anode side. The pr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many kinds of molecular-weight size markers exist, and each possess unique characteristics, lending to their involvement in a number of biological techniques. Selection of a molecular-weight size marker depends upon the marker type (DNA, RNA, or protein) and the length range it offers (e.g. 1kb). Before selecting a mol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based Cl indicators consist of two fluorescent proteins, Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and YFP connected via a polypeptide linker. This allows ratiometric Cl measurements based on the Cl sensitivity of YFP and Cl insensivity of CFP. Clomeleon and Cl Sensor are FRET-based Cl ind... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Arsenic containing concentrates are roasted in a fluidized bed to remove 60% to 70% of the arsenic present as arsenic oxide (AsO). The roasted ores can be treated with hydrochloric acid and chlorine or with sulfuric acid to give a leach solution that can be purified by hydrometallurgical methods and from which cobalt c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Neuromuscular blocking agents need to fit in a space close to 2 nanometres, which resembles the molecular length of decamethonium. Some molecules of decamethonium congeners may bind only to one receptive site. Flexible molecules have a greater chance of fitting receptive sites. However, the most populated conformation ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A severe shortage of potassium in body fluids may cause a potentially fatal condition known as hypokalemia. Hypokalemia typically results from loss of potassium through diarrhea, diuresis, or vomiting. Symptoms are related to alterations in membrane potential and cellular metabolism. Symptoms include muscle weaknes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The earliest surviving bimetallic strip was made by the eighteenth-century clockmaker John Harrison who is generally credited with its invention. He made it for his third marine chronometer (H3) of 1759 to compensate for temperature-induced changes in the balance spring. It should not be confused with the bimetallic m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
This method was developed by British physicists Oliver Lodge in 1886 and William Cecil Dampier in 1893. It depends on the movement of the boundary between two adjacent electrolytes under the influence of an electric field. If a colored solution is used and the interface stays reasonably sharp, the speed of the moving b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MG (pyrimido[1,2-a]purin-10(3H)-one) is a heterocyclic compound which is a by-product of base excision repair (BER) of a specific type of DNA adduct called MdG. The MdG adduct in turn is formed by a condensation reaction between guanosine nucleotides in DNA and either malondialdehyde (propanedial) or acrolein. If not ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reaction of cyclopropylmethamine with sodium nitrite in dilute aqueous perchloric acid solution yielded a mixture of 48% cyclopropylmethyl alcohol, 47% cyclobutanol, and 5% homoallylic alcohol (but-3-en-1-ol). In the non-classical perspective, the positive charge is delocalized throughout the carbocation intermedia... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Self-splicing occurs for rare introns that form a ribozyme, performing the functions of the spliceosome by RNA alone. There are three kinds of self-splicing introns, Group I, Group II and Group III. Group I and II introns perform splicing similar to the spliceosome without requiring any protein. This similarity sugg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* DMSO
* Ethylene glycol
* Glycerol
* 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (MPD)
* Propylene glycol
* Sucrose
* Trehalose
*Heavy water [7] | 1 | Biochemistry |
For imides derived from ammonia, the N–H center is weakly acidic. Thus, alkali metal salts of imides can be prepared by conventional bases such as potassium hydroxide. The conjugate base of phthalimide is potassium phthalimide. These anion can be alkylated to give N-alkylimides, which in turn can be degraded to release... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Flavor: the artificial sweetener aspartame has two enantiomers. -aspartame tastes sweet whereas -aspartame is tasteless.
* Odor: R-(–)-carvone smells like spearmint whereas S-(+)-carvone smells like caraway.
* Drug effectiveness: the antidepressant drug citalopram is sold as a racemic mixture. However, studies have s... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Urea is used in Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) reactions to reduce the nitrogen oxide| pollutants in exhaust gases from combustion from diesel, dual fuel, and lean-burn natural gas engines. The BlueTec system, for example, injects a water-based urea solution into the ex... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Cieplak effect relies on the stabilizing interaction of mixing full and empty orbitals to delocalize electrons, known as hyperconjugation. When the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of one system and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of another system have comparable energies and spatial overla... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The reactions are most usually carried out in test tubes into which a gel is formed that contains a dilute solution of one of the reactants.
If a hot solution of agar gel also containing a dilute solution of potassium dichromate is poured in a test tube, and after the gel solidifies a more concentrated solution of silv... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pharmacologic down-regulation of (mTOR) pathway during chemotherapy in a mouse model prevents activation of primordial follicles, preserves ovarian function, and maintains normal fertility using clinically available inhibitors INK and RAD. In that way, it helps to maintain fertility while undergoing chemotherapy treatm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A typical experiment, consists of a glass tube of volume V, and of cross-section A, which is open on one of its end. A ball (or sometimes a piston) of mass m with the same cross-section, creating an air-tight seal, is allowed to fall under gravity g. The entrapped gas is first compressed by the weight of the piston, wh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Malaria and vitamin A deficiency are both common among young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Vitamin A supplementation to children in regions where vitamin A deficiency is common has repeatedly been shown to reduce overall mortality rates, especially from measles and diarrhea. For malaria, clinical trial results are mi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glutaminolysis partially recruits reaction steps from the citric acid cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A settling chamber where the two phases separate by static decantation. Coalescence plates facilitate the separation of the emulsion into two phases (heavy and light). The two phases then pass to continuous stages by overflowing the light phase and heavy phase weirs. The height of the heavy phase weir can be adjusted i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The three prime untranslated regions (3UTRs) of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) often contain regulatory sequences that post-transcriptionally cause gene silencing. Such 3-UTRs often contain both binding sites for microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as for regulatory proteins. By binding to specific sites within the 3-UTR, a large numbe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A liquid-impregnated surface consists of two distinct layers. The first is a highly textured or porous substrate with features spaced sufficiently close to stably contain the second layer which is an impregnating liquid that fills in the spaces between the features. The liquid must have a surface energy well-matched to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adenylate-uridylate-rich elements (AU-rich elements; AREs) are found in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that code for proto-oncogenes, nuclear transcription factors, and cytokines. AREs are one of the most common determinants of RNA stability in mammalian cells.
AREs are defined as a reg... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The location of FAM227B, 15q21.2, was found to be associated with oral cancer. The 15q21.2 locus is mentioned in other literature as well. FGF7 is a neighbour of FAM227B in the 15q21.2 locus (rs10519227), and encodes for the fibroblast growth factor, which is involved in processes such as embryonic development, cell g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In quantum mechanics the free rotation of a molecule is quantized, so that the rotational energy and the angular momentum can take only certain fixed values, which are related simply to the moment of inertia, , of the molecule. For any molecule, there are three moments of inertia: , and about three mutually orthogona... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mathematically, the pressure of a mixture of non-reactive gases can be defined as the summation:
where , , ..., represent the partial pressures of each component.
where is the mole fraction of the ith component in the total mixture of n components . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If an antigen can be recognized by more than one component of its structure, it is less likely to be "missed" by the immune system. Mutation of pathogenic organisms can result in modification of antigen—and, hence, epitope—structure. If the immune system "remembers" what the other epitopes look like, the antigen, and t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
From a thermodynamics point of view, at the melting point the change in Gibbs free energy ∆G of the substances is zero, but there are non-zero changes in the enthalpy (H) and the entropy (S), known respectively as the enthalpy of fusion (or latent heat of fusion) and the entropy of fusion. Melting is therefore classifi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. This... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Yet another method called the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) is defined as a normalized sum of squared deviations of bond lengths from the optimal value, which is assumed to be realized for a fully aromatic system. An aromatic compound has HOMA value 1 whereas a non-aromatic compound has value 0. For a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ATSDR has seven goals:
# Protect the public from environmental hazards and toxic exposures.
# Promote healthy environments.
# Advance the science of environmental public health.
# Support environmental public health practice.
# Educate communities, partners, and policy makers about environmental health risks and protec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is absorbed and converted to chemical energy. This chemical energy is eventually used in the conversion of carbon dioxide to sugar in plants. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Often a multi-disciplinary approach is taken in compiling all the components of a Phase I study, since skills in chemistry, atmospheric physics, geology, microbiology and even botany are frequently required. Many of the preparers are environmental scientists who have been trained to integrate these diverse disciplin... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In 1825, Johann Friedrich Engelhart discovered that the ratio of iron to protein is identical in the hemoglobins of several species. From the known atomic mass of iron, he calculated the molecular mass of hemoglobin to n × 16000 (n = number of iron atoms per hemoglobin molecule, now known to be 4), the first determinat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RNA sequencing is a next-generation sequencing technology; as such it requires only a small amount of RNA and no previous knowledge of the genome. It allows for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of RNA transcripts, the former allowing discovery of new transcripts and the latter a measure of relative quantities... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The advantage of this method is that it is fairly objective and the measurement yields data which is inherently averaged over the wetted length. Although this does not help determine heterogeneity, it does automatically give a more accurate average value. Its disadvantages, aside from being more complicated than the go... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
AR3 is expressed by Halorubrum sodomense. The organism was first identified in the Dead Sea in 1980 and requires a higher concentration of Mg ions for growth than related halophiles. The aop3 gene was cloned by Ihara and colleagues at Nagoya University in 1999 and the protein was found to share 59% sequence identity wi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Processing of mRNA differs greatly among eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea. Non-eukaryotic mRNA is, in essence, mature upon transcription and requires no processing, except in rare cases. Eukaryotic pre-mRNA, however, requires several processing steps before its transport to the cytoplasm and its translation by the rib... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first small molecule CID system was developed in 1993 and used FK1012, a derivative of the drug tacrolimus (FK506), to induce homo-dimerization of FKBP. This system was used in vivo to induce binding between cell surface receptors which could not bind in the normal way because they lacked the transmembrane and extr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process begins by preparing the puddling furnace. This involves bringing the furnace to a low temperature and then fettling it. Fettling is the process of painting the grate and walls around it with iron oxides, typically hematite; this acts as a protective coating keeping the melted metal from burning through the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the presence of the group 3 homoleptic catalyst Y[N(SiMe)], triphenylphosphonium methylide can be coupled with phenylsilane. This reaction produces H gas as a byproduct, and forms a silyl-stabilised ylide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1961, Nesmeyanov formulated the idea of obtaining food by synthetic methods, bypassing agriculture. The idea was based on the works of D. I. Mendeleev and M. Berthelot , as well as an awareness of the modern possibilities of organic synthesis, the problems of preserving the environment and the efficiency of food pro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In general, SEC is considered a low-resolution chromatography as it does not discern similar species very well, and is therefore often reserved for the final step of a purification. The technique can determine the quaternary structure of purified proteins that have slow exchange times, since it can be carried out under... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Infrared spectroscopy is based on the fact that molecules absorb electromagnetic radiation at characteristic frequencies related to their vibrational structure. Infrared (IR) spectroelectrochemistry is a technique that allows the characterization of molecules based on the resistance, stiffness and number of bonds prese... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. There are many other types of plastids, which carry out various functions. All chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote, or fertilized e... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Jameson's research into flotation began when he was at Imperial College London, in 1969. A colleague, Dr J. A. Kitchener of the Royal School of Mines, pointed out that many of the new mineral deposits being found around the world required fine grinding to separate the valuable particles from the rock in which they were... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The RNAP occasionally stops and starts moving backwards when it encounters a roadblock or some difficult sequences. When this happens, the EC gets stuck because the reactive 3 edge of the RNA is out of the active site. The transcript cleavage factor TFS (a TFIIS homolog) helps resolve this issue by generating a cut so ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Deuterium occurs in trace amounts naturally as deuterium gas (H or D), but most deuterium atoms in the Universe are bonded with H to form a gas called hydrogen deuteride (HD or HH). Similarly, natural water contains deuterated molecules, almost all as semiheavy water HDO with only one deuterium atom.
The existence of d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R) is a membrane glycoprotein complex acting as a Ca channel activated by inositol trisphosphate (InsP3). InsP3R is very diverse among organisms, and is necessary for the control of cellular and physiological processes including cell division, cell proliferation, apoptosis, fertili... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Equilibrium thermodynamics is the study of transfers of matter and energy in systems or bodies that, by agencies in their surroundings, can be driven from one state of thermodynamic equilibrium to another. The term thermodynamic equilibrium indicates a state of balance, in which all macroscopic flows are zero; in the c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The symbol used to represent pressure in equations is "p" or "P" with SI units of pascals.
When describing a container of gas, the term pressure (or absolute pressure) refers to the average force per unit area that the gas exerts on the surface of the container. Within this volume, it is sometimes easier to visualize t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The older German DIN 8511 specification is still often in use in shops. In the table below, note that the correspondence between DIN 8511 and ISO 9454-1 codes is not one-to-one. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Aside from its synthetic versatility (see above), sulfolene is used as an additive in electrochemical fluorination. It can increase the yield of perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride by about 70%. It is "highly soluble in anhydrous HF and increases the conductivity of the electrolyte solution". In this application, it under... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
IVF may be used to overcome female infertility when it is due to problems with the fallopian tubes, making in vivo fertilisation difficult. It can also assist in male infertility, in those cases where there is a defect in sperm quality; in such situations intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be used, where a spe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because they have many applications and are easily prepared, halomethanes have been of intense commercial interest. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Daniel Koshland's theory of enzyme-substrate binding is that the active site and the binding portion of the substrate are not exactly complementary. The induced fit model is a development of the lock-and-key model and assumes that an active site is flexible and changes shape until the substrate is completely bound. Thi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Small hole drilling EDM is used in a variety of applications.
On wire-cut EDM machines, small hole drilling EDM is used to make a through hole in a workpiece through which to thread the wire for the wire-cut EDM operation. A separate EDM head specifically for small hole drilling is mounted on a wire-cut machine and all... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Boudrant, J. (1990): Microbial processes for ascorbic acid biosynthesis: a review. In: Enzyme Microb Technol. 12(5); 322–9; ;
* Bremus, C. et al. (2006): The use of microorganisms in L-ascorbic acid production. In: J Biotechnol. 124(1); 196–205; ; | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An acetoxy group may be used as a protection for an alcohol functionality in a synthetic route although the protecting group itself is called an acetyl group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*For biodiesel fuel: waste vegetable oil (WVO) must be neutralized before a batch may be processed. A portion of WVO is titrated with a base to determine acidity, so the rest of the batch may be neutralized properly. This removes free fatty acids from the WVO that would normally react to make soap instead of biodiese... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Scientists at the University of Alberta have been systematically characterizing specific biofluid metabolomes including the serum metabolome, the urine metabolome, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolome and the saliva metabolome. These efforts have involved both experimental metabolomic analysis (involving NMR, GC-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A particularly efficient way of generating hydrogen (10 kWh/kg) is the methane plasmalysis. In this process, methane (e.g. from natural gas) is decomposed in the plasma under oxygen exclusion, forming hydrogen and elemental carbon, as in the following reaction equation:
Methane plasmalysis offers, among other things, t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Preparation of the diluted acid can be dangerous due to the heat released in the dilution process. To avoid splattering, the concentrated acid is usually added to water and not the other way around. A saying used to remember this is "Do like you oughta, add the acid to the water". Water has a higher heat capacity than ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MIKES is a powerful technique used for structural studies of organic compounds, gaseous ions, and also for direct analysis of complex mixtures without separation of the components. In other words, it is used for molecular structure studies. The reason why MIKES is good for molecular structure studies is due to the reve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of factors can affect the migration of nucleic acids: the dimension of the gel pores, the voltage used, the ionic strength of the buffer, and the concentration intercalating dye such as ethidium bromide if used during electrophoresis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
To begin, proteins of interest are prepared for the SDS-PAGE technique and subsequently loaded onto the gel for separation on the basis of molecular size. Large proteins will have difficulty navigating through the mesh-like structure of the gel as they can not fit through the pores with the ease that smaller proteins c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once the two solutions are forced out of their syringes they enter a mixing system that has baffles to ensure complete mixing, with turbulent flow rather than laminar flow, which would allow the two solutions to flow side by side with incomplete mixing. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In this type of plot (Figure 1), each axis represents a unique reaction coordinate, the corners represent local minima along the potential surface such as reactants, products or intermediates and the energy axis projects vertically out of the page. Changing a single reaction parameter can change the height of one or mo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Columnar structures appear in various research fields on a broad range of length scales from metres down to the nanoscale. On the largest scale, such structures can be found in botany where seeds of a plant assemble around the stem. On a smaller scale bubbles of equal size crystallise to columnar foam structures when c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
†The value is exact but not expressible as a finite decimal; approximated to 9 decimal places only.
Since is a proportionality factor between temperature and energy, its numerical value depends on the choice of units for energy and temperature. The small numerical value of the Boltzmann constant in SI units means a c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
AK1 genetic ablation decreases tolerance to metabolic stress. AK1 deficiency induces fiber-type specific variation in groups of transcripts in glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. This supports muscle energy metabolism. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first symptoms of apitoxin (bee venom), that are now thought to be caused by apamin, were described back in 1936 by Hahn and Leditschke. Apamin was first isolated by Habermann in 1965 from Apis mellifera, the Western honey bee. Apamin was named after this bee. Bee venom contains many other compounds, like histamine... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The coding region of a gene, also known as the coding sequence (CDS), is the portion of a gene's DNA or RNA that codes for a protein. Studying the length, composition, regulation, splicing, structures, and functions of coding regions compared to non-coding regions over different species and time periods can provide a s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In ventilation systems a jet fan, also known as an impulse or induction fan, ejects a stream of air which entrains ambient air along with it, in order to circulate the ambient air. The system takes up less space than conventional ventilation ducting and can significantly increase the rates of inflow of fresh air and ex... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Of special interest are ion-abundant liquid media (such as ionic liquids, molten salts, liquid electrolytes, etc.), which represent “liquid ions” with excellent tunable properties for different applications. The systems are famous for their ability to solvent-solute self-organization phenomena and are often employed in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2015 the use of highly porous, catalyst-decorated COFs for converting carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide was reported. MOF under solvent-free conditions can also be used for catalytic activity in the cycloaddition of CO and epoxides into cyclic organic carbonates with enhanced catalyst recyclability. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Until recently, real-time monitoring of BOD was unattainable owing to its complex nature. Recent research by a leading UK university has discovered the link between multiple water quality parameters including electrical conductivity, turbidity, TLF and CDOM. These parameters are all capable of being monitored in real-t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As already pointed out above, there is a difference between medium-resolution spectrometers that are used for LS AAS and high-resolution spectrometers that are designed for CS AAS. The spectrometer includes the spectral sorting device (monochromator) and the detector. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
*Theodor Körner Prize for Science and Art in Austria, 1970
*Ernst Späth Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1976
*Sandoz Prize, 1977
*Election to corresponding member of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1989
*Election to corresponding member of the Mathematical and Natural Sciences Class of the Austrian Academy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In most solids, ions rigidly occupy fixed positions, strongly embraced by neighboring atoms or ions. In some solids, selected ions are highly mobile allowing ionic conduction. The mobility increases with temperature. Materials exhibiting this property are used in batteries. A well-known ion conductive solid is β-alum... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The movement of so many chloroplast genes to the nucleus means that many chloroplast proteins that were supposed to be translated in the chloroplast are now synthesized in the cytoplasm. This means that these proteins must be directed back to the chloroplast, and imported through at least two chloroplast membranes.
Cur... | 5 | Photochemistry |
This technique is also used for detection of illicit drugs in various samples. The most common method of drug detection has been an immunoassay. This method is much more convenient. However, convenience comes at the cost of specificity and coverage of a wide range of drugs, therefore, HPLC has been used as well as an a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Akin to enamines, enol ethers are electron-rich alkenes by virtue of the electron-donation from the heteroatom via pi-bonding. Enol ethers have oxonium ion character. By virtue of their bonding situation, enol ethers display distinctive reactivity. In comparison with simple alkenes, enol ethers exhibit enhanced suscept... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Both slow variants (GCaMP6s, jGCaMP7s) and fast variants (GCaMP6f, jGCaMP7f) are used in biological and neuroscience research. The slow variants are brighter and more sensitive to small changes in Ca levels, such as single action potentials; on the other hand, the fast variants are less sensitive but respond more quick... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methylthioadenosine nucleosidase are enzymes that catalyse the hydrolytic deadenylation reaction of 5'-methylthioadenosine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. It is also regarded as an important target for antibacterial drug discovery because it is important in the metabolic system of bacteria and only produced by bacteria. G... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water vapor has lower density than that of air and is therefore buoyant in air but has lower vapor pressure than that of air. When water vapor is used as a lifting gas by a thermal airship the water vapor is heated to form steam so that its vapor pressure is greater than the surrounding air pressure in order to maintai... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Foods and beverages contain numerous aromatic compounds, some naturally present in the raw materials and some forming during processing. GC–MS is extensively used for the analysis of these compounds which include esters, fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes etc. It is also used to detect and measure contaminants ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mutations in the HNF4A gene have been linked to maturity onset diabetes of the young 1 (MODY1).
This seems to be caused by HNF4-a's [http://jme.endocrinology-journals.org/content/43/1/19.full.pdf] role in the synthesis of SHBG, which is known to be severely diminished in patients with insulin-resistance. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemistry, the molar absorption coefficient of a protein at depends almost exclusively on the number of aromatic residues, particularly tryptophan, and can be predicted from the sequence of amino acids. Similarly, the molar absorption coefficient of nucleic acids at can be predicted given the nucleotide sequenc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Levosulpiride is used in the treatment of:
* Psychosis
* Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
* Anxiety disorders
* Dysthymia
* Vertigo
* Dyspepsia
* Irritable bowel syndrome
* Premature ejaculation.
Levosulpiride is not currently licensed for treatment of premature ejaculation in the UK or other European countries. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Some elements like potassium, uranium, and thorium are naturally radioactive and give off gamma rays as they decay. Electromagnetic radiation from these isotopes can be detected by a Gamma-Ray Spectrometer (GRS) dropped toward the planetary surface or observed from orbit. An orbiting instrument can map the surface dist... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ionic imprinting, which involves metal ions, serves as an approach to enhance template molecule and functional monomer interaction in water. Typically, metal ions serve as a mediator during the imprinting process. Cross-linking polymers that are in the presence of a metal ion will form a matrix that is capable of metal... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The mass of the atoms forming a chemical bond affects the bond’s strength. When two different isotopes of the same element exist, the heavier ones form stronger bonds. Stronger bonds make bond cleavage reactions run more slowly, leading to the kinetic isotope effect, a well-studied concept in physical chemistry. To ill... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thioketenes can be stabilized by either steric protection or by electronic effects. Thus, di-tert-butylthioketene is easily isolated and air-stable. Several examples have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The C=S distance is 157 pm and the C=C distance is 124 pm, both bonds being suitable for the C=C=S ass... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ADP cycling supplies the energy needed to do work in a biological system, the thermodynamic process of transferring energy from one source to another. There are two types of energy: potential energy and kinetic energy. Potential energy can be thought of as stored energy, or usable energy that is available to do work. K... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics, tunnel ionization is a process in which electrons in an atom (or a molecule) tunnel through the potential barrier and escape from the atom (or molecule). In an intense electric field, the potential barrier of an atom (molecule) is distorted drastically. Therefore, as the length of the barrier that electrons... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Distribution law or the Nernst's distribution law gives a generalisation which governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law was first given by Nernst who studied the distribution of several solutes between different appropriate pairs of solvents.
C/C = K
Where K is called the distribut... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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