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Linolelaidic acid is an omega-6 trans fatty acid (TFA) and is a cis–trans isomer of linoleic acid. It is found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. It is a white (or colourless) viscous liquid.
TFAs are classified as conjugated and nonconjugated, corresponding usually to the structural elements and , respectively... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Carbon tetrachloride was originally synthesized in 1820 by Michael Faraday, who named it "protochloride of carbon", by decomposition of hexachloroethane ("perchloride of carbon") which he synthesized by chlorination of ethylene. The protochloride of carbon has been previously misidentified as tetrachloroethylene becaus... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The general principle of a biosurface is a solid surface with an additional layer of biological macromolecules. Because this molecular layer will reversibly respond to changes in the environment of the surface, it is also called “stimuli-responsive monolayer”. The external stimuli can be for example changes in tempera... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rhodizonic acid was discovered by Austrian chemist Johann Heller in 1837, by analyzing the products of heating a mixture of potassium carbonate and charcoal. The name comes from Greek (rhodizō, "to tinge red"), on account of the color of its salts. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Pomeroys report contains errors in the equation: the pipeline slope (S, p. 8) is quoted as m/100m, but should be m/m. This introduces a factor of 10 underestimate in the calculation of the Z factor', used to indicate if there is a risk of sulphide-induced corrosion, if the published units are used. The web link is to t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The substrate(s) and physiological function of Peg1/MEST are not known; however, the protein may play a role in mammalian development and abnormalities in its expression by its gene (PEG1/MEST)by, for example, loss of Genomic imprinting, overexpression, or promoter switching, has been linked to certain types of cancer ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2012, scientists at the University of New South Wales were able to use phosphine to precisely, deterministically eject a single silicon atom onto a surface of epitaxial silicon. This resulting adatom created what is described as a single-atom transistor. Thus, inasmuch as chemical empirical formulas pinpoint the lo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Each nerve is composed of a bundle of axons. Each axon is surrounded by the endoneurium connective tissue layer. These axons are bundled into fascicles surrounded by the perineurium connective tissue layer. Multiple fascicles are then surrounded by the epineurium, which is the outermost connective tissue layer of the n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs) contain one or more C-type lectin (Ca2+ dependent carbohydrate-binding lectin) domains. Example pairs include:
* CD94/NKG2, expressed in NK and some T cells and interacts with the ligand HLA-E.
* Dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR)/dendritic cell immunoactivating receptor (DCAR), c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Flippin–Lodge angle is one of two angles used by organic and biological chemists studying the relationship between a molecules chemical structure and ways that it reacts, for reactions involving "attack" of an electron-rich reacting species, the nucleophile, on an electron-poor reacting species, the electrophile. S... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The word intron is derived from the terms intragenic region, and intracistron, that is, a segment of DNA that is located between two exons of a gene. The term intron refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and the corresponding sequence in the unprocessed RNA transcript. As part of the RNA processing pathway, int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A major issue is how many embryos should be transferred, since placement of multiple embryos carries a risk of multiple pregnancy. While the past physicians placed multiple embryos to increase the chance of pregnancy, this approach has fallen out of favor. Professional societies, and legislatures in many countries, hav... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Prastarika: metal trader
*Sulbhadhatusastra: science of metals
*panchaloha, sarva loha: the five base metals (tin, lead, iron, copper, silver) | 8 | Metallurgy |
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is a solid-liquid extractive technique, by which compounds that are dissolved or suspended in a liquid mixture are separated, isolated or purified, from other compounds in this mixture, according to their physical and chemical properties. Analytical laboratories use solid phase extraction t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A Nanocoulombmeter in combination with a Faraday cup can be used
to detect and measure the beams emitted from ion guns. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2003 an alternative mechanism was devised by Nadine Abraham and Peter Palffy-Muhoray of Ohio, USA, that utilizes capillary action combined with evaporation to produce motion, but has no volatile working fluid. Their paper "A Dunking Bird of the Second Kind", was submitted to the American Journal of Physics, and publ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The secondary structure of nucleic acid molecules can often be uniquely decomposed into stems and loops. The stem-loop structure (also often referred to as an "hairpin"), in which a base-paired helix ends in a short unpaired loop, is extremely common and is a building block for larger structural motifs such as cloverle... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Solenopsin is a lipophilic alkaloid with the molecular formula CHN found in the venom of fire ants (Solenopsis). It is considered the primary toxin in the venom and may be the component responsible for the cardiorespiratory failure in people who experience excessive fire ant stings.
Structurally solenopsins are a pipe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As the name suggests, eslicarbazepine acetate is the acetate ester prodrug of eslicarbazepine. Eslicarbazepine itself is the pharmacologically more active of the two stereoisomers of licarbazepine. More specifically, it is (S)-(+)-licarbazepine.
;Related drugs and active metabolites for comparison: | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Biological photovoltaics, also called biophotovoltaics or BPV, is an energy-generating technology which uses oxygenic photoautotrophic organisms, or fractions thereof, to harvest light energy and produce electrical power. Biological photovoltaic devices are a type of biological electrochemical system, or microbial fue... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Developments in mass spectrometry led to the adoption of oxygen-16 as the standard substance, in lieu of natural oxygen.
The oxygen-16 definition was replaced with one based on carbon-12 during the 1960s. The mole was defined by International Bureau of Weights and Measures as "the amount of substance of a system which ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Heteroduplex analysis (HDA) is a method in biochemistry used to detect point mutations in DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) since 1992. Heteroduplexes are dsDNA molecules that have one or more mismatched pairs, on the other hand homoduplexes are dsDNA which are perfectly paired. This method of analysis depend up on the fact ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper extraction refers to the methods used to obtain copper from its ores. The conversion of copper ores consists of a series of physical, chemical and electrochemical processes. Methods have evolved and vary with country depending on the ore source, local environmental regulations, and other factors. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ulrike Diebold is well known for her influential work in the fields of surface science, materials and physical chemistry, and condensed matter physics. In particular, she has contributed greatly to the understanding of atomic-scale surface structure and electronic surface structure of metal oxides. For her work, she ma... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An alternative approach used to measure the relative abundance of radiogenic isotopes when working with a solid surface is secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). This type of ion-microprobe analysis normally works by focusing a primary (oxygen) ion beam on a sample in order to generate a series of secondary positive ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Most HIV-based co-receptor research focuses on the CCR5 co-receptor. The majority of HIV strains use the CCR5 receptor. HIV-2 strains can also use the CXCR4 receptor though the CCR5 receptor is the more predominantly targeted of the two.
Both the CCR5 and the CXCR4 co-receptors are seven-trans-membrane (7TM) G protein-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are three known thrombin receptors (ThrR), termed PAR1, PAR3 and PAR4 (PAR for protease-activated receptor).
G-protein-coupled receptors that are responsible for the coagulation effects and responses of thrombin on cells are known as protease-activated receptors, or PARs. These receptors are members of the 7-tran... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An important piece of early evidence in support of the homotropylium cation structure that did not rely on the magnetic properties of the molecule involved the acquisition of its UV spectrum. Winstein et al. determined that the absorption maxima for the homotropylium cation exhibited a considerably shorter wavelength t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Squibb developed the first ACE inhibitor, captopril, but it had adverse effects such as a metallic taste (which, as it turned out, was due to the sulfhydryl group). Merck developed enalapril as a competing product.
Enalaprilat was developed first, partly to overcome these limitations of captopril. The sulfhydryl moiety... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
James Thomas Brenna (born October 15, 1959) is an American scientist specializing in analytical chemistry, and in human nutrition and foods, specifically fats. He is a professor of Paediatrics at Dell Medical School, having previously been a professor of human nutrition, chemistry, chemical biology and food science at ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For assembly, a purified amphiphilic polypeptoid of specific sequence is dissolved in aqueous solution. These form a monolayer (Langmuir–Blodgett film) on the air-water interface with their hydrophobic side chains oriented in air and hydrophilic side chains in the water. When this mono-layer is shrunk, it buckles into ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
TEOS-10 (Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater - 2010) is the international standard for the use and calculation of the thermodynamic properties of seawater, humid air and ice. It supersedes the former standard EOS-80 (Equation of State of Seawater 1980). TEOS-10 is used by oceanographers and climate scientists to calcula... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While gene knock-in technology has proven to be a powerful technique for the generation of models of human disease and insight into proteins in vivo, numerous limitations still exist. Many of these are shared with the limitations of knockout technology. First, combinations of knock-in genes lead to growing complexity i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many methods of transfection and transformation – two ways of expressing a foreign or modified gene in an organism – are effective in only a small percentage of a population subjected to the techniques. Thus, a method for identifying those few successful gene uptake events is necessary. Reporter genes used in this way ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent work has investigated the role of enhancers in morphological changes in threespine stickleback fish. Sticklebacks exist in both marine and freshwater environments, but sticklebacks in many freshwater populations have completely lost their pelvic fins (appendages homologous to the posterior limb of tetrapods).<br... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Food Authenticity Methods (FAM) program focuses on identifying analytical tools to better characterize the intentional and economically motivated adulteration of foods. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ro60 is not part of the TRIM family. Ro60 is encoded by a gene 32 kb in length and acts to regulate the fate of misfolded RNA within the host cell. Ro60 forms a ribonucleoprotein complex with one molecule of noncoding Y1, Y3, Y4, or Y5RNA, all of which are approximately 100 nucleotides in length, to form the epitope th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reduction of with aluminium results in one-electron reduction. The trichloride (Titanium(III) chloride|) and tetrachloride have contrasting properties: the trichloride is a colored solid, being a coordination polymer, and is paramagnetic. When the reduction is conducted in THF solution, the Ti(III) product converts to... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Abiotic foldamers are again organic molecules designed to exhibit dynamic folding. They exploit a few known key intermolecular interactions, as optimized by their design. One example is oligopyrroles that organize upon binding anions like chloride through hydrogen bonding (see figure). Folding is induced in the presenc... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
S&S has also been used in RNA splicing research in many animals and plants.
The mRNA splicing plays a fundamental role in gene functional regulation. Very recently, it has been shown that A to G conversions at splice sites can lead to mRNA mis-splicing in Arabidopsis. The splicing and exon–intron junction prediction co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Capacitance sensors (or Dielectric sensors) use capacitance to measure the dielectric permittivity of a surrounding medium.
The configuration is like the neutron probe where an access tube made of PVC is installed in the soil; probes can also be modular (comb-like) and connected to a logger. The sensing head consists ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In fluid mechanics, specific weight represents the force exerted by gravity on a unit volume of a fluid. For this reason, units are expressed as force per unit volume (e.g., N/m or lbf/ft). Specific weight can be used as a characteristic property of a fluid. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemosensors have been incorporated through surface functionalization onto particles and beads such as metal based nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon-based particles and into soft materials such as polymers to facilitate their various applications.
Other receptors are sensitive not to a specific molecule but to a mole... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A piece of alloy metal containing a precious metal may also have the weight of its precious component referred to as its "fine weight". For example, 1 troy ounce of 18 karat gold (which is 75% gold) may be said to have a fine weight of 0.75 troy ounces.
Most modern government-issued bullion coins specify their fine wei... | 8 | Metallurgy |
HNMT could be a potential target for the treatment of symptoms of methamphetamine overdose. It is a central nervous system stimulant, which can be abused up to the lethal consequences: numerous deaths related to methamphetamine overdoses have been reported. The reasoning behind this is that such overdose often leads to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Corepressors present many potential avenues for drugs to target a vast range of diseases.
BCL6 upregulation is observed in cancers such as diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), colorectal cancer, and lung cancer. BCL-6 corepressor, SMRT, NCoR, and other corepressors are able to interact with and transcriptionally re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The bromodomain is a motif that is responsible for acetylated lysine recognition on histones by nucleosome remodelling proteins. Posttranslational modifications of N- and C-terminal histone tails attracts various transcription initiation factors that contain bromodomains, including human transcriptional coactivator PCA... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates with only one simple sugar. They essentially contain an aldehyde or ketone group in their structure. The presence of an aldehyde group in a monosaccharide is indicated by the prefix aldo-. Similarly, a ketone group is denoted by the prefix keto-. Examples of monosa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chetsanga was born in Murewa, Zimbabwe on 22 August 1935, and was baptised in 1948. In his youth, he was educated at Nhowe Mission, and went on to study at University of California, Berkeley where he received his BSc in 1965. Chetsanga also studied for a period at Pepperdine University. In 1969, he received his MSc an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ubiquitin-AMC is prepared by the C-terminal derivatization of ubiquitin with 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin and has been shown to be a useful and sensitive fluorogenic substrate for wide range of deubiquitinylating enzymes (DUBs), including ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs) and ubiquitin specific proteases (USPs).
Ubiqu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Seasoning is the process of coating the surface of cookware with fat which is heated in order to produce a corrosion resistant layer of polymerized fat. It is required for raw cast-iron cookware and carbon steel, which otherwise rust rapidly in use, but is also used for many other types of cookware. An advantage of sea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term sequestration is based on the Latin sequestrare, which means set aside or surrender. It is derived from sequester, a depositary or trustee, one in whose hands a thing in dispute was placed until the dispute was settled. In English "sequestered" means secluded or withdrawn.
In law, sequestration is the act of r... | 5 | Photochemistry |
If we differentiate this last equation with respect to at constant we get:
Since we know from the Gibbs potential equation that:
with the molar volume , these last two equations put together give:
Since all this, done as a pure substance, is valid in an ideal mix just adding the subscript to all the intensive variab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*1988 Japan IBM Science Prize
*1992 Chu-Nichi Culture Award
*2002 Medals with Purple ribbon
*2003 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
*2004 Yamada-Koga Prize
*2006 Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry & BioMedicinal Chemistry
*2007 Japan Academy Prize (academics)
*2... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
NV centers emit bright red light (E→A transitions), if excited off-resonantly by visible green light (A →E transitions). This can be done with convenient light sources such as argon or krypton lasers, frequency doubled Nd:YAG lasers, dye lasers, or He-Ne lasers. Excitation can also be achieved at energies below that of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The harmonic trap potential:
is a model system with many applications in modern physics. The density of states (or more accurately, the degree of degeneracy) for a given spin species is:
where is the harmonic oscillation frequency.
The Fermi energy for a given spin species is: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Q temperature coefficient is a measure of temperature sensitivity based on the chemical reactions.
The Q is calculated as:
where;
: R is the rate
: T is the temperature in Celsius degrees or kelvin.
Rewriting this equation, the assumption behind Q is that the reaction rate R depends exponentially on temperature:
... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Various signalling pathways, as FGF, WNT and TGF-β pathways, regulate the processes involved in embryogenesis.
FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor) ligands bind to receptors tyrosine kinase, FGFR (Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors), and form a stable complex with co-receptors HSPG (Heparan Sulphate Proteoglycans) that will ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a nucleophile is a chemical species that forms bonds by donating an electron pair. All molecules and ions with a free pair of electrons or at least one pi bond can act as nucleophiles. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they are Lewis bases.
Nucleophilic describes the affinity of a nucleophile to bon... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA methylation involves the addition of a methyl group to the carbon-5 position of the cytosine ring in the CpG dinucleotide and converting it to methylcytosine. This process is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase. In numerous cancers, the CpG islands of selected genes are aberrantly methylated (hypermethylated) whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
GGT is expressed in high levels in many different tumors. It is known to accelerate tumor growth and to increase resistance to cisplatin in tumors. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another information-theoretic metric is variation of information, which is roughly a symmetrization of conditional entropy. It is a metric on the set of partitions of a discrete probability space. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
and are normally the temperature and the pressure of the triple point, but the normal melting temperature at atmospheric pressure are also commonly used as reference point because the normal melting point is much more easily accessible. Typically is then set to 0. and are component-specific parameters.
The Simon–Gl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The principle may be used for the calculation of the scattering amplitude in the similar way like the variational principle for bound states, i.e. the form of the wave functions is guessed, with some free parameters, that are determined from the condition of stationarity of the functional. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Overman synthesis (1993) took a chiral cyclopentene compound as starting material obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of cis-1,4-diacetoxycyclopent-2-ene. This starting material was converted in several steps to trialkylstannane 2 which was then coupled with an aryl iodide 1 in a Stille reaction in presence of carbon ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One approach is the collision theory of chemical reactions, developed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in the years 1916–18. In this theory, molecules are supposed to react if they collide with a relative kinetic energy along their line of centers that exceeds E. The number of binary collisions between two unlike molecu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eudistomins are β-carboline derivatives, isolated from ascidians (marine tunicates of the family Ascidiacea), like Ritterella sigillinoides, Lissoclinum fragile, or Pseudodistoma aureum. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The synthesis of borjatriol involved the rare isolation of a migrated epoxide. The diastereomeric mixture of rearrangement products was carried through the remainder of the synthesis.
The final two steps in the total synthesis of spatol involved intramolecular electrophilic trapping of an alkoxide derived from a rearra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because of the non-covalent host-guest interaction, the polymer backbone can have enough flexibility to diffuse. If a crack exists in the materials, after compressing the two materials around the crack, because of the fast exchange of the host-guest molecular structure, the crack will rejoin again revealing good self-h... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
As shown in Figure 5, ketenyl anion has two major resonance structures: ketenyl form and ynolate form. Due to the resonance structures, alkali metal cations can be coordinated to either at central carbon atom or terminal oxygen atom depending on its electronic structure. A series of structural analysis revealed both ke... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Being an essential element, calcium is obtained through dietary sources, the majority of which comes from dairy products. The three most significant mechanisms controlling calcium use within the body are intestinal absorption, renal absorption and bone turnover, which is controlled predominantly by hormones and their c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For transcription to take place, the enzyme that synthesizes RNA, known as RNA polymerase, must attach to the DNA near a gene. Promoters contain specific DNA sequences such as response elements that provide a secure initial binding site for RNA polymerase and for proteins called transcription factors that recruit RNA p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrode potential and other environmental factors such as temperature, pH and degree of aeration can greatly impact the results off this accelerated stress corrosion cracking test, as can the specimen surface finish and metallurgical condition. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The photochlorination of hydrocarbon is unselective, although the reactivity of the C-H bonds is tertiary>secondary>primary. At 30 °C the relative reaction rates of primary, secondary and tertiary hydrogen atoms are in a relative ratio of approximately 1 to 3.25 to 4.43. The C-C bonds remain unaffected.
Upon radiation ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Dettre and Johnson discovered in 1964 that the superhydrophobic lotus effect phenomenon was related to rough hydrophobic surfaces, and they developed a theoretical model based on experiments with glass beads coated with paraffin or TFE telomer. The self-cleaning property of superhydrophobic micro-nanostructured surface... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
There are certain advantages of using sinters as opposed to using other materials which include recycling the fines and other waste products, to include flue dust, mill scale, lime dust and sludge. Processing sinter helps eliminate raw flux, which is a binding material used to agglomerate materials, which saves the hea... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1865, the first "PCB-like" chemical was discovered, and was found to be a byproduct of coal tar. Years later in 1876, German chemist Oscar Döbner (Doebner) synthesized the first PCB in a laboratory. Since then, large amounts of PCBs were released into the environment, to the extent that there are even measurable amo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
snRNPs (pronounced "snurps"), or mall uclear iboucleoroteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. The action of snRNPs is essential to the removal of introns from p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
BIND contains information on three types of data: interactions, molecular complexes and pathways.
# Interactions are the basic component of BIND and describe how 2 or more objects (A and B) interact with each other. The objects can be a variety of things: DNA, RNA, genes, proteins, ligands, or photons. The interaction... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SI-compliant units that can be used as alternatives are shown in the chart below. Expressions that the BIPM explicitly does not recognize as being suitable for denoting dimensionless quantities with the SI are marked with .
Note that the notations in the "SI units" column above are for the most part dimensionless quant... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Animal models are used to learn more about a disease, its diagnosis and its treatment, with animal models predicting human toxicity in up to 71% of cases. The human equivalent dose (HED) or human equivalent concentration (HEC) is the quantity of a chemical that, when administered to humans, produces an effect equal to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inclusions are one of the most important factors when it comes to gem valuation. In many gemstones, such as diamonds, inclusions affect the clarity of the gem, diminishing the value. In some gems, however, such as star sapphires, the inclusion actually increases the value of the gem.
Many colored gemstones are expected... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The cyclization of the enediyne functional group creates a transient reactive 1,4-benzenoid diradical that acts as a nucleophile and attacks electrophiles in order to achieve a more stable form. In biological systems, once the diradical is positioned in the minor groove of double-stranded DNA, it abstracts two hydrogen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In these glycosides, the aglycone part is a steroid nucleus. These glycosides are found in the plant genera Digitalis, Scilla, and Strophanthus. They are used in the treatment of heart diseases, e.g., congestive heart failure (historically as now recognised does not improve survivability; other agents are now preferred... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Modafinil is commercially available in and oral tablet forms. Additionally, it is offered as the (R)-enantiomer, known as armodafinil, and as a prodrug named adrafinil. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Born in Kobe, Japan, Yamamoto earned a B.S. at Kyoto University in 1967 and a Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1971.
He was a professor at Nagoya University from 1983 until 2002 and has since been a professor within the Department of Chemistry at the University of Chicago. His research work is largely in the chemistry o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Winkler test is used to determine the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) is widely used in water quality studies and routine operation of water reclamation facilities to analyze its level of oxygen saturation.
In the test, an excess of manganese(II) salt, iodide (I) and hydr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
CDP recognizes companies with high-quality disclosure in its annual scoring process, with top companies making it onto CDP's so-called A-list.
Scores are calculated according to a standardized method which measures whether and how well a company responds to each question. A company goes through four main steps, startin... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Method development of chiral chromatography is still done by screening of columns from the various classes of chiral columns. While chiral separation mechanisms are understandable in certain scenarios, and the retention characteristics of analytes within the chromatographic columns can occasionally be elucidated, the p... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
It takes a few days until plankton organisms have filtered the particles and incorporated the toxins into their body fat and tissue: In the southwards flow of the waters of the Hudson off the coast of New Jersey, the highest levels of mercury in copepods have not been found directly in front of the river off New York b... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Glycoprotein hormones may be removed by the liver from the bloodstream when the passage of time causes the breaking-off of carbohydrates from the glycoproteins. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Carboximidates can act as protecting group for alcohols. For example, the base catalyzed reaction of benzyl alcohol upon trichloroacetonitrile yields a trichloroacetimidate. This species has orthogonal stability to acetate and TBS protections and may be cleaved by acid hydrolysis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Beletskaya was born in Leningrad (St. Petersburg, Russia) in 1933. She graduated from the Department of Chemistry of Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1955 where she focused her undergraduate research on organoarsenic chemistry. She obtained the Candidate of Chemistry (analogous to Ph.D.) degree in 1958. For this de... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many of the other quantities of information theory can be interpreted as applications of relative entropy to specific cases. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Testing and scientific certainty were desired at the end of the 1940s. To that end products meant to be used by humans were tested with model animals to speed trials. Eddy & McGregor 1949 and Wiesmann & Lotmar 1949 used mice, Wasicky et al. 1949 canaries and guinea pigs, Kasman et al. 1953 also guinea pigs, Starnes & G... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In many magnetic ferrous alloys, the Curie point, the temperature at which magnetic materials cease to behave magnetically, occurs at nearly the same temperature as the austenite transformation. This behavior is attributed to the paramagnetic nature of austenite, while both martensite and ferrite are strongly ferromagn... | 8 | Metallurgy |
William Zismans contribution of what is called today as the Zisman Plot revolutionized the world of adhesive bonding and surface chemistry by giving a fast, effective, and quantitative way to measure the wettability or critical surface tension of a solid. This spawned the work of many others over the past few decades. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Townsend put forward the hypothesis that positive ions also produce ion pairs, introducing a coefficient expressing the number of ion pairs generated per unit length by a positive ion (cation) moving from anode to cathode. The following formula was found
since , in very good agreement with experiments.
The first Towns... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The stereochemistry of macromolecules can be defined even more precisely with the introduction of triads. An isotactic triad (mm) is made up of two adjacent meso diads, a syndiotactic triad (also spelled syndyotactic) (rr) consists of two adjacent racemo diads, and a heterotactic triad (rm) is composed of a racemo di... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Indirect enantiomer separation involves the interaction between the chiral analyte (CA) of interest and the suitable reactive CS (in this case it is an enantiopure chiral derivatizing agent, CDA) leading to the formation of a covalent diastereomeric complex that can be separated with an achiral chromatographic techniqu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
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