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The lipid tail is essential for enabling lipid membrane insertion and retention but also for giving the construct amphiphilic characteristics that enable hydrophilic surface coating (due to formation of bilipid layers). Different membrane lipids that can be used to create FSLs have different membrane physiochem... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In nature, variations in isotopic ratios of trace metals on the order of a few tenths to several ‰ are observed within and across diverse environments spanning the geosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. A complete understanding of all processes that fractionate trace metal isotopes is presently lacking, but in general, ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 2017, the FDA granted RT001 orphan drug designation in the treatment of phospholipase 2G6-associated neurodegeneration (PLAN). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemical substances can modulate the activity of ion channels, for example by blocking or activating them. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nonsense mutations are changes in DNA sequence that introduce a premature stop codon, causing any resulting protein to be abnormally shortened. This often causes a loss of function in the protein, as critical parts of the amino acid chain are no longer assembled. Because of this terminology, stop codons have also been ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a molecule rotates, the centrifugal force pulls the atoms apart. As a result, the moment of inertia of the molecule increases, thus decreasing the value of , when it is calculated using the expression for the rigid rotor. To account for this a centrifugal distortion correction term is added to the rotational energ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most analytical methods for hydrogen embrittlement involve evaluating the effects of (1) internal hydrogen from production and/or (2) external sources of hydrogen such as cathodic protection. For steels, it is important to test specimens in the lab that are at least as hard (or harder) than the final parts will be. Ide... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclohexane is the most stable of the cycloalkanes, due to the stability of adapting to its chair conformer. This conformer stability allows cyclohexane to be used as a standard in lab analyses. More specifically, cyclohexane is used as a standard for pharmaceutical reference in solvent analysis of pharmaceutical compo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Different blocking agents for isocyanates have different unblocking temperatures.
* Sodium bisulfite
* Diethyl malonate =
* 3,5-Dimethylpyrazole =
* MEKO =
* Phenol =
* Caprolactam = | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While yeasts have only a single CaM gene, plants and vertebrates contain an evolutionarily conserved form of CaM genes. The difference between plants and animals in Ca signaling is that the plants contain an extended family of the CaM in addition to the evolutionarily conserved form. Calmodulins play an essential role ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electron microprobe analysis is ubiquitous in the analysis of major and minor elements in melt inclusions and provide oxide concentrations used in determining parental magma types of the melt inclusions and phenocryst hosts. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Vector selection requires one to ensure the library made is representative of the entire genome. Any insert of the genome derived from a restriction enzyme should have an equal chance of being in the library compared to any other insert. Furthermore, recombinant molecules should contain large enough inserts ensuring th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Traditionally, SSF has been used in Asian countries to produce Koji using rice to manufacture alcoholic beverages such as Sake or Koji using soybean seeds. The latter produces sauces such as soy sauce or other foods. In Western countries, the traditional manufacturing process of many foods uses SSF. Examples include fe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first Ramachandran plot was calculated just after the first protein structure at atomic resolution was determined (myoglobin, in 1960), although the conclusions were based on small-molecule crystallography of short peptides. Now, many decades later, there are tens of thousands of high-resolution protein structures ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of micelles in high performance liquid chromatography was first introduced by Armstrong and Henry in 1980. The technique is used mainly to enhance retention and selectivity of various solutes that would otherwise be inseparable or poorly resolved. Micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) has been used in a variet... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As posited in a "Thioester World", thioesters are possible precursors to life. As Christian de Duve explains:
However, due to the high free energy change of thioester's hydrolysis and correspondingly their low equilibrium constants, it is unlikely that these compounds could have accumulated abiotically to any significa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In some reactions, protons and hydroxide may directly act as acid and base in term of specific acid and specific base catalysis. But more often groups in substrate and active site act as Brønsted–Lowry acid and base. This is called general acid and general base theory. The easiest way to distinguish between them is to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase may be used as a biochemical marker of osteoclast function during the process of bone resorption. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some PSM products - such as cutlery - contain a mix of PSM and plastics. These plastics prevent the PSM from degrading, making the entire product non-biodegradable. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Design errors arise when the desired use case was not properly accounted for, leading to a ineffective design, such as the stress state in service or potential corrosive agents in the service environment. Design errors often include dimensioning and materials selection, but it can also be the complete design. | 8 | Metallurgy |
While this emerging field of drug delivery shows excellent promise in targeting specific cells and locations within the body, understanding current challenges and drawbacks can allow researchers to optimize design, development, and delivery to improve the overall outcome of their medical treatment. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans. In the brain, phenethylamine regulates monoamine neurotransmission by binding to trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mechanism(s) of photoinhibition are under debate, several mechanisms have been suggested. Reactive oxygen species, especially singlet oxygen, have a role in the acceptor-side, singlet oxygen and low-light mechanisms. In the manganese mechanism and the donor side mechanism, reactive oxygen species do not play a dire... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The standard established for carbon-13 work was the Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) and was based on a Cretaceous marine fossil, Belemnitella americana, which was from the Peedee Formation in South Carolina. This material had an anomalously high C:C ratio (0.0112372), and was established as δC value of zero. Since the original... | 9 | Geochemistry |
N. N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences () is a research institute in Akademgorodok of Novosibirsk, Russia. It was founded in 1958. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Rapid advance in cancer genomics and high-throughput ChIP-chip, ChIP-Seq and Bisulfite sequencing methods are providing more insight into role of chromatin remodeling in transcriptional regulation and role in cancer. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although NPP primarily catalyzes phosphodiester hydrolysis, the enzyme will also catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters, though to a much smaller extent. NPP preferentially hydrolyzes phosphate diesters over monoesters by factors of 10-10, depending on the identity of the diester substrate. This ability to cat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a column published in Images Magazine, Ted Ellis calls on the younger generations of black artists to recognize the hardship faced by and the effort put in by the previous generation of black artists in order to pave the way for the newer generation to be able to succeed, and to do so with far less difficulty.
He sa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
PUFAs are highly prone to oxidative damage through a purely chemical, non-enzymatic chain reaction. With tight packaging of PUFAs in membranes, the oxidation of a single PUFA molecule rapidly leads to a chain reaction resulting in oxidation of hundreds to thousands of adjacent PUFA molecules. Cell and organelle membran... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Exorphins can cause various symptoms of schizophrenia if mutation occurs at a few selected loci. Genetic mutation at one of these loci can lead to increased absorption of exorphins via receptor mediated endocytosis. Another possibility from these particular loci is that catabolization of exorphins can be disrupted thus... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Charge-transfer interactions are also important in protein stabilization and surface interaction. In general donor-acceptor processes, one can think of excess electron density being present which can be donated to an electrophilic species. In aqueous media, these solute interactions are primarily due to pi orbital el... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrogel fiber is a hydrogel made into a fibrous state, where its width is significantly smaller than its length. The hydrogel's specific surface area at fibrous form is larger than that of the bulk hydrogel, and its mechanical properties also changed accordingly. As a result of these changes, hydrogel fiber has a fast... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
mTOR Complex 2 (mTORC2) is composed of MTOR, rapamycin-insensitive companion of MTOR (RICTOR), MLST8, and mammalian stress-activated protein kinase interacting protein 1 (mSIN1). mTORC2 has been shown to function as an important regulator of the actin cytoskeleton through its stimulation of F-actin stress fibers, paxi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The definition of tetrads and pentads introduce further sophistication and precision to defining tacticity, especially when information on long-range ordering is desirable. Tacticity measurements obtained by carbon-13 NMR are typically expressed in terms of the relative abundance of various pentads within the polymer ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) is an intensive thermally enhanced environmental remediation technology that uses thermal conductive heating (TCH) elements to directly transfer heat to environmental media. The ISTD/TCH process can be applied at low (<100 °C), moderate (~100 °C) and higher (>100 °C) temperature levels... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Earth absorbs some of the radiant energy received from the sun, reflects some of it as light and reflects or radiates the rest back to space as heat. A planets surface temperature depends on this balance between incoming and outgoing energy. When Earths energy balance is shifted, its surface becomes warmer or cooler, l... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Transamination catalyzed by aminotransferase occurs in two stages. In the first step, the α amino group of an amino acid is transferred to the enzyme, producing the corresponding α-keto acid and the aminated enzyme. During the second stage, the amino group is transferred to the keto acid acceptor, forming the amino aci... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In terms of thermodynamics, more electron-deficient metal centers increase the likelihood of β-alkyl elimination. For example, β-alkyl elimination is more favorable than β-hydride elimination when it is bonded to electron-deficient early transition metals (Hf, Ti, Zr, Nb, etc.) with d configuration. Computational studi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As polymers get longer and their molecular weight increases, their viscosity tend to increase. Thus, the measured viscosity of polymers can provide valuable information about the average length of the polymer, the progress of reactions, and in what ways the polymer branches. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of virus genera are transmitted, both persistently and non-persistently, by soil borne zoosporic protozoa. These protozoa are not phytopathogenic themselves, but parasitic. Transmission of the virus takes place when they become associated with the plant roots. Examples include Polymyxa graminis, which has been... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The technique is closely related to using gas adsorption to measure pore sizes, but uses the Gibbs–Thomson equation rather than the Kelvin equation. They are both particular cases of the Gibbs Equations of Josiah Willard Gibbs: the Kelvin equation is the constant temperature case, and the Gibbs–Thomson equation is the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The hardenability of a ferrous alloy is measured by a Jominy test: a round metal bar of standard size (indicated in the top image) is transformed to 100% austenite through heat treatment, and is then quenched on one end with room-temperature water. The cooling rate will be highest at the end being quenched, and will d... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Plastid terminal oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of the plastoquinone pool, which exerts a variety of effects on the development and functioning of plant chloroplasts. | 5 | Photochemistry |
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 1 (i.e. CMTM1), formerly termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 1 (i.e. CKLFSF1), has 23 known isoforms, the CMTM1-v1 to CMTM1-v23 proteins. Protein isoforms are variant products that are made by alternative splicing of a single gene. The gene for these isoforms, CMTM1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The essential parts of a colorimeter are:
* a light source (often an ordinary low-voltage filament lamp);
* an adjustable aperture;
* a set of colored filters;
* a cuvette to hold the working solution;
* a detector (usually a photoresistor) to measure the transmitted light;
* a meter to display the output from the dete... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The great interest in the study of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) has also resulted in many investigations on the properties of polarons in two dimensions. A simple model for the 2D polaron system consists of an electron confined to a plane, interacting via the Fröhlich interaction with the LO phonons of a 3D ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Newer versions of crystal structure databases integrate the visualization of crystal and molecular structures. Specialized or integrative crystallographic databases may provide morphology or tensor visualization output. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects. Electron-withdrawing groups have significant impacts on fundamental chemical processe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
π-effects have an important contribution to biological systems since they provide a significant amount of binding enthalpy. Neurotransmitters produce most of their biological effect by binding to the active site of a protein receptor. Pioneering work of Dennis A. Dougherty is a proof that such kind of binding stabiliza... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The earliest reported drug checking activity began in Amsterdam in November 1970 with a group from the University Hospital of Amsterdam and samples obtained through psychiatrists working with people who used drugs.
The earliest reported drug checking service is the Drug Information and Monitoring System (DIMS) in the N... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Low-template DNA can happen when there is less than 0.1 ng() of DNA in a sample. This can lead to more stochastic effects (random events) such as allelic dropout or allelic drop-in which can alter the interpretation of a DNA profile. These stochastic effects can lead to the unequal amplification of the 2 alleles that c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chiral Lewis acids (CLAs) are a type of Lewis acid catalyst. These acids affect the chirality of the substrate as they react with it. In such reactions, synthesis favors the formation of a specific enantiomer or diastereomer. The method is an enantioselective asymmetric synthesis reaction. Since they affect chirality, ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Selective Scattering : In selective Scattering scattering depends upon the wavelength of light.
Mie scattering : Mie theory can describe how electromagnetic waves interact with homogeneously spherical particles. However, a theory for homogeneous spheres will completely fail to predict polarization effects. When the siz... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
These adenylyl cyclases are the most familiar based on extensive study due to their important roles in human health. They are also found in some bacteria, notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis where they appear to have a key role in pathogenesis. Most AC-III's are integral membrane proteins involved in transducing extrace... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Green leaf volatiles (GLV) are organic compounds released by plants.
Some of these chemicals function as signaling compounds between either plants of the same species, of other species, or even different lifeforms like insects.
Green leaf volatiles are involved in patterns of attack and protection between species. Th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Also known as reductive Friedel–Crafts reaction, the Fischer–Hafner synthesis entails treatment of metal chlorides with arenes in the presence of aluminium trichloride and aluminium metal. The method was demonstrated in the 1950s with the synthesis of bis(benzene)chromium by Walter Hafner and his advisor E. O. Fischer... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Physical properties of elements and compounds that provide conclusive evidence of chemical composition include odor, color, volume, density (mass per unit volume), melting point, boiling point, heat capacity, physical form and shape at room temperature (solid, liquid or gas; cubic, trigonal crystals, etc.), hardness, p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fas receptor has been shown to interact with:
* Caspase 8,
* Caspase 10,
* CFLAR,
* FADD,
* Fas ligand,
* PDCD6, and
* Small ubiquitin-related modifier 1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The latest efforts in integrating nanotechnology and biological research have been successful and show much promise for the future, including in fields such as nanobiomechanics. Since nanoparticles are a potential vehicle of drug delivery, the biological responses of cells to these nanoparticles are continuously being ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Stable cell-cell interactions are required for cell adhesion within a tissue and controlling the shape and function of cells. These stable interactions involve cell junctions which are multiprotein complexes that provide contact between neighboring cells. Cell junctions allow for the preservation and proper functionin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many scenarios in the real world are affected by thermal degradation. One of the things affected is fingerprints. When anyone touches something, there is residue left from the fingers. If fingers are sweaty, or contain more oils, the residue contains many chemicals. De Paoli and her collogues conducted a study testing ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The fundamental idea behind spontaneous protein adsorption is that adsorption occurs when more energy is released than gained according to Gibbs law of free energy.
This is seen in the equation:
::</big>
where:
* ∆ is net change of the parameters
* G is Gibbs free energy
* T is the temperature (SI unit: kelvin)
* S is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency () is the quantum yield of the energy-transfer transition, i.e. the probability of the energy-transfer event occurring per donor excitation event:
where
* is the rate of energy transfer,
* the radiative decay rate (fluorescence) of the donor,
* are non-radiative relaxatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The exploration of the antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activities of thalidomide has led to the study and creation of thalidomide analogs. Celgene has sponsored numerous clinical trials with analogues to thalidomide, such as lenalidomide, that are substantially more powerful and have fewer side effects — except for... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Much like beta-oxidation, straight-chain fatty acid synthesis occurs via the six recurring reactions shown below, until the 16-carbon palmitic acid is produced.
The diagrams presented show how fatty acids are synthesized in microorganisms and list the enzymes found in Escherichia coli. These reactions are performed by ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glucose is mainly metabolized by a very important ten-step pathway called glycolysis, the net result of which is to break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. This also produces a net two molecules of ATP, the energy currency of cells, along with two reducing equivalents of converting NAD (nicot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) and herbicide Resistance and World Grains (HRAC) systems, herbicides are classified by mode of action. Eventually the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) and the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) developed a classification system. Groups in the WSSA and the... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Silicate, or silicic acid (HSiO), is an important nutrient in the ocean. Unlike the other major nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate, or ammonium, which are needed by almost all marine plankton, silicate is an essential chemical requirement for very specific biota, including diatoms, radiolaria, silicoflagellates, and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1,1-Difluoroethane is a synthetic substance that is produced by the mercury-catalyzed addition of hydrogen fluoride to acetylene:
:HCCH + 2 HF → CHCHF
The intermediate in this process is vinyl fluoride (CHF), the monomeric precursor to polyvinyl fluoride. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Putative genes can be identified by clustering large groups of sequences by patterns and arranging by mutual similarity or can be inferred by potential TATA boxes.
Putative genes can also be identified by recognizing differences between well-known gene clusters and gene clusters with a unique profiling.
Software tools ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jostel's TSH index (JTI or TSHI) helps to determine thyrotropic function of anterior pituitary on a quantitative level. It is reduced in thyrotropic insufficiency and in certain cases of non-thyroidal illness syndrome.
It is calculated with
Additionally, a standardized form of TSH index may be calculated with | 1 | Biochemistry |
The "MAXIM" (MAterials X-ray IMaging) method is another method combining diffraction analysis with spatial resolution. It can be viewed as serial topography with additional angular resolution in the exit beam. In contrast to the Rocking Curve Imaging method, it is more appropriate for more highly disturbed (polycrystal... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The driving force behind radical clock reactions is their ability to rearrange. Some common radical clocks are radical cyclizations, ring openings, and 1,2-migrations. Two popular rearrangements are the cyclization of 5-hexenyl and the ring-opening of cyclopropylmethyl:
5-hexenyl radical undergoes cyclization to produc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, cyclopentadienyl is a radical with the formula CH.
The cyclopentadienyl anion (formally related to the cyclopentadienyl radical by one-electron reduction) is aromatic, and forms salts and coordination compounds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fenton's reagent is used as a sewage treatment agent.
Fenton's reagent can be used in different chemical procesess that supply hydroxyl ion or oxidize certain compounds:
* The first stage of Fenton’s reaction (oxidation of Fe with hydrogen peroxide) is used in Haber–Weiss reaction
* Fenton's reagent can be used in orga... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Sputter deposition is a method of depositing thin films by sputtering that involves eroding material from a "target" source onto a "substrate", e.g. a silicon wafer, solar cell, optical component, or many other possibilities. Resputtering, in contrast, involves re-emission of the deposited material, e.g. SiO during the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Intrinsic termination is cued by signals directly encoded in the DNA and RNA. Signal appears in as a hairpin and is followed by 8 Uridines at the 3' end. This leads to a rapid dissociation of the elongation complex . Hairpin inactivates and destabilizes the TEC by weakening interactions in the RNA-DNA binding site and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stable and transient transfection differ in their long term effects on a cell; a stably transfected cell will continuously express transfected DNA and pass it on to daughter cells, while a transiently transfected cell will express transfected DNA for a short amount of time and not pass it on to daughter cells.
For some... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first case is a thick ring in an external magnetic field (Fig. 3a). The currents in a superconductor only flow in a thin layer at the surface. The thickness of this layer is determined by the so-called London penetration depth. It is of μm size or less. We consider a loop far away from the surface so that v = 0 eve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Shrinkage defects
can occur when standard feed metal is not available to compensate for shrinkage as the thick metal solidifies. Shrinkage defects will have jagged or linear appearance. Shrinkage defects usually occur in either the cope or drag portion of the casting. Shrinkage defects can be split into two different... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCD) can be used instead of PERC (perchloroethylene) or other undesirable solvents for dry-cleaning. Supercritical carbon dioxide sometimes intercalates into buttons, and, when the SCD is depressurized, the buttons pop, or break apart. Detergents that are soluble in carbon dioxide improve ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Despite their potential for use as contrast agents for medical imaging techniques, their use in vivo is hindered by the cytotoxicity of cadmium. To address this issue, methods have been developed to “wrap” or “encapsulate” potentially-toxic QDs in bio-inert polymers to facilitate use in living tissue. While Cd-free QDs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When H and OH ions are not involved in the reaction, the boundary line is horizontal and independent of pH. <br />The reaction equation is thus written:
As, the standard Gibbs free energy :
Using the definition of the electrode potential ∆G = -zFE, where F is the Faraday constant, this may be rewritten as a Nernst equa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During photosynthesis, natural electron acceptor NADP is reduced to NADPH in chloroplasts. The following equilibrium reaction takes place.
A reduction reaction that stores energy as NADPH:
: (Reduction)
An oxidation reaction as NADPH's energy is used elsewhere:
: (Oxidation)
Ferredoxin, also known as an NADP+ reductase... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Lithium's therapeutic effects are thought to be partially attributable to its interactions with several signal transduction mechanisms. The cyclic AMP secondary messenger system is shown to be modulated by lithium. Lithium was found to increase the basal levels of cyclic AMP but impair receptor coupled stimulation of c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Common water masses in the world ocean are:
* Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW): Antarctic Bottom Water is a very important water mass. Antarctic Bottom Water is the left over part when sea ice is being made. It is very cold but, not quite freezing so the water moves down and along the ocean floor.
* North Atlantic Deep Wa... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In terms of complex numbers, the isometries of the plane are either of the form
or of the form
for some complex numbers and with |ω| = 1. This is easy to prove: if and and if one defines
then is an isometry, , and . It is then easy to see that g is either the identity or the conjugation, and the statement being pr... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In its natural state, wood is not a transparent material because of its scattering and absorption of light. The tannish color in wood is due to its chemical polymer composition of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The woods lignin is mostly responsible for the woods distinctive color. Consequently, the amount of li... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gene knockouts (also known as gene deletion or gene inactivation) are a widely used genetic engineering technique that involves the targeted removal or inactivation of a specific gene within an organism's genome. This can be done through a variety of methods, including homologous recombination, CRISPR-Cas9, and TALENs.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transposon mutagenesis, or transposition mutagenesis, is a biological process that allows genes to be transferred to a host organism's chromosome, interrupting or modifying the function of an extant gene on the chromosome and causing mutation. Transposon mutagenesis is much more effective than chemical mutagenesis, wit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cryptophanes were discovered by André Collet and Jacqueline Gabard in 1981 when these researchers created, using template-directed synthesis, the first cryptophane, now known as cryptophane-A. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A common goal in Bayesian experimental design is to maximise the expected relative entropy between the prior and the posterior. When posteriors are approximated to be Gaussian distributions, a design maximising the expected relative entropy is called Bayes d-optimal. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Initially traffic was slow and very sparse, but, as early as 1856, a newspaper said, "The cart was near to the right hand kerb. According to the rules of the road, it should have been on the left side. In turning sharp round a right-hand corner, a driver should keep away to the opposite side." That rule was codified wh... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The peripheral attack model is based on predicting lowest energy conformations of an inherently complicated system, where nuanced perturbations can cause huge stereodifferentiating consequences. By modeling peripheral attack using the Curtin-Hammett scenario depicted above, the transition state is excluded from this c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nucleic acid amplification is a technique used to produce several copies of a specific segment of RNA/DNA. Amplified RNA and DNA can be used for a variety of applications, such as genotyping, sequencing, and detection of bacteria or viruses. There are two different types of amplification, non-isothermal and isothermal.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Simple N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based ligands have proven impractical for asymmetrical hydrogenation.
Some C,N ligands combine an NHC with a chiral oxazoline to give a chelating ligand. NHC-based ligands of the first type have been generated as large libraries from the reaction of smaller libraries of individual NH... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Secondary structures formed by the RBS can affect the translational efficiency of mRNA, generally inhibiting translation. These secondary structures are formed by H-bonding of the mRNA base pairs and are sensitive to temperature. At a higher-than-usual temperature (~42 °C), the RBS secondary structure of heat shock pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dynamic recrystallization is the process of removing the internal strain that remains in grains during deformation. This happens by the reorganization of a material with a change in grain size, shape, and orientation within the same mineral. When recrystallization occurs after deformation has come to an end and particu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Endogenous Expression of Oncogenic PI3K Mutation Leads to Activated PI3K Signaling and an Invasive Phenotype Poster Presented at AACR/EORTC Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics, Boston, USA, Nov. 2009
* Endogenous Expression of Oncogenic PI3K Mutation Leads to accumulation of anti-apoptotic proteins in mitochond... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The sessile drop method is another popular way to measure contact angles, and is done by placing a two-dimensional drop on a solid surface and controlling the volume of liquid in the drop. The sessile drop method and the captive bubble method are usually interchangeable in performing experiments as they are both based ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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