text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Polarizational bremsstrahlung (sometimes referred to as "atomic bremsstrahlung") is the radiation emitted by the target's atomic electrons as the target atom is polarized by the Coulomb field of the incident charged particle. Polarizational bremsstrahlung contributions to the total bremsstrahlung spectrum have been obs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two major sources of foreign DNA for molecular cloning is genomic DNA (gDNA) and complementary (or copy) DNA (cDNA). cDNA molecules are DNA copies of mRNA molecules, produced in vitro by action of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. In order to obtain the cDNA for a specific gene, it is first necessary to const... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the United States, vancomycin is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for either intravenous or oral administration. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Yulia Sister and her family repatriated to Israel in 1990. In 1992–1993 she served as a senior researcher of the Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and then she was engaged in the topics related to the analysis of biological objects at the Tel Aviv University. During... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bulk gold exhibits a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. As gold particle size decreases the fcc structure of gold transforms into a centered-icosahedral structure illustrated by . It can be shown that the fcc structure can be extended by a half unit cell in order to make it look like a cuboctahedral structure. The cu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition, channeling of ions can also be used to analyze a crystalline sample for lattice damage. If atoms within the target are displaced from their crystalline lattice site, this will result in a higher backscattering yield in relation to a perfect crystal. By comparing the spectrum from a sample being analyzed to... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Planck held that all "natural processes" (meaning, in present-day terminology, a thermodynamic operation followed by a thermodynamic process) are irreversible and proceed in the sense of increase of entropy sum. In these terms, it would be by thermodynamic operations that, if he could exist, Maxwells demon would conduc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process of fertilisation where an egg is combined with sperm in vitro ("in glass"). The process involves monitoring and stimulating a womans ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from their ovaries and letting a mans sperm fertilise them in a culture medium in a labo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several pathways exist for the halogenation of organic compounds, including free radical halogenation, ketone halogenation, electrophilic halogenation, and halogen addition reaction. The nature of the substrate determines the pathway. The facility of halogenation is influenced by the halogen. Fluorine and chlorine are ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Due to a sustained drug release, a prolonged therapeutic level of drugs exhibiting a short elimination half-life can be maintained. Consequently the frequency of dosing can be reduced contributing to an improved compliance. The release of drugs out of polymeric carrier systems can be controlled by a simple diffusion pr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ultrafast X-ray diffraction (time-resolved X-ray diffraction) can surpass ultrashortpulse visible techniques, which are limited to detecting structures on the level of valence and free electrons. Ultrashort pulse X-ray techniques are able to resolve atomic scales, where dynamic structural changes and reactions occur in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The extraction cell is filled with the solid sample to be examined and placed in a temperature-controllable oven. After adding the solvent, the cell is heated at constant pressure (adjustable between 0.3 and 20 MPa) up to a maximum temperature of 200°C and kept at constant conditions for a while so that equilibrium can... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The electrochemical equivalent of a substance is the mass of the substance deposited to one of the electrodes when a current of 1 ampere is passed for 1 second, i.e. a quantity of electricity of one coulomb is passed.
The formula for finding electrochemical equivalent is as follows:
where is the mass of substance and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle), two 3-phosphoglycerate molecules are synthesized. RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar, undergoes carbon fixation, catalyzed by the rubisco enzyme, to become an unstable 6-carbon intermediate. This intermediate is then cleaved into two, separate 3-carbon mol... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Generally, two kinds of reactions occur with xylenes: those involving the methyl groups and those involving the ring C–H bonds. Being benzylic and hence weakened, the C–H bonds of the methyl groups are susceptible to free-radical reactions, including halogenation to the corresponding xylene dichlorides (bis(chlorometh... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Several factors influence the energy penalty associated with the allylic strain. In order to relieve strain caused by interaction between the two methyl groups, the cyclohexanes will often exhibit a boat or twist-boat conformation. The boat conformation tends to be the major conformation to the strain. The effect of a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A range of analysis techniques are in use by drug checking services. The most common are reagent testing, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
Reagent testing uses chemical indicators that show a colour... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The consumption of the bioluminescent POC by fish can lead to the emission of bioluminescent fecal pellets (repackaging), which can also be produced with non-bioluminescent POC if the fish gut is already charged with bioluminescent bacteria.
In the diagram on the right, the sinking POC is moving downward followed by a ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In 1850, T. J. Mulvany was probably the first investigator to use mathematical modeling in a stream hydrology context, although there was no chemistry involved. By 1892 M.E. Imbeau had conceived an event model to relate runoff to peak rainfall, again still with no chemistry. Robert E. Horton’s seminal work on surface r... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Australian cattle industry is responsible for producing 3.9% of world beef productivity and due to 60% of the nation's entire beef production being exported, Australia operates alongside America and Brazil as one of the largest beef exporters worldwide. Slaughter rates in the Australian feedlot sector tend to incre... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Through competitive fellowship stipends, ECS supports students and young professionals as they pursue new ideas and forge connections with professionals both within and outside the field. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a blood cancer of malignant B lymphocytes (termed B-cell ALL) or T lymphocytes (termed T-cell ALL) that typically occurs in infants and young children. In a three population-representative cohort study, NUTM1 gene rearrangements (i.e. fusion genes) occurred in 0.28 to 0.86% of pedi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Asymmetric hydrogenations are used in the production of several drugs, such as the antibacterial levofloxin, the antibiotic carbapenem, and the antipsychotic agent BMS181100.
Knowles' research into asymmetric hydrogenation and its application to the production scale synthesis of L-Dopa gave asymmetric hydrogenation a s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Diazenes may extrude nitrogen to provide discrete TMM intermediates. Generally, bridged diazenes are used to avoid competitive closure to MCPs and dimerization reactions. In combination with an alkenic acceptor, cyclization to either fused or bridged products takes place. Fused products are generally favored, unless th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vanillin is most prominent as the principal flavor and aroma compound in vanilla. Cured vanilla pods contain about 2% by dry weight vanillin. On cured pods of high quality, relatively pure vanillin may be visible as a white dust or "frost" on the exterior of the pod.
It is also found in Leptotes bicolor, a species of o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lovelock started defining the idea of a self-regulating Earth controlled by the community of living organisms in September 1965, while working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California on methods of detecting life on Mars. The first paper to mention it was Planetary Atmospheres: Compositional and other Changes As... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The effects of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are determined by cellular context. There are three kinds of contextual factors that determine the shape the TGF-β response: the signal transduction components, the transcriptional cofactors and the epigenetic state of the cell. The different ligands and receptors of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biological systems, oxocarbenium ions are mostly seen during reactions of carbohydrates. Since sugars are present in the structure of nucleic acids, with a ribose sugar present in RNA and a deoxyribose present in the structure of DNA, their chemistry plays an important role in wide range of cellular functions of nuc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Methyllysine is derivative of the amino acid residue lysine where the sidechain ammonium group has been methylated one or more times.
Such methylated lysines play an important role in epigenetics; the methylation of specific lysines of certain histones in a nucleosome alters the binding of the surrounding DNA to those ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dexmedetomidine may be useful for the treatment of the negative cardiovascular effects of acute amphetamines and cocaine intoxication and overdose. Dexmedetomidine has also been used as an adjunct to neuroaxial anesthesia for lower limb procedures. It has been successfully used to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms.
In 2... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There have been reports of incidents of abuse regarding forced insemination with sperm samples bought online.
Further abuse of sperm banks comes from the fertility clinic staff themselves. There have been a number of reports of staff at sperm banks and fertility clinics providing their own sperm in place of donor sperm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Each half-reaction has a standard electrode potential (E), which is equal to the potential difference or voltage at equilibrium under standard conditions of an electrochemical cell in which the cathode reaction is the half-reaction considered, and the anode is a standard hydrogen electrode where hydrogen is oxidized:
:... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Hot blast refers to the preheating of air blown into a blast furnace or other metallurgical process. As this considerably reduced the fuel consumed, hot blast was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution.
Hot blast also allowed higher furnace temperatures, which increased the ca... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pyrolysis of iodomethyltrimethylammonium iodide affords the desired salt:
An alternative route starts with bis(dimethylamino)methane: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* TsOH may be converted to p-toluenesulfonic anhydride by heating with phosphorus pentoxide.
* When heated with acid and water, TsOH undergoes hydrolysis to toluene:
:CHCHSOH + HO → CHCH + HSO
This reaction is general for aryl sulfonic acids. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The mass average molar mass (often loosely termed weight average molar mass) is another way of describing the molar mass of a polymer. Some properties are dependent on molecular size, so a larger molecule will have a larger contribution than a smaller molecule. The mass average molar mass is calculated by
where is the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
According to the United States National Library of Medicines medical subject headings, the term neurotrophin may be used as a synonym for neurotrophic factor, but the term neurotrophin is more generally reserved for four structurally related factors: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The toxicity of PCBs varies considerably among congeners. The coplanar PCBs, known as nonortho PCBs because they are not substituted at the ring positions ortho to (next to) the other ring, (such as PCBs 77, 126 and 169), tend to have dioxin-like properties, and generally are among the most toxic congeners. Because PCB... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Protein Ser/Thr phosphatases were originally classified using biochemical assays as either, type 1 (PP1) or type 2 (PP2), and were further subdivided based on metal-ion requirement (PP2A, no metal ion; PP2B, Ca stimulated; PP2C, Mg dependent) (Moorhead et al., 2007). The protein Ser/Thr phosphatases PP1, PP2A and PP2B ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A domestic refrigerator is an example of a heat pump: a heat engine in reverse. Work is used to create a heat differential. Many cycles can run in reverse to move heat from the cold side to the hot side, making the cold side cooler and the hot side hotter. Internal combustion engine versions of these cycles are, by the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The fluorescence signals emitted from phycoerythrin and phycocyanin have made them suitable for use as indicators to detect cyanotoxins such as microcystins in drinking water. A study examined the nature of the biliproteins fluorescence signals regarding their real-time character, sensitivity and the biliproteins behav... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A carrier-powered radio is a batteryless radio which "leeches" its power from the incoming electromagnetic wave. A simple circuit (very similar to a crystal set) rectifies the incoming signal and this DC current is then used to power a small transistor amplifier. Typically a strong local station is tuned in to provide ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Keith Christopher Rowley , (born 24 October 1949) is a Trinidadian politician serving as the seventh prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago, first elected into office on 9 September 2015 and again following the 2020 general election. He has led the People's National Movement (PNM) since May 2010 and was Leader of the Op... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In biological systems, only manganese (Mn) is readily capable of replacing Mg, but only in a limited set of circumstances. Mn is very similar to Mg in terms of its chemical properties, including inner and outer shell complexation. Mn effectively binds ATP and allows hydrolysis of the energy molecule by most ATPases. Mn... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Following the laser cooling proposals, in 1978 two research groups that Wineland, Drullinger and Walls of NIST, and Neuhauser, Hohenstatt, Toscheck and Dehmelt of the University of Washington succeeded in laser cooling atoms. The NIST group wanted to reduce the effect of Doppler broadening on spectroscopy. They cooled ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tetrakis(hexahydropyrimidinopyrimidine)ditungsten(II), known as ditungsten tetra(hpp), is the name of the coordination compound with the formula W(hpp). This material consists of a pair of tungsten centers linked by the conjugate base of four hexahydropyrimidopyrimidine (hpp) ligands. It adopts a structure sometimes ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transcription initiation at the P promoter occurs in the presence of high arabinose and low glucose concentrations. Upon arabinose binding to AraC, the N-terminal arm of AraC is released from its DNA binding domain via a “light switch” mechanism. This allows AraC to dimerize and bind the I and I operators. The AraC-ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dipole-dipole interactions are electrostatic interactions between permanent dipoles in molecules. These interactions tend to align the molecules to increase attraction (reducing potential energy). Normally, dipoles are associated with electronegative atoms, including oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine.
For example,... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The largest use of bitumen is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces; this accounts for approximately 85% of the bitumen consumed in the United States. There are about 4,000 asphalt concrete mixing plants in the US, and a similar number in Europe.
Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% bitu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Peroxin-7 is a receptor associated with Refsum's disease and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stainless steel contains additives which are highly oxidizable, such as chromium and molybdenum. Such steels can only be decarburized by reacting with dry hydrogen, which has no water content, unlike wet hydrogen, which is produced in a way that includes some water and can otherwise be used for decarburization. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Half-sandwich compounds employing Ru(II), such as (cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer, have been mainly investigated as catalysts for transfer hydrogenation. These complexes feature three coordination sites that are susceptible to substitution, while the arene ligand is tightly bonded and protects the metal against oxi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Barker, George Frederick. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5CrCQwJ2su8C&dq=Memoir+of+John+William+Draper:+1811-1882&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Memoir of John William Draper: 1811–1882.] Washington, D.C., 1886.
* Miller, Lillian B., Frederick Voss, and Jeannette M. Hussey. The Lazzaroni: Science and Scientists in Mi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An example of undesirable work hardening is during machining when early passes of a cutter inadvertently work-harden the workpiece surface, causing damage to the cutter during the later passes. Certain alloys are more prone to this than others; superalloys such as Inconel require machining strategies that take it into ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Different processes and techniques have been developed around melt spinning which offer advantages to the industrial applications and product consistency. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hexahydroxybenzene triscarbonate is a chemical compound, an oxide of carbon with formula . Its molecular structure consists of a benzene core with the six hydrogen atoms replaced by three carbonate groups. It can be seen as a sixfold ester of hexahydroxybenzene (benzenehexol) and carbonic acid.
The compound was obtaine... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A DamID variant known as RNA-DamID can be used to detect interactions between RNA molecules and DNA. This method relies on the expression of a Dam-MCP fusion protein which is able to bind to an RNA that has been modified with MS2 stem-loops. Binding of the Dam-fusion protein to the RNA results in detectable methylation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DESs are fluids generally composed of two or three cheap and safe components that are capable of self-association, often through hydrogen bond interactions, to form eutectic mixtures with a melting point lower than that of each individual component. DESs are generally liquid at temperatures lower than 100 °C, and they ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In macromolecular chemistry, a catenane () is a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture consisting of two or more interlocked macrocycles, i.e. a molecule containing two or more intertwined rings. The interlocked rings cannot be separated without breaking the covalent bonds of the macrocycles. They are conceptu... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
RT is the product of the molar gas constant, R, and the temperature, T. This product is used in physics and chemistry as a scaling factor for energy values in macroscopic scale (sometimes it is used as a pseudo-unit of energy), as many processes and phenomena depend not on the energy alone, but on the ratio of energy a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chimpanzee age impacts the frequency of alarm signalling. Chimpanzees over 80 months of age are more likely to produce an alarm call than those less than 80 months of age. There are several hypotheses for this lack of alarm calling in infants zero to four years of age. The first hypothesis is a lack of motivation to pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term "autapse" was first coined in 1972 by Van der Loos and Glaser, who observed them in Golgi preparations of the rabbit occipital cortex while originally conducting a quantitative analysis of neocortex circuitry. Also in the 1970s, autapses have been described in dog and rat cerebral cortex, monkey neostriatum, a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A simple buffer solution consists of a solution of an acid and a salt of the conjugate base of the acid. For example, the acid may be acetic acid and the salt may be sodium acetate.
The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of a solution containing a mixture of the two components to the acid dissociation consta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Countercurrent chromatography and related liquid-liquid separation techniques have been used on both industrial and laboratory scale to purify a wide variety of chemical substances. Separation realizations include proteins, DNA, Cannabidiol (CBD) from Cannabis Sativa antibiotics, vitamins, natural products, pharmaceuti... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Paschen's law requires that:
* There are already free electrons at the cathode () which can be accelerated to trigger impact ionization. Such so-called seed electrons can be created by ionization by natural radioactivity or cosmic rays.
* The creation of further free electrons is only achieved by impact ionization. Thu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carcinoembryonic antigen peptide-1 is a nine amino acid peptide fragment of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a protein that is overexpressed in several cancer cell types, including gastrointestinal, breast, and non-small-cell lung.
Synonyms:
* CAP-1
* Carcinoembryonic Antigen Peptide-1
* Carcinoembryonic Peptide-1
* CEA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Domain walls are spatially extended regions of transition mediating the transfer of the order parameter from one domain to another. In comparison to the domains the domain walls are not homogeneous and they can have a lower symmetry. This may modify the properties of a multiferroic and the coupling of its order paramet... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
# The critical temperature of the fluid should be well above the highest temperature existing in the proposed cycle. Evaporation of the working fluid — and thus the significant addition of heat — can then ensue at the maximum temperature of the cycle. This results in a relatively high cycle efficiency.
# The slope ds/d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Julia was born in 1922 in Paris as son of the renowned mathematician Gaston Julia. Julia studied physics at the École Normale Supérieure. After receiving his diploma he joined the group of Ian Heilbron and David G. Jones at the Imperial College London where he received his first PhD in 1948. Back to France he changed h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It may cause dizziness, and patients should not, therefore, drive or operate heavy machinery or vehicles until they are familiar with how dexketoprofen affects them. Concomitant use of alcohol and other sedatives may potentiate this effect. In a small subset of individuals the dizziness may be intolerable and require t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Magnesium aluminide, MgAl
* Titanium aluminide, TiAl
* Iron aluminides, including FeAl and FeAl
* Nickel aluminide, NiAl
See category for a list. | 8 | Metallurgy |
ORs, which are located on the membranes of the cilia have been classified as a complex type of ligand-gated metabotropic channels. There are approximately 1000 different genes that code for the ORs, making them the largest gene family. An odorant will dissolve into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then bind ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Once monoclonal antibodies for a given substance have been produced, they can be used to detect the presence of this substance. Proteins can be detected using the Western blot and immuno dot blot tests. In immunohistochemistry, monoclonal antibodies can be used to detect antigens in fixed tissue sections, and similarly... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lithium diisopropylamide (commonly abbreviated LDA) is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . It is used as a strong base and has been widely utilized due to its good solubility in non-polar organic solvents and non-nucleophilic nature. It is a colorless solid, but is usually generated and observed only in so... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For the analysis of volatile compounds, a purge and trap (P&T) concentrator system may be used to introduce samples. The target analytes are extracted by mixing the sample with water and purge with inert gas (e.g. Nitrogen gas) into an airtight chamber, this is known as purging or sparging. The volatile compounds move ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Born and raised in countryside China, Yu obtained his B.Sc. (Chemistry) from Shandong University in 1991 at an age of 20. He then received his joint M.Sc. from Shandong University and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (Chemical Physics) in 1994, and his Ph.D. from Peking University (Materials Chemistry, with Prof. Z... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Duplex sequencing and the significant increase of sequencing accuracy has had an important impact on applications such as detection of rare human genetic variants, detection of subclonal mutations involved in mechanisms of resistance to therapy in genetically heterogeneous cancers, screening variants in circulating tum... | 1 | Biochemistry |
eIF1 and eIF1A both bind to the 40S ribosome subunit-mRNA complex. Together they induce an "open" conformation of the mRNA binding channel, which is crucial for scanning, tRNA delivery, and start codon recognition. In particular, eIF1 dissociation from the 40S subunit is considered to be a key step in start codon recog... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Among the neurons in the human brain, somatically derived copy number variations are frequent. Copy number variations show wide variability (9 to 100% of brain neurons in different studies). Most alterations are between 2 and 10 Mb in size with deletions far outnumbering amplifications. Copy number variations appear to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Experiments led by Randall Hulet at Rice University from 1995 through 2000 showed that lithium condensates with attractive interactions could stably exist up to a critical atom number. Quench cooling the gas, they observed the condensate to grow, then subsequently collapse as the attraction overwhelmed the zero-point e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The computation method Saltmod is based on seasonal water balances of agricultural lands. Four seasons in one year can be distinguished, e.g. dry, wet, cold, hot, irrigation or fallow seasons. The number of seasons (Ns) can be chosen between a minimum of one and a maximum of four. The larger the number of seasons becom... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The condition to get a partially ideal solution on mixing is that the volume of the resulting mixture V to equal double the volume V of each solution mixed in equal volumes due to the additivity of volumes. The resulting volume can be found from the mass balance equation involving densities of the mixed and resulting s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Generalized Steno Law states that the interfacial angles between identical faces of any single crystal of the same material are, by nature, restricted to the same value. This offers the opportunity to fingerprint crystalline materials on the basis of optical goniometry, which is also known as crystallometry. In ord... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Josef Fried was born in the town of Przemyśl, Poland, on July 21, 1914.
Fried received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from Columbia University in 1940.
Fried joined the Squibb Institute in 1944 as a head of its antibiotics and steroids department. He was later promoted to director of the organic chemistry section in 1... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
These mechanistic mimetics do not directly recapitulate the side chains or conformation of a peptide but mimic its mode-of-action. Class D peptidomimetics can be directly designed from a small peptide sequence or identified the screening of compound libraries. For example, Nirmatrelvir is an orally-active small molecul... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are many GFP-like proteins that, despite being in the same protein family as GFP, are not directly derived from Aequorea victoria. These include dsRed, eqFP611, Dronpa, TagRFPs, KFP, EosFP/IrisFP, Dendra, and so on. Having been developed from proteins in different organisms, these proteins can sometimes display u... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The basic structure of [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720035915/http://metpetdb.rpi.edu/ MetPetDB] is based on a geologic sample and derivative subsamples. Geochemical data are linked to subsamples and the minerals within them, while image data can relate to samples or subsamples. MetPetDB is designed to store the d... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A different technique to simulate the metabolic network is to perform flux balance analysis. This method uses linear programming, but in contrast to elementary mode analysis and extreme pathways, only a single solution results in the end. Linear programming is usually used to obtain the maximum potential of the objecti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are numerous classes of natural products for which total synthesis is applied to. These include (but are not limited to): terpenes, alkaloids, polyketides and polyethers. Total synthesis targets are sometimes referred to by their organismal origin such as plant, marine, and fungal. The term total synthesis is les... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The multiple hearth furnaces consist of several circular hearths or kilns superimposed on each other. Material is fed from the top and is moved by the action of rotating "rabble arms", and the revolving mechanical rabbles attached to the arms move over the surface of each hearth to continuously shift the ore. The arms ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The ratio average (RA) plot is an integer-based version of an MA plot for visualizing two-condition count data. Its distinctive arrow-like shape derives from the way it includes condition-unique (0,n) or (n,0) points into the plot via an epsilon factor. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Opacity broadening is an example of a non-local broadening mechanism. Electromagnetic radiation emitted at a particular point in space can be reabsorbed as it travels through space. This absorption depends on wavelength. The line is broadened because the photons at the line center have a greater reabsorption probabilit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the surrounding pressure, causing the liquid to rapidly evaporate, or boil. It is closely related to vapor pressure, but is dependent on pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at atmospheric pressure, but it can also b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
James Cullen Kirkcaldie (18 April 1875 – 16 August 1931) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in one first-class match for Wellington in 1903/04.
Kirkcaldie was an analytical chemist. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the late 1990s, evidence began accumulating to suggest that some GPCRs are able to signal without G proteins. The ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinase, a key signal transduction mediator downstream of receptor activation in many pathways, has been shown to be activated in response to cAMP-mediated receptor activati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Microanalysis is the chemical identification and quantitative analysis of very small amounts of chemical substances (generally less than 10 mg or 1 ml) or very small surfaces of material (generally less than 1 cm). One of the pioneers in the microanalysis of chemical elements was the Austrian Nobel Prize winner Fritz... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Starting from the 1950s, Schwab was allowed to return to West Germany, with his first post being guest professor at the Technical University of Darmstadt (1949) before he was appointed to the illustrious Professorship of Physical Chemistry at the University of Munich in 1950. While holding the corresponding seat in Ath... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The variation of specific rotation with wavelength is called optical rotatory dispersion (ORD). ORD can be used in conjunction with computational methods to determine the absolute configuration of certain compounds. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A tertiary carbon atom is a carbon atom bound to three other carbon atoms. For this reason, tertiary carbon atoms are found only in hydrocarbons containing at least four carbon atoms. They are called saturated hydrocarbons because they only contain carbon-carbon single bonds. Tertiary carbons have a hybridization of sp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While semi-synthetic ion channels, often based on modified peptidic channels like gramicidin, had been prepared since the 1970s, the first attempt to prepare a synthetic ion channel was made in 1982 using a substituted β-cyclodextrin.
Inspired by gramicidin, this molecule was designed to be a barrel-shaped entity spann... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.