text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
7-Methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (mTBD) is a bicyclic strong guanidine base (pK = 25.43 in CHCN and pK = 17.9 in THF). mTBD, like [[Triazabicyclodecene|1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene]] and other guanidine super bases, can be used as a catalyst in a variety of chemical reactions. It also reacts with CO,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The binding of oxygen is affected by molecules such as carbon monoxide (for example, from tobacco smoking, exhaust gas, and incomplete combustion in furnaces). CO competes with oxygen at the heme binding site. Hemoglobins binding affinity for CO is 250 times greater than its affinity for oxygen, meaning that small amou... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
On the basis of Mössbauer spectroscopic analysis, green rust minerals are suspected to occur as minerals in certain bluish-green soils that are formed in alternating redox conditions, and turn ochre once exposed to air. The green rust has been conjectured to be present in the form of the mineral fougerite. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Jani Ingram is a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at Northern Arizona University. Ingram researches the chemistry and health impacts of environmental pollutants, especially uranium and arsenic. Ingram is a member of the Navajo tribe, and the Naneesht’ezhi clan. She leads the Bridging Arizona Native American Stud... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In theoretical chemistry, Marcus theory is a theory originally developed by Rudolph A. Marcus, starting in 1956, to explain the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rate at which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species (called the electron donor) to another (called the electron acceptor). It ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The level of complementarity of the mRNA SD sequence to the ribosomal ASD greatly affects the efficiency of translation initiation. Richer complementarity results in higher initiation efficiency. It is worth noting that this only holds up to a certain point - having too rich of a complementarity is known to paradoxical... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Beta particle-emitting substances sometimes exhibit a weak radiation with continuous spectrum that is due to bremsstrahlung (see the "outer bremsstrahlung" below). In this context, bremsstrahlung is a type of "secondary radiation", in that it is produced as a result of stopping (or slowing) the primary radiation (beta ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The direct reduction of iron ore principle was tested in the late 19th century using high-temperature stirring of ore powder mixed with coal and a small amount of limestone to adjust the ores acidity. Carl Wilhelm Siemens direct reduction process, which was sporadically employed in the United States and United Kingdom ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Molecular self-assembly underlies the construction of biologic macromolecular assemblies and biomolecular condensates in living organisms, and so is crucial to the function of cells. It is exhibited in the self-assembly of lipids to form the membrane, the formation of double helical DNA through hydrogen bonding of the ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
An eluotropic series is listing of various compounds in order of eluting power for a given adsorbent. The "eluting power" of a solvent is largely a measure of how well the solvent can "pull" an analyte off the adsorbent to which it is attached. This often happens when the eluent adsorbs onto the stationary phase, disp... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hydrolysis of isothiouronium salts gives thiols.
:[RSC(NH)]X + NaOH → RSH + OC(NH) + NaX
Isothiouronium salts in which the sulfur has been alkylated, such as S-methylisothiourea hemisulfate (CAS number: 867-44-7), will convert amines into guanidinium groups. This approach is sometimes called the Rathke synthesis after... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The replication of technique in copper production includes a vast number of possibilities in trying to recreate what has been found through archaeological excavation. Tylecote and Boydell have experimented on possible explanations for the levels of iron found in certain copper objects and the possibility of removing ex... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The polyniobates, polytantalates, and vanadates are derived, formally at least, from highly charged [MO] precursors. For Nb and Ta, most common members are (M = Nb, Ta), which adopt the Lindqvist structure. These octaanions form in strongly basic conditions from alkali melts of the extended metal oxides (MO), or in th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Complex I is the first enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. There are three energy-transducing enzymes in the electron transport chain - NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), Coenzyme Q – cytochrome c reductase (complex III), and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV). Complex I is the largest and mos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbon nucleophiles are often organometallic reagents such as those found in the Grignard reaction, Blaise reaction, Reformatsky reaction, and Barbier reaction or reactions involving organolithium reagents and acetylides. These reagents are often used to perform nucleophilic additions.
Enols are also carbon nucleophile... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In crystallography, goniometers are used for measuring angles between crystal faces. They are also used in X-ray diffraction to rotate the samples. The groundbreaking investigations of physicist Max von Laue and colleagues into the atomic structure of crystals in 1912 involved a goniometer. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aldehyde molecules have a central carbon atom that is connected by a double bond to oxygen, a single bond to hydrogen and another single bond to a third substituent, which is carbon or, in the case of formaldehyde, hydrogen. The central carbon is often described as being sp-hybridized. The aldehyde group is somewhat po... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cantilever enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy enables the detection of small amount of trace gases which is vital in many applications. Photoacoustic spectroscopy is one of the most sensitive optical detection schemes. It is based on detecting a gas specific acoustic wave generated that originates from the absorption ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If the chromatographic separation can be modified to prevent coelution of suppressing species then other approaches need not be considered. The effect of chromatographic modification may be evaluated using the detector response monitoring under constant infusion approach described previously. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In high energy particle physics nucleon-lepton scattering, the semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) is a method to obtain information on the nucleon structure. It expands the traditional method of deep inelastic scattering (DIS). In DIS, only the scattered lepton is detected while the remnants of the shatte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
FTIR is an analytical method which uses an infrared laser focused on a spot on the glass phase of the melt inclusion to determine an absorption (or extinction) coefficient for either HO and CO associated with wavelengths for each species depending on the parent lithology that contained the melt inclusion. | 9 | Geochemistry |
A common pathological cause for a high BMR is fever, since a rise in body temperature increases the rate of cellular metabolic reactions. It is estimated that for every degree Fahrenheit of rise in body temperature, the BMR increases by 7 percent.
Thyroid disease also has a marked effect on BMR, since thyroid hormones ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Protein analysis using microPIXE allow for the determination of the elemental composition of liquid and crystalline proteins. microPIXE can quantify the metal content of protein molecules with a relative accuracy of between 10% and 20%.
The advantage of microPIXE is that given a protein of known sequence, the X-ray emi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ketone bodies are produced mainly in the mitochondria of liver cells, and synthesis can occur in response to an unavailability of blood glucose, such as during fasting. Other cells, e.g. human astrocytes, are capable of carrying out ketogenesis, but they are not as effective at doing so. Ketogenesis occurs constantly i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water has as much propensity to form hydrogen bonds as any group in a polypeptide. During a folding and association process, peptide and amino acid groups exchange hydrogen bonds with water. Thus, hydrogen bonding does not have a strong stabilizing effect on protein adsorption in an aqueous medium. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The poly(A) tail acts as the binding site for poly(A)-binding protein. Poly(A)-binding protein promotes export from the nucleus and translation, and inhibits degradation. This protein binds to the poly(A) tail prior to mRNA export from the nucleus and in yeast also recruits poly(A) nuclease, an enzyme that shortens the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like all other beta-lactam antibiotics, mezlocillin inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin binding proteins. This ultimately leads to cell lysis. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
ETQ-QO links the oxidation of fatty acids and some amino acids to oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. Specifically, it catalyzes the transfer of electrons from electron transferring flavoprotein (ETF) to ubiquinone, reducing it to ubiquinol. The entire sequence of transfer reactions is as follows:
Acyl-CoA →... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Within the focus of bioengineering, various cell modification methods are utilized to alter inherent properties of cells such as growth density, growth rate, growth yield, temperature resistance, freezing tolerance, chemical sensitivity, and vulnerability to pathogens. For example, in 1988 one group of researchers from... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An exercise mimetic is a drug that mimics some of the biological effects of physical exercise. Exercise is known to have an effect in preventing, treating, or ameliorating the effects of a variety of serious illnesses, including cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychiatric and neurological diseases ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemithioacetals ordinarily readily dissociate into thiol and aldehyde, however, some have been isolated. In general, these isolable hemithioacetals are cyclic, which disfavors dissociation, and can often be further stabilized by the presence of acid. An important class are S-glycosides, such as octylthioglucoside, whic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The IUBMB is associated with the journals IUBMB Life, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education (formerly Biochemical Education), BioFactors, Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, Molecular Aspects of Medicine and Trends in Biochemical Sciences. The publishing program supports the IUBMB's mission of fostering grow... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In contrast to elution chromatography, solutes separated in displacement mode form sharp-edged zones rather than spreading peaks. Zone boundaries in displacement chromatography are self-sharpening: if a molecule for some reason gets ahead of its band, it enters a zone in which it is more strongly retained, and will the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For multicomponent solutions, apparent molar properties can be defined in several ways. For the volume of a ternary (3-component) solution with one solvent and two solutes as an example, there would still be only one equation , which is insufficient to determine the two apparent volumes. (This is in contrast to partial... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Charles law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles law is:
This relationship of direct proportion can be written as:
So this means:
where:
* is the volume of the gas,
* is the temperature of the gas (measured in ke... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a dioxazolone is a cyclic carbonate incorporated into CNO ring. It is an uncommon heterocyclic compound. They arise by the phosgenation of hydroxamic acids:
:RC(O)NHOH + COCl → RC=NOCO + 2 HCl
Although dioxazolones are often explosive, they are of interest as precursors to isocyanates:
:RC... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photolysis occurs in the atmosphere as part of a series of reactions by which primary pollutants such as hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react to form secondary pollutants such as peroxyacyl nitrates. See Photochemical smog.
The two most important photodissociation reactions in the troposphere are firstly:
which gener... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ff phages have been engineered for applications such as remediation, electrochemical, photovoltaic, catalytic, sensing and digital memory devices, especially by Angela Belcher and colleagues. | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the days sky is overcast, sunlight passes through the turbidity layer of the clouds, resulting in scattered, diffuse light on the ground (sunbeam). This exhibits Mie scattering instead of Tyndall scattering because the cloud droplets are larger than the wavelength of the light and scatters all colors approximately... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sheldon Cooper, a fictional physicist from the television series The Big Bang Theory, appeared on the cover of a fictional issue of the journal. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acyl ligands are intermediates in many carbonylation reactions, which are important in some catalytic reactions. Metal acyls arise usually via insertion of carbon monoxide into metal–alkyl bonds. Metal acyls also arise from reactions involving acyl chlorides with low-valence metal complexes or by the reaction of organo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although not as nutritious as other organs such as fruit, leaves provide a food source for many organisms. The leaf is a vital source of energy production for the plant, and plants have evolved protection against animals that consume leaves, such as tannins, chemicals which hinder the digestion of proteins and have an ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The reflection operation is carried out with respect to symmetry elements known as planes of symmetry or mirror planes. Each such plane is denoted as (sigma). Its orientation relative to the principal axis of the molecule is indicated by a subscript. The plane must pass through the molecule and cannot be completely ou... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Opposite to false positives, false negative biosignatures arise in a scenario where life may be present on another planet, but some processes on that planet make potential biosignatures undetectable. This is an ongoing problem and area of research in preparation for future telescopes that will be capable of observing e... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Cells were first seen in 17th-century Europe with the invention of the compound microscope. In 1665, Robert Hooke referred to the building blocks of all living organisms as "cells" (published in Micrographia) after looking at a piece of cork and observing a cell-like structure; however, the cells were dead. They gave n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phytoremediation is the use of plant-based technologies to decontaminate an area.
Most land plants can form a symbiotic relationship with fungi which is advantageous for both organisms. This relationship is called mycorrhiza. Researchers found that phytoremediation is enhanced by mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizal fungis symbiot... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Deprotonation of enolizable ketones, aromatic alcohols, aldehydes, and esters gives enolates. With strong bases, the deprotonation is quantitative. Typically enolates are generated from using lithium diisopropylamide (LDA).
Often, as in conventional Claisen condensations, Mannich reactions, and aldol condensations, e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Escitalopram discontinuation, particularly abruptly, may cause certain withdrawal symptoms such as "electric shock" sensations, colloquially called "brain shivers" or "brain zaps" by those affected. Frequent symptoms in one study were dizziness (44%), muscle tension (44%), chills (44%), confusion or trouble concentrati... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The folding of proteins from a primary (linear) sequence of amino acids to a three-dimensional structure is directed by all types of non-covalent interactions, including the hydrophobic forces and formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Three-dimensional structures of proteins, including the secondary and tertiary... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A Bpin (pinacolatoboron) group, of use in Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions, can be installed by reaction of a diazonium salt with bis(pinacolato)diboron in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (2 mol %) as an initiator:. Alternatively similar borylation can be achieved using transition metal carbonyl complexes inclu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Anionic and cationic surfactants can be determined thermometrically by titrating one type against the other. For instance, benzalkonium chloride (a quaternary-type cationic surfactant) may be determined in cleaners and algaecides for swimming pools and spas by titrating with a standard solution of sodium dodecyl sulfat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The simple relationship between amino acid sequence and DNA recognition of the TALE binding domain allows for the efficient engineering of proteins. In this case, artificial gene synthesis is problematic because of improper annealing of the repetitive sequence found in the TALE binding domain. One solution to this is t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bitumen is a commonly recycled material in the construction industry. The two most common recycled materials that contain bitumen are reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and reclaimed asphalt shingles (RAS). RAP is recycled at a greater rate than any other material in the United States, and typically contains approximatel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
He is the Director of Center for Chemistry at the Space-Time Limit, a National Science Foundation Center for Chemical Innovation. He graduated from University of Southern California with B.S. degrees in Chemistry followed by Ph.D. degree in chemistry from Northwestern University. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Antoine Lavoisier considered that radiation of heat was concerned with the condition of the surface of a physical body rather than the material of which it was composed. Lavoisier described a poor radiator to be a substance with a polished or smooth surface as it possessed its molecules lying in a plane closely bound t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prior to the emergence of underwater cabled observatories, oceanographers and other researchers studying the global ocean tended to rely on the use of research vessels and manned submersibles in order to collect data. This was followed by a shift toward Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV's) and space-based research satelli... | 9 | Geochemistry |
*2023 Peter R. Griffiths
*2022 Martin Zanni
*2021 Rohit Bhargava
*2020 Volker Deckert
*2019 Ji-Xin Cheng
*2018 Peter Hamm
*2017 Roberto Merlin
*2016 Thomas Elsaesser
*2013 Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
*2012 Keith A. Nelson
*2011 Isao Noda
*2009 Michael D. Fayer
*2008 Richard P. Van Duyne
*2007 Jonatha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 2009, Larhlimi and Bockmayr presented a new approach called "minimal metabolic behaviors" for the analysis of metabolic networks. Like elementary modes or extreme pathways, these are uniquely determined by the network, and yield a complete description of the flux cone. However, the new description is much more compa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The function of liver glycogen is to maintain glucose homeostasis, generating glucose via glycogenolysis to compensate for the decrease of glucose levels that can occur between meals. Thanks to the presence of the glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme, the hepatocytes are capable of turning glycogen to glucose, releasing it int... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TFA is a heterodimer with two subunits: one large unprocessed (subunit 1, or alpha/beta; gene name ) and one small (subunit 2, or gamma; gene name ). It was originally believed to be a heterotrimer of an alpha (p35), a beta (p19) and a gamma subunit (p12). In humans, the sizes of the encoded proteins are approximately ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a study of 5000 oxides, only 13% of them satisfy all of the last 4 rules, indicating limited universality of Pauling's rules. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Substrates for RuBisCO are ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and carbon dioxide (distinct from the "activating" carbon dioxide). RuBisCO also catalyses a reaction of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate and molecular oxygen (O) instead of carbon dioxide ().
Discriminating between the substrates and O is attributed to the differing inter... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (exact differential), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential for some differentiable function in an orthogonal coordinate system (hence is a multivariable function whose variab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Interferometric microscopy or imaging interferometric microscopy is the concept of microscopy which
is related to holography, synthetic-aperture imaging, and off-axis-dark-field illumination techniques.
Interferometric microscopy allows enhancement of resolution of optical microscopy due to interferometric (holographic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Biological photovoltaic systems are defined by the type of light harvesting material that they employ, and the mode of electron transfer from the biological material to the anode. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The vacuum ultraviolet (V‑UV) band (100–200 nm) can be generated by non-linear 4 wave mixing in gases by sum or difference frequency mixing of 2 or more longer wavelength lasers. The generation is generally done in gasses (e.g. krypton, hydrogen which are two-photon resonant near 193 nm) or metal vapors (e.g. magnesium... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Janus kinase (JAK) is a family of intracellular, non-receptor tyrosine kinases that transduce cytokine-mediated signals via the JAK-STAT pathway. They were initially named "just another kinase" 1 and 2 (since they were just two of many discoveries in a PCR-based screen of kinases), but were ultimately published as "Jan... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most fundamental formula for Joule heating is the generalized power equation:
where
* is the power (energy per unit time) converted from electrical energy to thermal energy,
* is the current travelling through the resistor or other element,
* is the voltage drop across the element.
The explanation of this formul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Copper has played a role in architecture for thousands of years. For example, in ancient Egypt, massive doors to the temple of Amen-Re at Karnak were clad with copper. In the 3rd Century B.C., copper roof shingles were installed atop of the Lowa Maha Paya Temple in Sri Lanka. And the Romans used copper as roof covering... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Eutrophication and harmful algal blooms can have economic impacts due to increasing water treatment costs, commercial fishing and shellfish losses, recreational fishing losses (reductions in harvestable fish and shellfish), and reduced tourism income (decreases in perceived aesthetic value of the water body). Water tre... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
An estimate of V̇O max is based on maximum and resting heart rates. In the Uth et al. (2004) formulation, it is given by:
This equation uses the ratio of maximum heart rate (HR) to resting heart rate (HR) to predict V̇O max. The researchers cautioned that the conversion rule was based on measurements on well-trained me... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Confirmation that DNA is the genetic material which is cause of infection came from the Hershey–Chase experiment. They used E.coli and bacteriophage for the experiment. This experiment is also known as blender experiment, as kitchen blender was used as a major piece of apparatus. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase demonst... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) weapons can be used for area denial, as long as the agent is long-lasting. Fallout from nuclear weapons might be used in such a role. While never actually employed in this form, its use had been suggested by Douglas MacArthur during the Korean W... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Laminins are non-collagenous proteins found in basement membranes and form networks through non-covalent self-interactions. Nidogens (also known as entactins) are sulfated monomeric glycoproteins that are ubiquitously present in basement membranes of higher organisms. Nidogens help with the formation of the basement. W... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The most common of these uses a group contribution method and is termed cLogP. It has been shown that the log P of a compound can be determined by the sum of its non-overlapping molecular fragments (defined as one or more atoms covalently bound to each other within the molecule). Fragmentary log P values have been dete... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is conventional if it can be explained by the BCS theory or its derivatives, or unconventional, otherwise. Alternatively, a superconductor is called unconventional if the superconducting order parameter transforms according to a non-trivial irreducible representation of the point group or space group of the system. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mander completed a BSc degree at the University of Auckland, New Zealand in 1960, followed by an MSc degree in 1961 from the same institution.
He then moved to Australia in 1962 to undertake a PhD degree at the University of Sydney before committing to an initial postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Michigan. M... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
He received his degree at the University of Barcelona in 1944, his doctorate in Madrid, and finished his training at Harvard University in 1951. In 1944 he formed a team at the Spanish National Research Council. His work has largely been in kinetics and organic chemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Urethane (ethyl carbamate) was once produced commercially in the United States as a chemotherapy agent and for other medicinal purposes. It was found to be toxic and largely ineffective. It is occasionally used in veterinary medicine in combination with other drugs to produce anesthesia. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Beyond its canonical role in the SIR complex, SIR2 also plays a role in rDNA repression. As part of the cells regulation mechanism, rDNA repeats are excised from the chromosome so they cannot be expressed. SIR2 forms a complex with NET1 (a nuclear protein) and CDC14 (a phosphatase) to form the regulator of nucleolar si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
UCP1 belongs to the UCP family which are transmembrane proteins that decrease the proton gradient generated in oxidative phosphorylation. They do this by increasing the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing protons that have been pumped into the intermembrane space to return to the mitochondrial ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
De Novo biosynthesis of a pyrimidine is catalyzed by three gene products CAD, DHODH and UMPS. The first three enzymes of the process are all coded by the same gene in CAD which consists of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II, aspartate carbamoyltransferase and dihydroorotase. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) unlike C... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photosynthetic carbohydrate synthesis in plants and certain bacteria is an anabolic process that produces glucose, cellulose, starch, lipids, and proteins from CO. It uses the energy produced from the light-driven reactions of photosynthesis, and creates the precursors to these large molecules via carbon assimilation i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the box contains N non-interacting fermions of spin ½, it is interesting to calculate the energy in the thermodynamic limit, where N is so large that the quantum numbers n, n, n can be treated as continuous variables.
With the vector , each quantum state corresponds to a point in n-space with energy
With denoting ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Triglycerides are formed from the esterification of 3 molecules of fatty acids with one molecule of trihydric alcohol, glycerol (glycerine or trihydroxy propane). In the process, 3 molecules of water are eliminated. The word "triglyceride" refers to the number of fatty acids esterified to one molecule of glycerol.
In t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Investigators have hypothesized that the PHLPP isoforms may play roles in cancer, for several reasons. First, the genetic loci coding for PHLPP1 and 2 are commonly lost in cancer. The region including PHLPP1, 18q21.33, commonly undergoes loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in colon cancers, while 16q22.3, which includes the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the illuminated area selected by the aperture covers many differently oriented crystallites, their diffraction patterns superimpose forming an image of concentric rings. The ring diffractogram is typical for polycrystalline samples, powders or nanoparticles. Diameter of each ring corresponds to interplanar distance ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Sedative hypnotic drugs including eszopiclone are more commonly prescribed to the elderly than to younger patients despite benefits of medication being generally unimpressive.
In 2015, the American Geriatrics Society reviewed the safety information about eszopiclone and similar drugs and concluded that the "nonbenzodia... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The ability of a surface to self-clean commonly depends on the hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the surface. Whether cleaning aqueous or organic matter from a surface, water plays an important role in the self-cleaning process. Specifically, the contact angle of water on the surface is an important characteristic th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Discoveries of the microwave spectra of a considerable number of molecules prove the existence of rather complex molecules in the interstellar clouds, and provides the possibility to study dense clouds, which are obscured by the dust they contain. The HO molecule has been observed in the interstellar medium since 1963 ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Propane-1,3-dithiol is the parent member of this series. It is employed as a reagent in organic chemistry, since it forms 1,3-dithianes upon treatment with ketones and aldehydes. When derived from aldehydes, the methyne () group is sufficiently acidic that it can be deprotonated and the resulting anion can be C-alkyla... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Scattering experiments are a common method for learning about crystals. Such experiments typically involve a probe (e.g. X-rays or neutrons) and a crystalline solid. A well-characterized probe propagating towards the crystal may interact and scatter away in a particular manner. Mathematical expressions relating the sca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since natural amino acid residues are usually present in large quantities, it is often difficult to modify one single site. Strategies targeting the termini of protein have been developed, because they greatly enhanced the site selectivity of protein modification. One of the N- termini modifications involves the funct... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfuric acid produced by microorganisms will interact with the surface of the structure material. For ordinary Portland cement, it reacts with the calcium hydroxide in concrete to form calcium sulfate. This change simultaneously destroys the polymeric nature of calcium hydroxide and substitutes a larger molecule into ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pregnanediol, or 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, is an inactive metabolic product of progesterone. A test can be done to measure the amount of pregnanediol in urine, which offers an indirect way to measure progesterone levels in the body.
From the urine of pregnant women from London clinics, Guy Frederic Marrian isolated a su... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calorimetry may be used to monitor the course of a reaction, since the instantaneous heat flux of the reaction, which is directly related to the enthalpy change for the reaction, is monitored. Reaction calorimetry may be classified as a differential technique since the primary data collected are proportional to rate vs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Restriction endonucleases, also known as restriction enzymes are enzymes that cleave the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA at specific nucleotides sequences that are usually four to six nucleotides long. Studies performed by Horton and colleagues have shown that the mechanism by which these enzymes cleave the DNA inv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymer scattering experiments are one of the main scientific methods used in chemistry, physics and other sciences to study the characteristics of polymeric systems: solutions, gels, compounds and more. As in most scattering experiments, it involves subjecting a polymeric sample to incident particles (with defined wav... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The AFM-IR technique based on a pulsed infrared laser source was commercialized by Anasys Instruments, a company founded by Reading, Hammiche and Pollock in the United Kingdom in 2004; a sister, United States corporation was founded a year later. Anasys Instruments developed its product with support from the National I... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While a single subject/animal is perfused with multiple concentrations during the no-net-flux method, multiple subjects are perfused with a single concentration during the dynamic no-net-flux (DNNF) method. Data from the different subjects/animals is then combined at each time point for regression analysis allowing det... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.