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There are numerous companies that offer calibration for spectrometers, but not all are equal. It is important to find a traceable, certified laboratory to perform calibration. The calibration certificate should state the light source used (ex: Halogen, Deuterium, Xenon, LED), and the uncertainty of the calibration for ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Propidium monoazide (PMA) is a photoreactive DNA-binding dye that preferentially binds to dsDNA. It is used to detect viable microorganisms by qPCR. Visible light (high power halogen lamps or specific LED devices) induces a photoreaction of the chemical that will lead to a covalent bond with PMA and the dsDNA. The mech... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Promoter (genetics), a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription
*Protomer (structural biology), a structural unit of an oligomeric protein | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Superconductivity was discovered on April 8, 1911, by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who was studying the resistance of solid mercury at cryogenic temperatures using the recently produced liquid helium as a refrigerant. At the temperature of 4.2 K, he observed that the resistance abruptly disappeared. In the same experiment, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Enzymatically active lactate dehydrogenase is consisting of four subunits (tetramer). The two most common subunits are the LDH-M and LDH-H peptides, named for their discovery in muscle and heart tissue, and encoded by the LDHA and LDHB genes, respectively. These two subunits can form five possible tetramers (isoenzymes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All eukaryotes use G proteins for signaling and have evolved a large diversity of G proteins. For instance, humans encode 18 different G proteins, 5 G proteins, and 12 G proteins. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* In boronic ester homologization an alkyl group shifts from boron in a boronate to carbon:
In this reaction dichloromethyllithium converts the boronic ester into a boronate. A Lewis acid then induces a rearrangement of the alkyl group with displacement of the chlorine group. Finally an organometallic reagent such as a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
From the preceding discussion, it should be apparent that the decay rate, the fractal dimension and the Lyapunov exponents are all related. The large Lyapunov exponent, for instance, tells us how fast a trajectory in the invariant set will diverge if perturbed. Similarly, the fractal dimension will give us informatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The technology was licensed from DNA Electronics Ltd, developed by Ion Torrent Systems Inc. and was released in February 2010. Ion Torrent have marketed their machine as a rapid, compact and economical sequencer that can be utilized in a large number of laboratories as a bench top machine. Roche's 454 Life Sciences is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Fischer–Tropsch-type process has also been suggested to have produced a few of the building blocks of DNA and RNA within asteroids. Similarly, the hypothetical abiogenic petroleum formation requires some naturally occurring FT-like processes.
Biological Fischer-Tropsch-type chemistry can be carried out by the enzyme ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An example of an alcoholic glycoside is salicin, which is found in the genus Salix. Salicin is converted in the body into salicylic acid, which is closely related to aspirin and has analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus Pygerythus) are some of the most studied monkeys when it comes to vocalization and alarm calls within the nonhuman primates. They are most known for making alarm calls in the presence of their most common predators (leopards, eagles, and snakes). The alarm calls of the Vervet monkey are cons... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The charge transfer coefficient signifies the fraction of the interfacial potential at an electrode-electrolyte interface that helps in lowering the free energy barrier for the electrochemical reaction. The electroactive ion present in the interfacial region experiences the interfacial potential and electrostatic work ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Retinalophototrophs are found across all domains of life but predominantly in the Bacteria and Archaea taxonomic groups. Scientists believe retinalophototroph’s general ecological abundance correlates to horizontal gene transfer since only two genes are required for retinalophototrophy to occur: essentially, one gene f... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Binding curves describe the binding behavior of ligand to a protein. Curves can be characterized by their shape, sigmoidal or hyperbolic, which reflect whether or not the protein exhibits cooperative or noncooperative binding behavior respectively. Typically, the x-axis describes the concentration of ligand and the y-a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon atoms to carry out photosynthesis; photoheterotrophs use organic compounds, rather than... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Phosphodiesterase enzymes have been shown to be different in different types of cells, including normal and leukemic lymphocytes and are often targets for pharmacological inhibition due to their unique tissue distribution, structural properties, and functional properties.
Inhibitors of PDE can prolong or enhance the ef... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrons that are bound in atoms, molecules and solids each occupy distinct states of well-defined binding energies. When light quanta deliver more than this amount of energy to an individual electron, the electron may be emitted into free space with excess (kinetic) energy that is higher than the electron's binding ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Normal serum levels of ketone bodies are less than 0.5 mM. Hyperketonemia is conventionally defined as levels in excess of 1 mM. | 1 | Biochemistry |
GnRH is released by the hypothalamus in a pulsatile fashion; this causes the anterior pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone, which is metabolized to DHT by the enzyme 5α-reductase.
DHT, and to a significantly smaller ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
ILs can act as dispersing agents in paints to enhance finish, appearance and drying properties. ILs are used for dispersing nanomaterials at IOLITEC. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The pharmaceutical industry constitutes the most important customer base for the fine chemical industry (see Table 4). The largest companies are Pfizer, USA; Roche, Switzerland, GlaxoSmithKline, UK; Sanofi Aventis, France, and Novartis, Switzerland. All are active in R&D, manufacturing and marketing. Pharmaceuticals co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
p75NTR is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. p75NTR/LNGFR was the first member of this large family of receptors to be characterized, that now contains about 25 receptors, including tumor necrosis factor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2, Fas, RANK, and CD40.
All members of the TNFR superfamily contain stru... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many women of sub-Saharan Africa choose to foster their children to infertile women. IVF enables these infertile women to have their own children, which imposes new ideals to a culture in which fostering children is seen as both natural and culturally important. Many infertile women are able to earn more respect in the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The surface processes that HeSE can measure can be broadly divided into elastic, quasielastic and inelastic processes. Measurements in which the predominant signal is elastically scattered include standard helium diffraction and the measurement of selective adsorption resonances. Quasielastic measurements generally cor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although RNA enzymes were discovered before DNA enzymes, the latter have some distinct advantages. DNA is more cost-effective, and DNA can be made with longer sequence length and can be made with higher purity in solid-phase synthesis. Several studies have shown the usage of DNAzymes to inhibit influenza A and B virus ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fifty-six new copper discoveries have been made during the three decades 1975–2005. World discoveries of new copper deposits are said to have peaked in 1996. However, according to the US Geological Survey (USGS), remaining world copper reserves have more than doubled since then, from 310 million metric tons in 1996 to ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Non-essential trace elements include silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb). They have no known biological function in mammals, with toxic effects even at low concentration.
The structural components of cells and tissues that are required in the diet in gram quantities daily are known as bulk elements. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Aluminium chloride, also known as aluminium trichloride, is an inorganic compound with the formula . It forms a hexahydrate with the formula , containing six water molecules of hydration. Both the anhydrous form and the hexahydrate are colourless crystals, but samples are often contaminated with iron(III) chloride, gi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One common criticism of the hyperconjugation theory is that it fails to explain why the anomeric effect is not observed when substituted tetrahydropyran molecules are placed in polar solvents, and the equatorial position is once again preferred. It has been shown, however, that hyperconjugation does depend on the solve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isaac Asimov, in a 1963 humorous essay entitled "You, too, can speak Gaelic", reprinted in the anthology Adding a Dimension among others, traces the etymology of each component of the chemical name "para-di-methyl-amino-benz-alde-hyde" (e.g. the syllable "-benz-" ultimately derives from the Arabic lubān jāwī (لبان جاوي... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In a cascade mediated by a GPCR known as β adrenoceptor, activated by catecholamines (notably norepinephrine), PKA gets activated and phosphorylates numerous targets, namely: L-type calcium channels, phospholamban, troponin I, myosin binding protein C, and potassium channels. This increases inotropy as well as lusitrop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Kirsch and co-workers were able to hydroxylate keto compounds with IBX in α-position under mild conditions. This method could be extended to β-keto esters. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 1-alpha coactivator (PGC-1 alpha) is a specific myokine since it stimulates satellite cells, but stimulates M1 and M2 macrophages; M1 macrophages release interleukin 6 (IL-6), Insulin growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), while M2 ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA interference (RNAi) methods can be used to transiently silence or knockdown gene expression using ~20 base-pair double-stranded RNA typically delivered by transfection of synthetic ~20-mer short-interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) or by virally encoded short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs). RNAi screens, typically performed i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most processed polymer mixes consist of a dispersed phase in a more continuous matrix of the other component. The formation, size, and concentration of this disperse phase are typically optimized for specific mechanical properties. If the morphology is not stabilized, the dispersed phase may coalesce under heat or stre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
She was born in Iași, in the Moldavia region of Romania; her parents were Constantin and Smaranda Ripan, both originally from Huși. She attended the local girl's high school, after which she enrolled in the Faculty of Science of the University of Iași, graduating in 1919. For her graduate studies she went to the Univer... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Alkyl sulfonates are esters of alkane sulfonic acids with the general formula R-SO-O-R'. They act as alkylating agents, some of them are used as alkylating antineoplastic agents in the treatment of cancer, e.g. Busulfan. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is a method used to obtain aluminium of very high purity. The metal obtained in the Hall–Héroult process is about 99.5% pure, and for most purposes it is taken as pure metal.
However, further purification of aluminium can be carried out by the Hoopes process. This is an electrolytic process. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Oxocarbenium ions have been utilized in total synthesis on several occasions. A major subunit of (+)-clavosolide was synthesized with a reduction of a six-membered oxocarbenium ring. All the large substituents were found in an equatorial position, and the transformation went through the chair transition state, as predi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The primary tool for small-scale cupellation was the cupel. Cupels were manufactured in a careful manner. They used to be small vessels shaped in the form of an inverted truncated cone, made of bone ashes. According to Georg Agricola, the best material was obtained from burned antlers of deer, although fish spines coul... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many of the crystallographic point groups share the same internal structure. For example, the point groups , 2, and m contain different geometric symmetry operations, (inversion, rotation, and reflection, respectively) but all share the structure of the cyclic group C. All isomorphic groups are of the same order, but n... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
TRPA1 (Transient Receptor Potential-Ankyrin 1) ion channel expressed on nociceptors (especially trigeminal) has been implicated as the site of action for CS gas in rodent models.
Although described as a non-lethal weapon for crowd control, studies have raised doubts about this classification. CS can cause severe pulmon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Antibody Solutions was founded in 1995 by current president, John Kenney, PhD, Judith Lynch-Kenney, and Dennis and Bette Gould. Dr. Kenney previously managed the monoclonal antibody (MAb) development laboratory for Syntex Research (Roche) in Palo Alto, while Gould managed the MAb production facility for Syva Diagnosti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In ammoxidation, a hydrocarbon is partially oxidized in the presence of ammonia. This conversion is practiced on a large scale for acrylonitrile:
In the production of acrylonitrile, a side product is acetonitrile. On an industrial scale, several derivatives of benzonitrile, phthalonitrile, as well as Isobutyronitrile a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An excimer lamp (or excilamp) is a source of ultraviolet light based on spontaneous emission of excimer (exciplex) molecules. | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Physisorption is a general phenomenon and occurs in any solid/fluid or solid/gas system. Chemisorption is characterized by chemical specificity.
* In physisorption, perturbation of the electronic states of adsorbent and adsorbate is minimal. The adsorption forces include London Forces, dipole-dipole attractions, dip... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carcinogens are known to cause a number of DNA lesions, such as single-strand breaks, double- strand breaks, and covalently bound chemical DNA adducts. Tobacco products are one of the most prevalent cancer-causing agents of today. Other DNA damaging, cancer-causing agents include asbestos, which can cause damage throug... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1737 Andrew Rodger, a farmer on the estate of Cavers in Roxburghshire, developed a winnowing machine for corn, called a Fanner. These were successful and the family sold them throughout Scotland for many years. Some Scottish Presbyterian ministers saw the fanners as sins against God, for the wind was a thing special... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ethyl chloroformate is a highly toxic, flammable, corrosive substance. It causes severe burns when comes in contact with eyes and/or skin, can be harmful if swallowed or inhaled. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Digestion is a complex process controlled by several factors. pH plays a crucial role in a normally functioning digestive tract. In the mouth, pharynx and esophagus, pH is typically about 6.8, very weakly acidic. Saliva controls pH in this region of the digestive tract. Salivary amylase is contained in saliva and start... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Over the decades that pheromone pest programs have been used several disadvantages have been argued when compared to the use of conventional pesticides. Most pheromones target a single species, so a specific mating disruption formulation controls only the species that uses that pheromone blend; whereas pesticides usual... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Globally, seagrass has been declining rapidly. It is estimated that 21% of the 71 known seagrass species have decreasing population trends and 11% of those species have been designated as threatened on the ICUN Red List. Hypoxia that leads to eutrophication caused form ocean deoxygenation is one of the main underlying ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In medicine, a biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease state. It may be defined as a "cellular, biochemical or molecular alteration in cells, tissues or fluids that can be measured and evaluated to indicate normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Steroid 21-hydroxylase is localized in microsomes of endoplasmic reticulum membranes within adrenal cortex. It is one of three microsomal steroidogenic cytochrome P450 enzymes, the others being steroid 17-hydroxylase and aromatase.
Unlike other enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes that are expressed in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The thermic effect of food is increased by both aerobic training of sufficient duration and intensity or by anaerobic weight training. However, the increase is marginal, amounting to 7-8 calories per hour. The primary determinants of daily TEF are the total caloric content of the meals and the macronutrient composition... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Epi-lipoxins are trihydroxy (i.e. containing 3 hydroxyl residues) metabolites of arachidonic acid. They are 15R-epimers of their lipoxin counterparts; that is, the epi-lipoxins, 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LxA4) and 15-epi-lipoxin B4 (15-epi-LXB4), differ from their respective lipoxin A4 (LxA4) and lipoxin B4 (LxB4) ep... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a resorcinarene (also resorcarene or calix[4]resorcinarene) is a macrocycle, or a cyclic oligomer, based on the condensation of resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) and an aldehyde. Resorcinarenes are a type of calixarene. Other types of resorcinarenes include the related pyrogallolarenes and octahydroxypyri... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In host-guest chemistry, cucurbiturils are macrocyclic molecules made of glycoluril () monomers linked by methylene bridges (). The oxygen atoms are located along the edges of the band and are tilted inwards, forming a partly enclosed cavity (cavitand). The name is derived from the resemblance of this molecule with a p... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Phosphochloridites are precursors to phosphate esters:
:(RO)P(O)Cl + ROH → (RO)(RO)P(O) + HCl
Other nucleophiles have been employed, such as azide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In aquatic organisms the most common form of nitrogen waste is ammonia, whereas land-dwelling organisms convert the toxic ammonia to either urea or uric acid. Urea is found in the urine of mammals and amphibians, as well as some fish. Birds and saurian reptiles have a different form of nitrogen metabolism that requires... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Two or more equilibria can exist at the same time. When this is so, equilibrium constants can be ascribed to individual equilibria, but they are not always unique. For example, three equilibrium constants can be defined for a dibasic acid, HA.
:A + H HA;
:HA + H HA;
:A + 2 H HA;
The three constants are not indepe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The other types of algae are diatoms and dinoflagellates, found primarily in marine environments, such as ocean coastlines or bays, where they can also form algal blooms. Coastal HABs are a natural phenomenon, although in many instances, particularly when they form close to coastlines or in estuaries, it has been shown... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the field of condensed matter physics, microwave spectroscopy is used to detect dynamic phenomena of either charges or spins at GHz frequencies (corresponding to nanosecond time scales) and energy scales in the µeV regime. Matching to these energy scales, microwave spectroscopy on solids is often performed as a func... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While this polymerization technique did not typically gain fame and popularity until 2010, it was also reported by Aso and Tagami in 1969. In general, LAP involves the usage of a strong nucleophile to initiate polymerization in addition to the employment of an electrophile as a terminator to endcap the polymer chain. I... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
BBS has many uses because it is isotonic and has a strong bactericidal effect. It can be used to dilute substances and has applications in coating procedures. Additives such as Polysorbate 20 and milk powder can be used to add to BBS's functionality as a washing buffer or blocking buffer. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enzymatic browning is one of the most important reactions that takes place in most fruits and vegetables as well as in seafood. These processes affect the taste, color, and value of such foods. Generally, it is a chemical reaction involving polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catechol oxidase, and other enzymes that create melan... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Around 90% of the production is used to make the pigment titanium dioxide (). The conversion involves hydrolysis of , a process that forms hydrogen chloride:
In some cases, is oxidised directly with oxygen: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Flotation can be performed in rectangular or cylindrical mechanically agitated cells or tanks, flotation columns, Jameson Cells or deinking flotation machines. Classified by the method of air absorption manner, it is fair to state that two distinct groups of flotation equipment have arisen:pneumatic and mechanical mach... | 8 | Metallurgy |
It has been stated that Elias James Corey, also a Nobel Prize winner, feels he is responsible for the ideas that laid the foundation for this research, and that Woodward unfairly neglected to credit him in the discovery. In a 2004 memoir published in the Journal of Organic Chemistry, Corey makes his claim to priority o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermochemistry aside, the rate of metabolism and an amount of energy expenditures can be mistakenly interchanged, for example, when describing RMR and REE. | 1 | Biochemistry |
If a compound has more than one chiral stereocenter, each center is denoted by either R or S. For example, ephedrine exists in (1R,2S) and (1S,2R) stereoisomers, which are distinct mirror-image forms of each other, making them enantiomers. This compound also exists as the two enantiomers written (1R,2R) and (1S,2S), wh... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Ecophysiology Department, headed by Lotte Søgaard-Andersen, focuses on understanding how intracellular signalling networks are wired to allow bacteria to adapt and differentiate in response to changes in the environment or in response to self-generated signals. Specifically, the department has two aims. Firstly, th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The interconversion of model cyclobutene and butadiene derivatives under thermal (heating) and photochemical (Ultraviolet irradiation) conditions is illustrative.
The Woodward–Hoffmann rules apply to either direction of a pericyclic process. Due to the inherent ring strain of cyclobutene derivatives, the equilibrium b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Arginine fingers often work with other features in their assistance of catalysis. For example, in some trimeric dUTPases, such as those of M. tuberculosis, arginine fingers at the 64th and 140th residue can work with magnesium to cleave dUTP into dUMP and a pyrophosphate. The underlying mechanism of action for this is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is often useful to alter the copolymer equation by expressing concentrations in terms of mole fractions. Mole fractions of monomers and in the feed are defined as and where
Similarly, represents the mole fraction of each monomer in the copolymer:
These equations can be combined with the Mayo–Lewis equation to g... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Polysorbate 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate)
* Polysorbate 40 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monopalmitate)
* Polysorbate 60 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate)
* Polysorbate 80 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate)
The number following the polysorbate part is related to the type of maj... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) was first prepared by Lamberto Malatesta et al. in the 1950s by reduction of sodium chloropalladate with hydrazine in the presence of the phosphine. It is commercially available, but can be prepared in two steps from Pd(II) precursors:
:PdCl + 2 PPh → PdCl(PPh)
:PdCl(PPh) + 2 PP... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The area is rich in fossil fuels. Oil wells were being dug in the region as early as the 10th century to reach oil "for use in everyday life, both for medicinal purposes and for heating and lighting in homes". By the 16th century, Europeans were aware of the rich oil and gas deposits locally. English traders Thomas Ban... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A Coulomb collision is a binary elastic collision between two charged particles interacting through their own electric field. As with any inverse-square law, the resulting trajectories of the colliding particles is a hyperbolic Keplerian orbit. This type of collision is common in plasmas where the typical kinetic energ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tammann was born in Yamburg (now Kingisepp, Leningrad Oblast). His father, Heinrich Tammann (1833–1864) was of Estonian peasant origin and his mother, Matilda Schünmann, was of German origin. Tammann graduated from University of Dorpat in chemistry. He came to Göttingen University in 1903 where he established the first... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two main approaches to definition of the spectral flux density at a measuring point in an electromagnetic radiative field. One may be conveniently here labelled the vector approach, the other the scalar approach. The vector definition refers to the full spherical integral of the spectral radiance (also known ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Pauly reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tyrosine or histidine in proteins. It is named after German chemist Hermann Pauly, who first described the reaction. When proteins containing either tyrosine or histidine are reacted with diazotized sulfanilic acid under alkaline conditions, a red... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Such soils natively have little tilth, especially once they have been disturbed. Adding organic matter up to 25% by volume can help compensate. For example, if tilling to a depth of eight inches, add two inches of organic materials. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Vitamins occur in a variety of related forms known as vitamers. The vitamers of a given vitamin perform the functions of that vitamin and prevent symptoms of deficiency of that vitamin. Vitamins are those essential organic molecules that are not classified as amino acids or fatty acids. They commonly function as enzyma... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Joule heating can also be calculated at a particular location in space. The differential form of the Joule heating equation gives the power per unit volume.
Here, is the current density, and is the electric field. For a material with a conductivity , and therefore
where is the resistivity. This directly resembles ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg. Its main usage as an expansion of IVF is to overcome male infertility problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in conjunction with sperm donation. It can be... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Assuming that the concentration is at equilibrium and the flow velocity is zero, meaning that only the ion species moves, the Nernst–Planck equation takes the form:
Rather than a general electric field, if we assume that only the electrostatic component is significant, the equation is further simplified by removing th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Leimgruber–Batcho, Bartoli and Baeyer–Emmerling indole syntheses begin with aromatic nitro compounds. Indigo can be synthesized in a condensation reaction from ortho-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone in strongly basic conditions in a reaction known as the Baeyer–Drewson indigo synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Archaeal transcription factor B (ATFB or TFB) is a protein family of extrinsic transcription factors that guide the initiation of RNA transcription in organisms that fall under the domain of Archaea. It is homologous to eukaryotic TFIIB and, more distantly, to bacterial sigma factor. Like these proteins, it is involved... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An oligosaccharide (; ) is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten) of monosaccharides (simple sugars). Oligosaccharides can have many functions including cell recognition and cell adhesion.
They are normally present as glycans: oligosaccharide chains are linked to lipids or to compatible... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For Raman spectra the molecules undergo transitions in which an incident photon is absorbed and another scattered photon is emitted. The general selection rule for such a transition to be allowed is that the molecular polarizability must be anisotropic, which means that it is not the same in all directions. Polarizabil... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Extensive research has been carried out on the metallurgical material from Tell Hammeh. Both excavation and archaeometric analyses were carried out by Dr H.A. Veldhuijzen, first at Leiden University, then since 2001 at the UCL Institute of Archaeology, as a part of the joint excavations conducted by Yarmouk University ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There is no reported total synthesis of chloroeremomycin, although there are several total syntheses of vancomycin. The structures of vancomycin and chloroeremomycin are very similar, differing only in the glycosylation sites. Vancomycin is glycosylated at aa4 with a (2-beta1)-Glc-vancosamine disaccharide. As mentioned... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Seraj studied at the University of Dhaka, Bangladesh obtaining a B.Sc. in 1980. She completed her M.Sc. from the same university in 1982. She obtained her PhD in biochemistry from University of Glasgow in 1986 and went to University of Liverpool for post-doctoral work in the following year. After completing her post-do... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The active site of PLE facilitates both substrate binding and hydrolysis. A key serine residue in the active site promotes hydrolysis, but the substrate must present an ester group to this residue after binding to the enzyme active site for hydrolysis to take place. Whether the substrate is able to present an ester gro... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Past recipients of the Lilly Award:
*1935 – Willard Myron Allen
*1939 – George Wald
*1941 – David Rittenberg
*1942 – Earl A. Evans, Jr.
*1943 – Herbert E. Carter
*1944 – Joseph S. Fruton
*1946 – John D. Ferry
*1947 – Sidney Colowick
*1948 – Dilworth Wayne Woolley
*1951 – John M. Buchanan
*1953 – Nathan O. Kaplan
*1954 ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Magnussen model is a popular method for computing reaction rates as a function of both mean concentrations and turbulence levels (Magnussen and Hjertager). Originally developed for combustion, it can also be used for liquid reactions by tuning some of its parameters. The model consists of rates calculated by two primar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prokaryotes have a prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is more primitive than that of the eukaryotes. Besides homologues of actin and tubulin (MreB and FtsZ), the helically arranged building-block of the flagellum, flagellin, is one of the most significant cytoskeletal proteins of bacteria, as it provides structural backgrou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In terms of genomic coverage and accuracy, whole genome sequencing can broadly be classified into either of the following:
* A draft sequence, covering approximately 90% of the genome at approximately 99.9% accuracy
* A finished sequence, covering more than 95% of the genome at approximately 99.99% accuracy
Producing a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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