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Phosphoramidites derived from protected nucleosides are referred to as nucleoside phosphoramidites and are widely used in chemical synthesis of DNA, RNA, and other nucleic acids and their analogs. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The determination of enantiomeric purity and absolute configuration is frequently necessary in organic synthesis. Pirkles alcohol is applied to obtain this information by NMR spectroscopy. When Pirkles alcohol is in solution with an ensemble of chiral molecules, short-lived diastereomeric solvates may be formed from Pi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biochemistry:
Biochemistry – study of chemical processes in living organisms, including living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Multimedia fugacity model is a model in environmental chemistry that summarizes the processes controlling chemical behavior in environmental media by developing and applying of mathematical statements or "models" of chemical fate.
Most chemicals have the potential to migrate from the medium to medium. Multimedia fugaci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
N-methylhistamine (NMH), also known as 1-methylhistamine, is a product of N-methylation of histamine in a reaction catalyzed by the HNMT enzyme.
NMH is considered a biologically inactive metabolite of histamine. NMH is excreted in the urine and can be measured to estimate the amounts of active histamine in the body. Wh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Bacterial meningitis; an aminoglycoside can be added to increase efficacy against gram-negative meningitis bacteria
*Endocarditis by enterococcal strains (off-label use); often given with an aminoglycoside
*Gastrointestinal infections caused by contaminated water or food (for example, by Salmonella)
*Genito-urinary tr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Mid-FTIR spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and quantitatively determine the BN of hydrocarbon lubricating oils by spectroscopically measuring the carboxylate (COO-) functional group of the salt produced when trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) reacts with basic constituents present in an oil sample. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fatty acid synthesis is an anabolic process that starts from the conversion of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Malonyl CoA leads to fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and is involved in the elongation of fatty acids through Fatty acid synthase (FASN). Although aerobic glycolysis is the best documented meta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, the Bates–Guggenheim Convention refers to a conventional method based on the Debye–Hückel theory to determine pH standard values. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code (translation table 23) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of the labyrinthulid protist Thraustochytrium aureum. The mitochondrial genome was sequenced by the Organelle Genome Megasequencing Program. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An essential trace element is a dietary element, a mineral that is only needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of the organism. The essential trace elements are those that are required to perform vital metabolic activities in organisms. Essential trace elements in human nutrition... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Shilov system is a classic example of catalytic C-H bond activation and oxidation which preferentially activates stronger C-H bonds over weaker C-H bonds for an overall partial oxidation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bachrach has written a textbook about computational organic chemistry, the second edition of which was published by John Wiley and Sons in 2014. Bachrach maintains a blog to provide supplementary materials for the textbook. For example, following the publication of the structure of the dication of hexamethylbenzene, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nanoelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry that investigates the electrical and electrochemical properties of materials at the nanometer size regime. Nanoelectrochemistry plays significant role in the fabrication of various sensors, and devices for detecting molecules at very low concentrations. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
o-Cresolphthalein is a phthalein dye used as a pH indicator in titrations. It is insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol. Its solution is colourless below pH 8.2, and purple above 9.8. Its molecular formula is CHO. It is used medically to determine calcium levels in the human body, or to synthesize polyamides or poly... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In a scanning electron microscope the region near the surface can be mapped using an electron beam that is scanned in a grid across the sample. A diffraction pattern can be recorded using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), as illustrated in Figure 25, captured with a camera inside the microscope. A depth from a f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lipid droplets are composed of a neutral lipid core consisting mainly of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and cholesteryl esters surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. The surface of lipid droplets is decorated by a number of proteins which are involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism. The first and best-characterized fa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nitrogen–phosphorus detector (NPD) is also known as thermionic specific detector (TSD) is a detector commonly used with gas chromatography, in which thermal energy is used to ionize an analyte. It is a type of flame thermionic detector (FTD), the other being the alkali flame-ionization detector (AFID also known as ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Magnetic nanoparticle synthesis can sometimes lead to a wide range of differently sized particles. The size of particles can influence their usefulness. Specifically, nanoparticles that are less than 10 nm or greater than 200 nm in size tend to be cleared from the body more quickly. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Response elements are short sequences of DNA within a gene promoter or enhancer region that are able to bind specific transcription factors and regulate transcription of genes.
Under conditions of stress, a transcription activator protein binds to the response element and stimulates transcription. If the same response ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The sugar derivatives used for SHJ reactions should be purified, dried, and powdered before use. Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction of the aromatic ring of a benzoate ester at the 2-position of 1-acetoxy ribose in the presence of a Lewis acid has been observed, and represents a potential side reaction. Heterocycles... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Though characterization of 2-norbornyl cation crystals may have significantly precluded further debates about its electronic structure, it does not crystallize under any standard conditions. Recently, the crystal structure has been obtained and reported through a creative means: addition of aluminium tribromide to 2-no... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Fermi gas is an idealized model, an ensemble of many non-interacting fermions. Fermions are particles that obey Fermi–Dirac statistics, like electrons, protons, and neutrons, and, in general, particles with half-integer spin. These statistics determine the energy distribution of fermions in a Fermi gas in thermal equ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The earliest steps of a touchdown polymerase chain reaction cycle have high annealing temperatures. The annealing temperature is decreased in increments for every subsequent set of cycles. The primer will anneal at the highest temperature which is least-permissive of nonspecific binding that it is able to tolerate. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hallmark difference of elongation in eukaryotes in comparison to prokaryotes is its separation from transcription. While prokaryotes are able to undergo both cellular processes simultaneously, the spatial separation that is provided by the nuclear membrane prevents this coupling in eukaryotes. Eukaryotic elongation... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Payne rearrangement is the isomerization, under basic conditions, of 2,3-epoxy alcohols to isomeric 1,2-epoxy alcohols with inversion of configuration. Aza- and thia-Payne rearrangements of aziridines and thiiraniums, respectively, are also known. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Temperate climates have a high radiative cooling potential and higher average population densities when compared to desert climates, which may increase willingness to apply PDRCs in these zones. This is because these climatic zones tend to be "transitional" zones between dry and humid climates. High population areas in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To maximize the purity of product water, EDI feedwater needs pre-treatment, usually done via reverse osmosis. When fed with feedwater that is low in total dissolved solids (e.g., purified by RO), the product can reach very high purity levels. The contents of the feedwater must be kept within certain parameters to preve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
We can recognize which of these isometries we have according to whether it preserves hands or swaps them, and whether it has at least one fixed point or not, as shown in the following table (omitting the identity). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Robert John Ferrier FRSNZ, FNZIC, (7 August 1932 – 11 July 2013) was an organic chemist who discovered two chemical reactions, the Ferrier rearrangement and the Ferrier carbocyclization. Originally from Edinburgh, he moved to Wellington, New Zealand, in 1970. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Grantham's distance depends on three properties: composition, polarity and molecular volume.
Distance difference D for each pair of amino acid i and j is calculated as:
where c = composition, p = polarity, and v = molecular volume; and are constants of squares of the inverses of the mean distance for each property, r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electromigration is the transport of material caused by the gradual movement of the ions in a conductor due to the momentum transfer between conducting electrons and diffusing metal atoms. The effect is important in applications where high direct current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related stru... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hicks earned her bachelor's degree at Marshall University in 2001, and went on to earn her doctorate at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 2005. She was an Assistant Member and Principal Investigator at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center from 2006 to 2013, and an adjunct professor in the Department of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* Allinger, Cava, de Jongh, Johnson, Lebel, Stevens: Organische Chemie, 1. Auflage, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1980, , p. 749.
* Beyer / Walter: Lehrbuch der Organischen Chemie, 19. Auflage, S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1981, , pp. 98–99, 122.
* K. Peter C. Vollhardt, Neil E. Schore: Organische Chemie, 4. Auflage, Wiley-... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) are forms of electrophoresis which use either a temperature or chemical gradient to denature the sample as it moves across an acrylamide gel. TGGE and DGGE can be applied to nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA, and (less c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neurophysins are acidic proteins with a molecular weight of approximately 10,000 Da that are rich in cysteine, glycine, and proline residues . The protein is double domain with a polypeptide chain of 93-95 residues with 14 cysteine residues forming 7 disulfide bridges . Domain I contains a COOH terminal with a disulfid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Slip bands or stretcher-strain marks are localized bands of plastic deformation in metals experiencing stresses. Formation of slip bands indicates a concentrated unidirectional slip on certain planes causing a stress concentration. Typically, slip bands induce surface steps (e.g., roughness due persistent slip bands du... | 8 | Metallurgy |
One accepted scientific hypothesis is that the Earth was formed by accretion of material with a chondritic composition through impacts with differentiated planetesimals. During this accretionary phase, planetary differentiation separated the Earth's core, where heavy metallic siderophile elements accumulated, from the ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Phosphohydroxypyruvic acid is an organic acid most widely known as an intermediate in the synthesis of serine. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The plate height given as:
with the column length and the number of theoretical plates can be estimated from a chromatogram by analysis of the retention time for each component and its standard deviation as a measure for peak width, provided that the elution curve represents a Gaussian curve.
In this case the plate... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
MMC can be classified into physical MMC and chemical MMC. In the former method, the stationary phase is constructed of two or more types of packing materials. In the chemical method, just one type of packing material containing two or more functionalities is used. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thermal desorption fundamentally involves collecting volatile organic compounds onto a sorbent, and then heating this sorbent in a flow of gas to release the compounds and concentrate them into a smaller volume.
Early thermal desorbers used just single-stage operation, whereby the volatiles collected on a sorbent tube ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Other than the accumulation of toxins in human liver and organs, Bolesatine poisoning causes agglutination in human red blood cells and platelets at threshold concentrations. The following symptoms of hypertension and dizziness would be expected when affected. In severe cases, death may result. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation. Tar can be produced from coal, wood, petroleum, or peat.
Mineral products resembling tar can be produced from fossil hydrocarbons, such as petroleum. Coal tar ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Suess effect is a change in the ratio of the atmospheric concentrations of heavy isotopes of carbon (C and C) by the admixture of large amounts of fossil-fuel derived CO, which contains no CO and is depleted in CO relative to CO in the atmosphere and carbon in the upper ocean and the terrestrial biosphere . It was ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A crista (; : cristae) is a fold in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The name is from the Latin for crest or plume, and it gives the inner membrane its characteristic wrinkled shape, providing a large amount of surface area for chemical reactions to occur on. This aids aerobic cellular respiration, because the mi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One group of researchers applied the field of neuroproteomics to examine how different proteins affect the initial growth of neuritis. The experiment compared the protein activity of control neurons with the activity of neurons treated with nerve growth factor (NGF) and JNJ460, an “immunophilin ligand.” JNJ460 is an ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The amount of time required to destroy residual chloromethyl methyl ether using various standard aqueous quench solutions (ammonium chloride solution, water, and sodium carbonate solution) has been measured. In all cases, a solution of chloromethyl methyl ether in toluene/methyl acetate was destroyed (to within detect... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vital effects are relevant to study because of their influence on paleoclimatic interpretations. Scientists study the isotopic composition of marine organisms’ shells that have been preserved in marine sediment in order to reconstruct past environmental conditions. The earliest example of this work is using oxygen isot... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In chemistry, the electrochemical equivalent (Eq or Z) of a chemical element is the mass of that element (in grams) transported by a specific quantity of electricity, usually expressed in grams per coulomb of electric charge. The electrochemical equivalent of an element is measured with a voltameter. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are three main metals used as galvanic anodes: magnesium, aluminum and zinc. They are all available as blocks, rods, plates or extruded ribbon. Each material has advantages and disadvantages.
Magnesium has the most negative electropotential of the three (see galvanic series) and is more suitable for areas where t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Agricultural chemistry encompases the science and technology of producing not only edible crops, but feedstocks for fuels ("biofuels") and materials. Ethanol fuel obtained by fermentation of sugars. Biodiesel is derived from fats, both animal- and plant-derived. Methane can be recovered from manure and other ag wast... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The PDE3 family in mammals consists of two members, PDE3A and PDE3B. The PDE3 isoforms are structurally similar, containing an N-terminal domain important for the localization and a C-terminus end. The 44-amino acid insertion in the catalytic domain differs in the PDE3 isoforms, and the N-terminal portions of the isofo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. Benzene itself can be measured in breath, blood or urine, but such testing is usually limited to the first 24 hours post-exposure due to the relatively rapid removal of the chemical by exhalation or biotransformation. Most people in developed countries have measureable b... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The metallotranscriptome can be defined as the map of the entire transcriptome in the presence of biologically or environmentally relevant concentrations of an essential or toxic metal, respectively. The metallometabolome constitutes the complete pool of small metabolites in a cell at any given time. This gives rise to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bexxar, a radioligand therapy using the radioisotope I-131+Tositumomab (a murine monoclonal antibody) and binding/targeting the ligand CD20 on human B-cells. CD20 is a membrane spanning protein found on B-cell lymphocytes that is a tumor marker as it is in higher concentration in cancer patients - specifically leukemia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a second phase of mass fragmentation is added, for example using a second quadrupole in a quadrupole instrument, it is called tandem MS (MS/MS). MS/MS can sometimes be used to quantitate low levels of target compounds in the presence of a high sample matrix background.
The first quadrupole (Q1) is connected with a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are a variety of approaches to identifying large-scale genomic variations (such as indels, duplications, inversions, translocations) between genomes. Other categories of methods include using microarrays, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, cytogenetics and paired-end tags. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aldehydes participate in many reactions. From the industrial perspective, important reactions are:
* condensations, e.g., to prepare plasticizers and polyols, and
* reduction to produce alcohols, especially "oxo-alcohols". From the biological perspective, the key reactions involve addition of nucleophiles to the formyl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Since plasmas are very good electrical conductors, electric potentials play an important role. The average potential in the space between charged particles, independent of how it can be measured, is called the "plasma potential", or the "space potential". If an electrode is inserted into a plasma, its potential will ge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Escitalopram was developed in cooperation between Lundbeck and Forest Laboratories. Its development was initiated in 1997, and the resulting new drug application was submitted to the US FDA in March 2001. The short time (3.5 years) it took to develop escitalopram can be attributed to the previous experience of Lundbeck... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The earliest research showing that yeast takes up Mg appears to be done by Schmidt et al. (1949). However, these authors only showed altered yeast Mg content in a table within the paper, and the report's conclusions dealt entirely with the metabolism of phosphate. A series of experiments by Rothstein shifted the focus ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are two common measures of photosynthetically active radiation: photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) and yield photon flux (YPF). PPF values all photons from 400 to 700 nm equally, while YPF weights photons in the range from 360 to 760 nm based on a plant's photosynthetic response.
PAR as described with PPF does not ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* Alcan Lynemouth Aluminium Smelter, powered by the coal-fired Lynemouth Power Station in North East England, ceased production in 2012, demolished in 2018.
* Anglesey Aluminium, powered by Wylfa nuclear power station in north-west Wales, closed in 2013, with redevelopment of the site announced in 2022.
* The Valco alu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Commercial varieties of important agricultural crops (including soy, maize/corn, sorghum, canola, alfalfa and cotton) have been developed that incorporate a recombinant gene that results in resistance to the herbicide glyphosate (trade name Roundup), and simplifies weed control by glyphosate application. These crops ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Viel is a co-author of the book Biology: How Life Works. It is published by Macmillan Education and is the first project to develop three pillars: the text, the visual program, and the assessment at the same time. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The biological monitoring working party (BMWP) is a procedure for measuring water quality using families of macroinvertebrates as biological indicators.
The method is based on the principle that different aquatic invertebrates have different tolerances to pollutants. In the case of BMWP, this is based on the sensitivit... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, a thial or thioaldehyde is a functional group which is similar to an aldehyde, , in which a sulfur (S) atom replaces the oxygen (O) atom of the aldehyde (R represents an alkyl or aryl group). Thioaldehydes are even more reactive than thioketones. Unhindered thioaldehydes are generally too reactive... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Optical contact bonding is a glueless process whereby two closely conformal surfaces are joined, being held purely by intermolecular forces. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Afterhyperpolarization, or AHP, is the hyperpolarizing phase of a neurons action potential where the cells membrane potential falls below the normal resting potential. This is also commonly referred to as an action potential's undershoot phase. AHPs have been segregated into "fast", "medium", and "slow" components tha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
He was born in Nafplio, the first capital of Greece and his paternal family home. During World War II, he accompanied his parents to Egypt, South Africa, and finally the United States (U.S.), where his father held ministerial posts in the Greek Government in exile. The family stayed in the U.S. until 1944, when, follow... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The fundamental way to prevent fretting is to design for no relative motion of the surfaces at the contact. Surface roughness plays an important role as fretting normally occurs by the contact of the asperities of the mating surfaces. Lubricants are often employed to mitigate fretting because they reduce friction and i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The law was named after scientist Jacques Charles, who formulated the original law in his unpublished work from the 1780s.
In two of a series of four essays presented between 2 and 30 October 1801, John Dalton demonstrated by experiment that all the gases and vapours that he studied expanded by the same amount between ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
E. coli produces a second protein responsible for degradation of (p)ppGpp, SpoT. When the amino acid balance in the cell is restored, (p)ppGpp is hydrolyzed by SpoT and returned to a more energetically favorable state. This protein also has the capacity to synthesize (p)ppGpp, and seems to be the primary synthase under... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Achinewhu has analyzed more than fifty homegrown foodstuffs, which include seeds, nuts, tubers, spices, and herbs. These indigenous food items where examined and explored for their nutrient compositions and quality of protein content. Details of his findings are being used along with others in the compendium of Nigeria... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In sensory neurons, an external signal such as pressure, temperature, light, or sound is coupled with the opening and closing of ion channels, which in turn alter the ionic permeabilities of the membrane and its voltage. These voltage changes can again be excitatory (depolarizing) or inhibitory (hyperpolarizing) and, i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A typical dialysis procedure for protein samples is as follows:
# Prepare the membrane according to instructions
# Load the sample into dialysis tubing, cassette or device
# Place sample into an external chamber of dialysis buffer (with gentle stirring of the buffer)
# Dialyze for 2 hours (at room temperature or 4 °C)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Seebeck effect refers to the development of an electromotive force across two points of an electrically conducting material when there is a temperature difference between those two points.
Under open-circuit conditions where there is no internal current flow, the gradient of voltage () is directly proportional to t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Atomic spectroscopy was the first application of spectroscopy. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy involve visible and ultraviolet light. These absorptions and emissions, often referred to as atomic spectral lines, are due to electronic transitions of outer shell electrons as they rise and f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When mutations occur in the genes responsible for the biological mechanisms that herbicides interfere with, these mutations may cause the herbicide mode of action to work less effectively. This is called target-site resistance. Specific mutations that have the most helpful effect for the plant have been shown to occur ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Diisopinocampheylborane is an organoborane that is useful for asymmetric synthesis. This colourless solid is the precursor to a range of related reagents. The compound was reported in 1961 by Zweifel and Brown in a pioneering demonstration of asymmetric synthesis using boranes. The reagent is mainly used for the synthe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) is the optically measurable component of dissolved organic matter in water. Also known as chromophoric dissolved organic matter, yellow substance, and gelbstoff, CDOM occurs naturally in aquatic environments and is a complex mixture of many hundreds to thousands of individual, un... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many different fusion proteins have been created using EosFP and its engineered variants. These fusion proteins allow for the tracking of proteins within living cells while retaining complex biological functions like protein-protein interactions and protein-DNA interactions. Eos fusion constructs include those with r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As EPIC-seq studies epigenetic markers to infer gene expression, one can study epigenetic sequencing methods like ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq, MeDIP-seq, and Bisulfite-Free DNA Methylation sequencing in combination with methods for profiling RNA expression such as RNA-seq and scRNA-seq.
Considering the method is mainly develope... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The indexing results are used to generate a map of the crystallographic orientation at each point on the surface being studied. Thus, scanning the electron beam in a prescribed fashion (typically in a square or hexagonal grid, correcting for the image foreshortening due to the sample tilt) results in many rich microstr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In order of net imports in 2011, 2009 and 2006 in thousand bbl/d and thousand m/d:
Source: [http://www.eia.gov/countries/index.cfm?topL=imp US Energy Information Administration] | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Bottom-blown Oxygen Converter or BBOC is a smelting furnace developed by the staff at Britannia Refined Metals Limited (“BRM”), a British subsidiary of MIM Holdings Limited (which is now part of the Glencore group of companies). The furnace is currently marketed by Glencore Technology. It is a sealed, flat-bottomed... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The species used in Germany to measure saprobic water quality tend to group around s = 2, while other countries like Austria and the Czech Republic use a more diverse list of organisms. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Energy recovery can reduce energy consumption by 50% or more. Much of the input energy can be recovered from the concentrate flow, and the increasing efficiency of energy recovery devices greatly reduces energy requirements. Devices used, in order of invention, are:
* Turbine or Pelton wheel: a water turbine driven by ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Imidazol-2-ylidenes, triazol-5-ylidenes (and less so, diaminocarbenes) have been shown to coordinate to a plethora of elements, from alkali metals, main group elements, transition metals and even lanthanides and actinides. A periodic table of elements gives some idea of the complexes which have been prepared, and in ma... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Standard addition involves adding known amounts of analyte to an unknown sample, a process known as spiking. By increasing the number of spikes, the analyst can extrapolate for the analyte concentration in the unknown that has not been spiked. There are multiple approaches to the standard addition. The following sectio... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In quantum mechanics, a repulsive state is an electronic state of a molecule for which there is no minimum in the potential energy. This means that the state is unstable and unbound since the potential energy smoothly decreases with the interatomic distance and the atoms repel one another. In such a state there are no ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Historically, this approach was seen through the New England colonies. Virtually every old home is a clapboard structure fitted with shutters applied in this manner. They were likely hung on the casing to allow for the frost heaves and movement of the structures in the harsh New England winters. The shutters simply all... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Methanedithiol is an organosulfur compound with the formula HC(SH). It forms when formaldehyde is treated with hydrogen sulfide under pressure. The reaction competes with formation of trithiane. The compound forms a solid dibenzoate upon treatment with benzoic anhydride. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Work, i.e. "weight lifted through a height", was originally defined in 1824 by Sadi Carnot in his famous paper Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire, where he used the term motive power for work. Specifically, according to Carnot: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The use of cross-linked enzyme crystals (CLECs) as industrial biocatalysts was pioneered by Altus Biologics in the 1990s. CLECs proved to be significantly more stable to denaturation by heat, organic solvents and proteolysis than the corresponding soluble enzyme or lyophilized (freeze-dried) powder. CLECs are robust, h... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In chain-growth polymerization, the degree of polymerization depends not only on the kinetic chain length but also on the type of termination step and the possibility of chain transfer. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molybdenum blue is a term applied to:
*reduced heteropolymolybdate complexes, polyoxometalates containing Mo(V), Mo(VI), and a hetero atom such as phosphorus or silicon
*reduced isopolymolybdate complexes, polyoxometalates containing Mo(V), Mo(VI) formed when solutions of Mo(VI) are reduced
*a blue pigment containing m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
RPA is one of several isothermal nucleic acid amplification techniques to be developed as a molecular diagnostic technique, frequently with the objective of simplifying the laboratory instrumentation required relative to PCR. A partial list of other isothermal amplification techniques include LAMP, NASBA, helicase-dep... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Distal promoter elements are regulatory DNA sequences that can be many kilobases distant from the gene that they regulate.
They can either be enhancers (increasing expression) or silencers (decreasing expression). They act by binding activator or repressor proteins (transcription factors) and the intervening DNA bends ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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