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Bromothymol blue is synthesized by addition of elemental bromine to thymol blue in a solution in glacial acetic acid.
To prepare a solution for use as pH indicator, dissolve 0.10 g in 8.0 cm N/50 (a.k.a. 0.02 Normal) NaOH and dilute with water to 250 cm. To prepare a solution for use as indicator in volumetric work, di... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Most gilding methods are additive: they deposit gold that was not there before onto the surface of an object. By contrast, depletion gilding is a subtractive process whereby material is removed to increase the purity of gold that is already present on an object's surface.
In depletion gilding, other metals are etched a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In chemistry, a trigonal pyramid is a molecular geometry with one atom at the apex and three atoms at the corners of a trigonal base, resembling a tetrahedron (not to be confused with the tetrahedral geometry). When all three atoms at the corners are identical, the molecule belongs to point group C. Some molecules and ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Vapor phase osmometry (VPO), also known as vapor-pressure osmometry, is an experimental technique for the determination of a polymer's number average molecular weight, M. It works by taking advantage of the decrease in vapor pressure that occurs when solutes are added to pure solvent. This technique can be used for pol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hot-dip galvanizing deposits a thick, robust layer of zinc iron alloys on the surface of a steel item. In the case of automobile bodies, where additional decorative coatings of paint will be applied, a thinner form of galvanizing is applied by electrogalvanizing. The hot-dip process generally does not reduce strength t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Mammalian Promoter Database (MPromDb) is a curated database of gene promoters identified from ChIP-seq. The proximal promoter region (upstream of the core-promoter region) contains the cis-regulatory elements of most of the transcription factors (TFs).
Recently, a better approach to annotate active promoters has be... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An overlayer is a layer of adatoms adsorbed onto a surface, for instance onto the surface of a single crystal. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Scientists agree that the event that separated myoglobin from hemoglobin occurred after lampreys diverged from jawed vertebrates. This separation of myoglobin and hemoglobin allowed for the different functions of the two molecules to arise and develop: myoglobin has more to do with oxygen storage while hemoglobin is ta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chloroplast DNAs are circular, and are typically 120,000–170,000 base pairs long. They can have a contour length of around 30–60 micrometers, and have a mass of about 80–130 million daltons.
Most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large ring, though those of dinophyte algae are a n... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The replication initiator protein (Rep) plays a key role in initiation of replication in plasmids. In its monomer form, Rep binds an iteron and promotes replication. The protein itself is known to contain two independent N-terminal and C-terminal globular domains that subsequently bind to two domains of the iteron. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a gene that researchers attach to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest in bacteria, cell culture, animals or plants. Such genes are called reporters because the characteristics they confer on organisms expressing them are easily identified an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1970s, the Chesapeake Bay was found to contain one of the planets first identified marine dead zones, where waters were so depleted of oxygen that they were unable to support life, resulting in massive fish kills. In 2010 the bays dead zones were estimated to kill 75,000 tons of bottom-dwelling clams and worms e... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Supercritical water can be used to decompose biomass via Supercritical Water Gasification of biomass. This type of biomass gasification can be used to produce hydrocarbon fuels for use in an efficient combustion device or to produce hydrogen for use in a fuel cell. In the latter case, hydrogen yield can be much higher ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is the similar to the bacterial code (translation table 11) but it contains an additional stop codon (TTA) and also has a different set of start codons. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfonyl chlorides react with water to give the corresponding sulfonic acid:
These compounds react readily with many other nucleophiles as well, most notably alcohols and amines (see Hinsberg reaction). If the nucleophile is an alcohol, the product is a sulfonate ester; if it is an amine, the product is a sulfonamide. ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lethal synthesis, or suicide metabolism, is the biosynthesis of a toxin from a precursor which is not itself toxic, such as the synthesis of fluorocitrate from fluoroacetate or the synthesis of methylglyoxal from glycerol.
The term was first publicised by Rudolph Peters in his Croonian Lecture of 1951. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In China, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture have jointly established mechanisms and working procedures relating to maximum residue limit standards, while updating them continuously, according to the food safety law and regulations issued by the State Council. From GB25193-2010 to GB28260-2011, fr... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The semiconductor material gallium arsenide (GaAs) is also used for single-crystalline thin film solar cells. Although GaAs cells are very expensive, they hold the world's record in efficiency for a single-junction solar cell at 28.8%. Typically fabricated on crystalline silicon wafer with a 41% fill factor, by moving ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Merrill–Crowe Process is a separation technique for removing gold from the solution obtained by the cyanide leaching of gold ores. It is an improvement of the MacArthur-Forrest process, where an additional vacuum is managed to remove air in the solution (invention of Crowe), and zinc dust is used instead of zinc sh... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The hexapede (Yerik in Navi) are hexapodal deer-like creatures. They are dark blue herbivores with white and yellow stripes. Twin horn structures sheathe a thin, patterned membrane structure. Their small, sloped skull is topped by this light-colored fan structure. This fan has an eye pattern on it similar to those foun... | 1 | Biochemistry |
4-Nitrophenol (also called p-nitrophenol or 4-hydroxynitrobenzene) is a phenolic compound that has a nitro group at the opposite position of the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An enhancer near the gene GADD45g has been described that may regulate brain growth in chimpanzees and other mammals, but not in humans. The GADD45G regulator in mice and chimps is active in regions of the brain where cells that form the cortex, ventral forebrain, and thalamus are located and may suppress further neuro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Ligand-gated ion channels such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and GABA receptor are composed of five subunits arranged around a central pore that opens to allow ions to pass through. There are many different subunits available that can come together in a wide variety of combinations to form different subtype... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyanate is an ambidentate ligand which can donate the pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom or the oxygen atom, or both. Structurally the isomers can be distinguished by the geometry of the complex. In N-bonded cyanate complexes the M−NCO unit sometimes has a linear structure, but with O-bonded cyanate the M−O−C unit ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Paschen–Back effect is the splitting of atomic energy levels in the presence of a strong magnetic field. This occurs when an external magnetic field is sufficiently strong to disrupt the coupling between orbital () and spin () angular momenta. This effect is the strong-field limit of the Zeeman effect. When , the t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Philippe Gengembre (1764–1838), a student of Lavoisier, first obtained phosphine in 1783 by heating white phosphorus in an aqueous solution of potash (potassium carbonate).
Perhaps because of its strong association with elemental phosphorus, phosphine was once regarded as a gaseous form of the element, but Lavoisier (1... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Partially hydrolysed potato starch makes for another non-toxic medium for protein electrophoresis. The gels are slightly more opaque than acrylamide or agarose. Non-denatured proteins can be separated according to charge and size. They are visualised using Napthal Black or Amido Black staining. Typical starch gel conce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Single-crystal superalloys (SX or SC superalloys) are formed as a single crystal using a modified version of the directional solidification technique, leaving no grain boundaries. The mechanical properties of most other alloys depend on the presence of grain boundaries, but at high temperatures, they participate in cre... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There is a fairly large variation in the types of inorganic substrates that these microorganisms can use to produce energy. Sulfur is one of many inorganic substrates that can be used in different reduced forms depending on the specific biochemical process that a lithotroph uses. The chemolithotrophs that are best docu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the determination of hypochlorite (for example in commercial bleach formulations), a direct titration with thiosulfate can be employed without recourse to an iodometric finish.
: ClO + HO + 2e ↔ Cl + 2OH
: O ↔ SO + 2e </u>
: 2SO +ClO +HO ↔ SO +Cl +2OH
Thermometric iodometric titrations employing thiosul... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Society for Cryobiology is an international scientific society that was founded in 1964. Its objectives are to promote research in low temperature biology, to improve scientific understanding in this field, and to disseminate and aid in the application of this knowledge. The Society also publishes a journal called ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Between 1920 and 1930 fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics were developed by Pauli, Heisenberg, Schrödinger, and Dirac. Understanding of the spin and exclusion principle allowed conceiving how electron shells of atoms are filled with the increasing atomic number. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Unlike a du Noüy ring, no correction factors are required when calculating surface tensions. Due to its small size the rod can be used in high throughput instruments that use a 96-well plate to determine the surface tension. The small diameter of the rod allows its use in a small volume of liquid with 50 l samples be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Drospirenone is an antagonist of the AR, the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It has about 1 to 65% of the affinity of the synthetic anabolic steroid metribolone for the AR. The medication is more potent as an antiandrogen than spironolactone, but is less potent than cypro... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The nonlinear nature of ferroelectric materials can be used to make capacitors with adjustable capacitance. Typically, a ferroelectric capacitor simply consists of a pair of electrodes sandwiching a layer of ferroelectric material. The permittivity of ferroelectrics is not only adjustable but commonly also very high, e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1984, a retrovirus vector system was designed that could efficiently insert foreign genes into mammalian chromosomes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In ene-yne activation, the least common of the five modes, a single metal species coordinates with the enol alkene and the tethered alkyne, simultaneously activating both moieties for reaction. Nickel, cobalt, and rhenium complexes have all been employed in this manner. A representative example was reported by Malacria... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitrification is the process by which ammonia () is converted to nitrate (). Nitrification is actually the net result of two distinct processes: oxidation of ammonia to nitrite () by nitrosifying bacteria (e.g. Nitrosomonas) and oxidation of nitrite to nitrate by the nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (e.g. Nitrobacter). Bot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These are liquid solutions of one or more organic scintillators in an organic solvent. The typical solutes are fluors such as p-terphenyl (), PBD (), butyl PBD (), PPO (), and wavelength shifter such as POPOP (). The most widely used solvents are toluene, xylene, benzene, phenylcyclohexane, triethylbenzene, and decalin... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Pheromone traps are very sensitive, meaning they attract insects present at very low densities. They are often used to detect presence of exotic pests, or for sampling, monitoring, or to determine the first appearance of a pest in an area. They can be used for legal control, and are used to monitor the success of the B... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are two types. One uses semiconductor, or less efficient metal, i.e. thermocouples, working on the principles of the Peltier-Seebeck effect. The other relies on vacuum tubes and the principles of thermionic emission. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Partition equilibrium is a special case of chemical equilibrium wherein one or more solutes are in equilibrium between two immiscible solvents. The most common chemical equilibrium systems involve reactants and products in the same phase - either all gases or all solutions. However, it is also possible to get equilibri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A large-scale application of carbenes is the industrial production of tetrafluoroethylene, the precursor to Teflon. Tetrafluoroethylene is generated via the intermediacy of difluorocarbene:
: CHClF → CF + HCl
:2 CF → FC=CF
The insertion of carbenes into C–H bonds has been exploited widely, e.g. the functionali... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because of the risk of small-bowel lesions, the US FDA requires some potassium salts (for example potassium chloride) containing more than 99 mg (about 1.3 mEq) to be labeled with a warning. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stainless steel is one of the most commonly used metals in many industries. Solid solution strengthening of steel is one of the mechanisms used to enhance the properties of the alloy. Austenitic steels mainly contain chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and manganese. It is being used mostly for cookware, kitchen equipment, a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The following derivation is adapted from Foundations of Chemical Kinetics.
This derivation assumes the reaction . Consider a sphere of radius , centered at a spherical molecule A, with reactant B flowing in and out of it. A reaction is considered to occur if molecules A and B touch, that is, when the distance between t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There may be leftover embryos or eggs from IVF procedures if the person for whom they were originally created has successfully carried one or more pregnancies to term, and no longer wishes to use them. With the patient's permission, these may be donated to help others conceive by means of third party reproduction.
In e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most of the calculations above are exact at zero temperature, yet remain as good approximations for temperatures lower than the Fermi temperature. For other thermodynamics variables it is necessary to write a thermodynamic potential. For an ensemble of identical fermions, the best way to derive a potential is from the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When stored in air, it forms a yellow potassium superoxide coating and may ignite. This superoxide reacts explosively with water and organics. NaK is not dense enough to sink in most hydrocarbons, but will sink in lighter mineral oil. It is unsafe to store in this manner if the superoxide has formed. A large explosion ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ion interaction chromatography (ion-pair chromatography) is a laboratory technique for separating ions with chromatography. In this technique ions are mixed with ion pairing reagents (IPR). The analyte combines with its reciprocal ion in the IPR, this corresponds to retention time. Often organic salts are selected to p... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This section lists only historical data. For recent data, see Abundance of elements in Earth's crust.
Technical definition of "clarke", "Earth's crust" and "lithosphere" differ among authors, and the actual numbers vary accordingly, sometimes by several times. Even the same author presents multiple versions, with vario... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Activity coefficients may be determined experimentally by making measurements on non-ideal mixtures. Use may be made of Raoults law or Henrys law to provide a value for an ideal mixture against which the experimental value may be compared to obtain the activity coefficient. Other colligative properties, such as osmotic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Site-specific recombination makes use of phage integrases instead of restriction enzymes, eliminating the need for having restriction sites in the DNA fragments. Instead, integrases make use of unique attachment (att) sites, and catalyse DNA rearrangement between the target fragment and the destination vector. The Invi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The relationship between cellular proliferation and mitochondria has been investigated. Tumor cells require ample ATP to synthesize bioactive compounds such as lipids, proteins, and nucleotides for rapid proliferation. The majority of ATP in tumor cells is generated via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway (OxPhos). I... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It accumulates in pipecolic acidemia. Elevation of pipecolic acid can be associated with some forms of epilepsy, such as pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The core principle behind microarrays is hybridization between two DNA strands, the property of complementary nucleic acid sequences to specifically pair with each other by forming hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs. A high number of complementary base pairs in a nucleotide sequence means tighte... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Numerous methods exist to synthesize phenylboronic acid. One of the most common synthesis uses phenylmagnesium bromide and trimethyl borate to form the ester PhB(OMe), which is then hydrolyzed to the product.
:PhMgBr + B(OMe) → PhB(OMe) + MeOMgBr
:PhB(OMe) + HO → PhB(OH) + MeOH
Other routes to phenylboronic acid involv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It has been hypothesized that blockage of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway can lead to increased antitumor activity in TNBC. Preclinical data have shown that the combination of compounds targeting different cognate molecules in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway leads to synergistic activity. On the basis of these findings, new compou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Corepressors are known to regulate transcription through different activation and inactivation states.
NCoR and SMRT act as a corepressor complex to regulate transcription by becoming activated once the ligand is bound. Knockouts of NCoR resulted in embryo death, indicating its importance in erythrocytic, thymic, and n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
William Frohring was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of William Erhardt Frohring, a railroad engineer, and Martha Louise Bliss. He graduated from East Technical High School in Cleveland. After graduation, he worked as a motorcycle mechanic at the Luna Park, Cleveland Motordrome. In 1911, he received a two-year schola... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alpha hydroxy acids can be converted into amino acids directly using aqueous ammonia solution, hydrogen gas and a heterogeneous metallic ruthenium catalyst. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleotide order of a given DNA fragment. So far, most DNA sequencing has been performed using the chain termination method developed by Frederick Sanger. This technique uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gadolinium-based pharmaceuticals alter the relaxation time, and hence spectral line shape, of those protons that are in water molecules that are transiently attached to the paramagnetic atoms, resulting contrast enhancement of the MRI image. This allows better visualisation of some brain tumours. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A knowledge of environmental soil chemistry is paramount to predicting the fate of contaminants, as well as the processes by which they are initially released into the soil. Once a chemical is exposed to the soil environment, myriad chemical reactions can occur that may increase or decrease contaminant toxicity. These ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The sources of the energy required for the formation of magma oceans in the early Solar System were the radioactive decay of aluminium-26, accretionary impacts, and core formation. The abundance and short half life of aluminium-26 allowed it to function as one of the sources of heat for the melting of planetesimals. Wi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In organic chemistry, phosphonites are organophosphorus compounds with the formula P(OR)R. They are found in some pesticides and are used as ligands. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A histone fold is a structurally conserved motif found near the C-terminus in every core histone sequence in a histone octamer responsible for the binding of histones into heterodimers.
The histone fold averages about 70 amino acids and consists of three alpha helices connected by two short, unstructured loops. When no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dialkyl peroxides, e.g., dicumyl peroxide, are synthesized by addition of hydrogen peroxide to alkenes or by O-alkylation of hydroperoxides.
Diacyl peroxides are typically prepared by treating hydrogen peroxide with acid chlorides or acid anhydrides in the presence of base:
The reaction competes with hydrolysis of the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thermal spraying involves heating a feedstock of precursor material and spraying it on a surface. Specific techniques depend on desired particle size, coat thickness, spray speed, desired area, etc. Thermal spraying relies on adhesion to the surface. As a result, the surface of the superalloy must be cleaned and prepar... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diazonium salts can be converted to thiols in a two-step procedure. Treatment of benzenediazonium chloride with potassium ethylxanthate followed by hydrolysis of the intermediate xanthate ester gives thiophenol: | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The isomerization of unsubstituted azulene to naphthalene was the first reported thermal transformation of an aromatic hydrocarbon, and has consequently been the most widely studied rearrangement. However, the following mechanisms are generalized to all thermal isomerizations of aromatic hydrocarbons. Many mechanisms h... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The exact compounds an organism is exposed to will be largely unpredictable, and may differ widely over time; these are major characteristics of xenobiotic toxic stress. The major challenge faced by xenobiotic detoxification systems is that they must be able to remove the almost-limitless number of xenobiotic compounds... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Auto Ejection Melt Spinning (AEMS) describes a type of melt spinning where ejection of the melt occurs as soon as it has liquefied, eliminating the need for a technician to manually control the flow rate, temperature, and/or release timing of the melt stream.
This modification allows for a much higher ribbon consisten... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The term host cell reactivation or HCR was first used to describe the survival of UV-irradiated bacteriophages, that were transfected to UV-pretreated cells. This phenomenon was first thought to be the result of homologous recombination between both bacteria and phage, but later recognized as enzymatic repair. Modific... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An improper rotation involves two operation steps: a proper rotation followed by reflection through a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis. The improper rotation is represented by the symbol where is the order. Since the improper rotation is the combination of a proper rotation and a reflection, will always exis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Deuterium is used in heavy water moderated fission reactors, usually as liquid HO, to slow neutrons without the high neutron absorption of ordinary hydrogen. This is a common commercial use for larger amounts of deuterium.
In research reactors, liquid H is used in cold sources to moderate neutrons to very low energies ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Photosynthesis is the only process that allows the conversion of atmospheric carbon (CO2) to organic (solid) carbon, and this process plays an essential role in climate models. This lead researchers to study the sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (i.e., chlorophyll fluorescence that uses the Sun as illumination sourc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Chain reaction in chemistry and physics is a process that produces products capable of initiating subsequent processes of a similar nature. It is a self-sustaining sequence in which the resulting products continue to propagate further reactions. Examples of chain reactions in living organisms are lipid peroxidation in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
At non-relativistic energies, single particles generally produce effects too small to enable their direct detection. The microchannel plate functions as a particle amplifier, turning a single impinging particle into a cloud of electrons. By applying a strong electric field across the MCP, each individual microchannel b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The parent metallacyclobutane has the formula LM(CH) where L is a ligand attached to M. A stable example is (PPh)Pt(CH). The first example was prepared by oxidative addition of cyclopropane to platinum.
Metallacyclobutane intermediates are involved in the alkene metathesis and in the oligomerization and dimerization of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Between 1975 and 1980 Brian Evans Conway conducted extensive fundamental and development work on ruthenium oxide electrochemical capacitors. In 1991 he described the difference between Supercapacitor and Battery behavior in electrochemical energy storage. In 1999 he coined the term supercapacitor to explain the increas... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For many years, the strong oxidizing agent potassium permanganate (KMnO) was used for measuring chemical oxygen demand. Measurements were called oxygen consumed from permanganate, rather than the oxygen demand of organic substances. Potassium permanganate's effectiveness at oxidizing organic compounds varied widely, an... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* The mineral components of the soil are derived from the parental rocks or regolith. The minerals present about 90% of the total weight of the soil. Some important elements, which are found in compound state, are oxygen, iron, silicon, aluminium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbon, hydrogen, e... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A range of bacteria can grow on sulfoquinovose or its glycosides as sole carbon source. E. coli can grow on sulfoquinovose, methyl α-sulfoquinovoside and α-sulfoquinovosyl glycerol. Growth on sulfoquinovosyl glycerol is both faster and leads to higher cell density than for growth on sulfoquinovose. Pseudomonas aerugino... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Soluble fluorides are moderately toxic. For sodium fluoride, the lethal dose for adults is 5–10 g, which is equivalent to 32–64 mg of elemental fluoride per kilogram of body weight. The dose that may lead to adverse health effects is about one fifth of the lethal dose. Chronic excess fluoride consumption can lead to sk... | 1 | Biochemistry |
P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen associated with cystic fibrosis. In P. aeruginosa infections, quorum sensing is critical for biofilm formation and pathogenicity. P. aeruginosa contains two pairs of LuxI/LuxR homologs, LasI/LasR and RhlI, RhlR. LasI and RhlI are synthase enzymes that catalyze the s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A lone pair of electrons resides on the sulfur atom, giving it tetrahedral electron-pair geometry and trigonal pyramidal shape (steric number 4 with one lone pair; see VSEPR theory). When the two organic residues are dissimilar, the sulfur atom is a chiral center, for example, in methyl phenyl sulfoxide. The energy ba... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Unlike NAPPA, PISA completely bypasses DNA immobilization as the DNA template is added as a free molecule in the reaction mixture. In 2006, another group refined and miniaturized this method by using multiple spotting technique to spot the DNA template and cell-free transcription and translation mixture on a high-densi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The outron is an intron-like sequence possessing similar characteristics such as the G+C content and a splice acceptor site that is the signal for trans-splicing. Such a trans-splice site is essentially defined as an acceptor (3) splice site without an upstream donor (5) splice site.
In eukaryotes such as euglenozoans... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The absorbance of a material, denoted , is given by
where
* is the radiant flux by that material,
* is the radiant flux by that material, and
* is the transmittance of that material.
Absorbance is a dimensionless quantity. Nevertheless, the absorbance unit or AU is commonly used in ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many methods for encoding data in DNA are possible. The optimal methods are those that make economical use of DNA and protect against errors. If the message DNA is intended to be stored for a long period of time, for example, 1,000 years, it is also helpful if the sequence is obviously artificial and the reading frame ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Corrosion engineering involves good design. Using a rounded edge rather than an acute edge reduces corrosion. Also not coupling by welding or other joining method, two dissimilar metals to avoid galvanic corrosion is best practice. Avoiding having a small anode (or anodic material) next to a large cathode (or cathodic ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The microscopic "reversing of time" turns at the kinetic level into the "reversing of arrows": the elementary processes transform into their reverse processes. For example, the reaction
: transforms into
and conversely. (Here, are symbols of components or states, are coefficients). The equilibrium ensemble should be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Secchi depth is the depth at which a disk is no longer visible to the human eye. This measurement was created in 1865 and represents one of the oldest oceanographic methods. To measure Secchi depth, a white or black-and-white disk is mounted on a pole or line and lowered slowly down in the water. The depth at which th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cannabinoid receptors are G-protein coupled receptors located on the pre-synaptic membrane. While there have been some papers that have linked concurrent stimulation of dopamine and CB receptors to an acute rise in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production, it is generally accepted that CB activation via cannabi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Beno, M. A.; Soderholm, L.; Capone, D. W., II; Hinks, D. G.; Jorgensen, J. D.; Grace, J. D.; Schuller, I. K.; Segre, C. U.; Zhang, K., Structure of the single-phase high-temperature superconductor yttrium barium copper oxide (YBaCuO). Appl. Phys. Lett. 1987, 51 (1), 57–9.
* Soderholm, L.; Zhang, K.; Hinks, D. G... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Continuous assays are most convenient, with one assay giving the rate of reaction with no further work necessary. There are many different types of continuous assays. | 1 | Biochemistry |
At the time of discovery, it was the only homoleptic trimetallic non-carbonyl cluster featuring hydrocarbon ligands. An isolobal analogy can be made with the related Fe(CO) (μ-CO) cluster first prepared by Jones and Dewar.
Alternatively, the compound could be compared to ferrocene. In this interpretation, each iron fra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An acid test is a qualitative chemical or metallurgical assay utilizing acid. Historically, it often involved the use of a robust acid to distinguish gold from base metals. Figuratively, the term represents any definitive test for attributes, such as gauging a persons character or evaluating a products performance. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Microarrays can be fabricated using a variety of technologies, including printing with fine-pointed pins onto glass slides, photolithography using pre-made masks, photolithography using dynamic micromirror devices, ink-jet printing, or electrochemistry on microelectrode arrays.
In spotted microarrays, the probes are ol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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