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In nickel-based superalloys, regions of NiAl (called γ' phase) precipitate out of the nickel-rich matrix (called γ phase) to give high strength and creep resistance. Many alloy formulations are available and they usually include other elements, such as chromium, molybdenum, and iron, in order to improve various propert... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The safety of ketosis from low-carbohydrate diets is often called into question by clinicians, researchers and the media. A common safety concern stems from the misunderstanding of the difference between physiological ketosis and pathologic ketoacidosis. There is also continued debate whether chronic ketosis is a healt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most alkenes are prochiral, meaning in this context that their hydrocyanation generates chiral nitriles. Conventional hydrocyanation catalysts, e.g. , catalyse the formation of racemic mixtures. When however the supporting ligands are chiral, the hydrocyanation can be highly enantioselective. For asymmetric hydrocya... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In a two-dimensional isotropic material the grain boundary tension would be the same for the grains. This would give angle of 120° at GB junction where three grains meet. This would give the structure a hexagonal pattern which is the metastable state (or mechanical equilibrium) of the 2D specimen. A consequence of this... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In Canada, hash oil – defined as a chemically concentrated extract having up to 90% THC potency – was approved for commerce in October 2018.
In the United States, regulations specifically for hash oil have not been issued as of 2019, but hemp seed oil – along with hulled hemp seeds and hemp seed protein – were approved... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mechanical lysis involves the use of physical force, such as grinding or sonication, to break down bacterial cells and release the plasmid DNA. There are several different mechanical lysis methods that can be used, including French press, bead-beating, and ultrasonication. | 1 | Biochemistry |
EDC couples primary amines, and other nucleophiles, to carboxylic acids by creating an activated ester leaving group. First, the carbonyl of the acid attacks the carbodiimide of EDC, and there is a subsequent proton transfer. The primary amine then attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid which forms a tetrahedral inter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
;Novartis-Drew Award
*2003: Elaine Fuchs; Philip A. Sharp; David Botstein
*2002: Frank McCormick; Brian J. Druker; Harold Varmus
*2001: Sidney Brenner; Eric Lander; Craig Venter
*2000: Susan L. Lindquist
*1999: Elizabeth Helen Blackburn; Joan Steitz
*1998: Tom Maniatis; Alexander Varshavsky
*1997: Edward Alan Berger
;C... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In homogeneous catalysis, C-symmetric ligands refer to ligands that lack mirror symmetry but have C symmetry (two-fold rotational symmetry). Such ligands are usually bidentate and are valuable in catalysis. The C symmetry of ligands limits the number of possible reaction pathways and thereby increases enantioselectivit... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Especially in proteins, electron transfer often involves hopping of an electron from one redox-active center to another. The hopping pathway, which is viewed as a vector, guides and facilitates ET within an insulating matrix. Typical redox centers are iron-sulfur clusters, e.g. the 4Fe-4S ferredoxins. These site are of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Still another type of photochemical reaction is the di--methane rearrangement. Two further early examples were the rearrangement of 1,1,5,5-tetraphenyl-3,3-dimethyl-1,4-pentadiene (the "Mariano" molecule) and the rearrangement of barrelene to semibullvalene. We note that, in contrast to the cyclohexadienone reactions w... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ted Ellis (born 1963) is an American artist and former environmental chemist. Ellis is best known for his African-American themed art and styles which blend elements of folk art, naturalism and impressionism. His personal rendition of Barack Obama in acrylic, Obama, the 44th President, was presented in honor of the 200... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Plastocyanin (CuPc) is reduced (an electron is added) by cytochrome f according to the following reaction:
:CuPc + e → CuPc
After dissociation, CuPc diffuses through the lumen space until recognition/binding occurs with P700, at which point P700 oxidizes CuPc according to the following reaction:
:CuPc → CuPc + e
The re... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In contrast to most fresh-water sources, iron levels in surface sea-water are extremely low (1 nM to 1 μM in the upper 200 m) and much lower than those of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. Virtually all this iron is in the iron(III) state and complexed to organic ligands. These low levels of iron limit the primary production o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the ovary, the FSH receptor is necessary for follicular development and expressed on the granulosa cells.
In the male, the FSH receptor has been identified on the Sertoli cells that are critical for spermatogenesis.
The FSHR is expressed during the luteal phase in the secretory endometrium of the uterus.
FSH recepto... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Butter yellow was synthesized by Peter Griess in the 1860s at the Royal College of Chemistry in London. The dye was used to dye butter in Germany and other parts of the world during the latter half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th before being phased out in the 1930s and 40s. It was in the 1930s that r... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
# Magnetic materials e.g. alnico, sendust, Permendur, FeCo, Terfenol-D
# Superconductors e.g. A15 phases, niobium-tin
# Hydrogen storage e.g. AB compounds (nickel metal hydride batteries)
# Shape memory alloys e.g. Cu-Al-Ni (alloys of CuAl and nickel), Nitinol (NiTi)
# Coating materials e.g. NiAl
# High-temperature str... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Jelly-falls are marine carbon cycling events whereby gelatinous zooplankton, primarily cnidarians, sink to the seafloor and enhance carbon and nitrogen fluxes via rapidly sinking particulate organic matter. These events provide nutrition to benthic megafauna and bacteria. Jelly-falls have been implicated as a major “ge... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Many additional tests have since been run to apply and compare Hoffman's principles to reality. Among the experiments done, some of the more notable secondary nucleation tests are briefly explained in the table below. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme RuBisCO to fix CO into five-carbon Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) molecules. The result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid, or 3-PGA.
The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions is used to con... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Once correctly positioned in the membrane via binding of PIP3, Akt can then be phosphorylated by its activating kinases, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and PDK2. Serine473, the hydrophobic motif, is phosphorylated in an mTORC2-dependent manner, leading some investigators to hypothesize that mTORC2 is the lo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The term ‘secondary building unit’ has been used for some time to describe conceptual fragments which can be compared as bricks used to build a house of zeolites; in the context of this page it refers to the geometry of the units defined by the points of extension. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Lynette Cegelski is an American physical chemist and chemical biologist who studies extracellular structures such as biofilms and membrane proteins. She is an associate professor of chemistry and, by courtesy, of chemical engineering at Stanford University. She is a Stanford Bio-X and Stanford ChEM-H affiliated faculty... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Zeba Islam Seraj is a Bangladeshi scientist known for her research in developing salt-tolerant rice varieties suitable for growth in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. She is currently a professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Armstrong's acid (naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid) is a fluorescent organic compound with the formula CH(SOH). It is one of several isomers of naphthalenedisulfonic acid. It a colorless solid, typically obtained as the tetrahydrate. Like other sulfonic acids, it is a strong acid. It is named for British chemist Henry... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
René Roy uses carbohydrate chemistry to develop neoglycoconjugates and polymers to treat disease related to glycoproteins such as bacterial infections and cancers. His synthesis of new glycan structures, among which glycopolymers, glycodendrimers, and glycodendrimersomes (terms that he first developed) enabled progress... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Eukaryotic translation is the biological process by which messenger RNA is translated into proteins in eukaryotes. It consists of four phases: initiation, elongation, termination, and recapping. | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are four main types of making to localize the artificial metal cofactor to make an ArM, including covalent, supramolecular, metal substitution and dative. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Amorphous carbonia, also called a-carbonia or a-CO, is an exotic amorphous solid form of carbon dioxide that is analogous to amorphous silica glass. It was first made in the laboratory in 2006 by subjecting dry ice to high pressures (40-48 gigapascal, or 400,000 to 480,000 atmospheres), in a diamond anvil cell. Amorpho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Coacervates are a type of lyophilic colloid; that is, the dense phase retains some of the original solvent – generally water – and does not collapse into solid aggregates, rather keeping a liquid property. Coacervates can be characterized as complex or simple based on the driving force for the LLPS: associative or segr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfides are important in biology, notably in the amino acid methionine and the cofactor biotin. Petroleum contains many organosulfur compounds, including sulfides. Polyphenylene sulfide is a useful high temperature plastic. Coenzyme M, , is the precursor to methane (i.e. natural gas) via the process of methanogenesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In oceanography, temperature-salinity diagrams, sometimes called T-S diagrams, are used to identify water masses. In a T-S diagram, rather than plotting each water property as a separate "profile," with pressure or depth as the vertical coordinate, potential temperature (on the vertical axis) is plotted versus salinity... | 9 | Geochemistry |
* Carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect changes primarily in pCO and H ion concentration. They also sense decrease in partial pressure of O, but to a lesser degree than for pCO and H ion concentration.
* The chemoreceptor trigger zone is an area of the medulla in the brain that receives inputs from blood-borne drugs ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Decantation can also separate solid and liquid mixtures by allowing gravity to pull the solid fragments to settle at the bottom of the container. In laboratory situations, decantation of mixtures containing solids and liquids occur in test tubes. To enhance productivity, test tubes should be placed at a 45° angle to al... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A method for detecting arsenious oxide, simple arsenic, in corpses was devised in 1773 by the Swedish chemist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele. His work was expanded upon, in 1806, by German chemist Valentin Ross, who learned to detect the poison in the walls of a victim's stomach.
James Marsh was the first to apply this new scie... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The woodsprite (Atokirina in Navi) is an animal, also called seed, of the "holy tree", appearing similar to airborne jellyfish. Neytiri describes them as very pure spirits, and slaps Jake for shooing two of them away. The Omaticaya Clan plants one of these seeds on the body of a deceased Navi, so the Navis consciousnes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An electrocyclic reaction can either be classified as conrotatory or disrotatory based on the rotation at each end of the molecule. In conrotatory mode, both atomic orbitals of the end groups turn in the same direction (such as both atomic orbitals rotating clockwise or counter-clockwise). In disrotatory mode, the ato... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Jones was born in New London, Maryland in a farming family and went to study chemistry at Johns Hopkins University, receiving a PhD in 1892 with studies under Harmon N. Morse. He then travelled to Europe where he worked for two years at the laboratories of Wilhelm Ostwald in Leipzig, Svante Arrhenius in Stockholm and J... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Astrocytes express several sAC splice variants, which are involved in metabolic coupling between neurons and astrocytes. Increase of potassium [K] in the extracellular space caused by neuronal activity depolarizes the cell membrane of nearby astrocytes and facilitates the entry of hydrogencarbonate through Na/HCO- cotr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to low titre and to difficulties in isolating and purifying thienamycin produced by fermentation, total synthesis is the preferred method for commercial production. Numerous methods are available in the literature for the total synthesis of thienamycin. One synthetic route is given in Figure 3.
The starting β-lac... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. It is that temperature and pressure at which the sublimation, fusion, and vaporisation curves meet. For example, the triple point ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The average adult human body contains approximately atoms and contains at least detectable traces of 60 chemical elements. About 29 of these elements are thought to play an active positive role in life and health in humans.
The relative amounts of each element vary by individual, mainly due to differences in the prop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsequent research on DNA computing has produced [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8642913 reversible DNA computing], bringing the technology one step closer to the silicon-based computing used in (for example) PCs. In particular, [https://web.archive.org/web/20190201104419/https://users.cs.duke.edu/~reif/index.ht... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stomatal crypts are sunken areas of the leaf epidermis which form a chamber-like structure that contains one or more stomata and sometimes trichomes or accumulations of wax. Stomatal crypts can be an adaption to drought and dry climate conditions when the stomatal crypts are very pronounced. However, dry climates are n... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A healthy American male soldier was given EA-3148, 1.15 µg/kg i.v.. Erythrocyte AChE values dropped precipitously to 22% of normal within 15 min of dosing and to 0% at 48 h; the value recovered to 88% of normal at 72 days post-exposure. Signs of toxicity were evident within 5-8 min of treatment in two comparably dosed ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because in non-ideal solutions volumes are no longer strictly additive it is often preferable to work with molality b (mol/kg of HO) rather than molarity c (mol/L). In that case, molal ionic strength is defined as:
in which
:i = ion identification number
:z = charge of ion
:b = molality (mol solute per Kg solvent) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All FSL Kode constructs disperse in water and are therefore compatible with inkjet printers. FSL constructs can be printed with a standard desktop inkjet printer directly onto paper to create immunoassays. An empty ink cartridge is filled with an FSL construct and words, barcodes, or graphics are printed. A Perspex tem... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To lower the concentration of airborne dust concentrations during woodworking, dust extraction systems are used. These can be divided into two types. The first are local exhaust ventilation systems, the second are room ventilation systems. Use of personal respirators, a form of personal protective equipment, can also i... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The mining and mineral processing industry uses screening for a variety of processing applications. For example, after mining the minerals, the material is transported to a primary crusher. Before crushing large boulder are scalped on a shaker with thick shielding screening. Further down stream after crushing the m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Side effects may include liver damage and nerve problems. Hyperthermia may also occur. Deaths have also resulted. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another application of biogenic substances is in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The current chemical and physical production methods for nanoparticles used are costly and produce toxic waste and pollutants in the environment. Additionally, the nanoparticles that are produced can be unstable and unfit for use ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Temperature has an effect on both, the equilibrium state and kinetics of protein adsorption. The amount of protein adsorbed at high temperature is usually higher than that at room temperature. Temperature variation causes conformational changes in protein influencing adsorption. These conformational rearrangements in p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Any signal that can be represented as a variable that varies in time has a corresponding frequency spectrum. This includes familiar entities such as visible light (perceived as color), musical notes (perceived as pitch), radio/TV (specified by their frequency, or sometimes wavelength) and even the regular rotation of t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydroxyl ion absorption is the absorption in optical fibers of electromagnetic radiation, including the near-infrared, due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant.
The hydroxyl (OH) ion, can penetrate glass during or after product fabrication, resulting in significant attenuation... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As described in the applications section, spectrophotometry can be used in both qualitative and quantitative analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Qualitative analysis can be used and spectrophotometers are used to record spectra of compounds by scanning broad wavelength regions to determine the absorbance properties (th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The use of H—P HSQC is relatively uncommon in lipidomics, however use of P in lipidomics dates back to the 1990s. The use of this technique is limited with respect to mass spectrometry due to its requirement for much bigger sample size, however the combination of H—P HSQC with mass spectrometry is regarded as a thorou... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
1,1-Difluoroethane, or DFE, is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CHF. This colorless gas is used as a refrigerant, where it is often listed as R-152a (refrigerant-152a) or HFC-152a (hydrofluorocarbon-152a). It is also used as a propellant for aerosol sprays and in gas duster products. As an alternati... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In the human genome, STAT6 protein is encoded by the STAT6 gene, located on the chromosome 12q13.3-q14.1. The gene encompasses over 19 kb and consists of 23 exons. STAT6 shares structural similarity with the other STAT proteins and is composed of the N-terminal domain, DNA binding domain, SH3- like domain, SH2 domain a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To aid in the digestion of their food, animals evolved organs such as beaks, tongues, radulae, teeth, crops, gizzards, and others. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Superhydrophilicity allows for surfaces to clean away a wide variety of dirt or debris. This mechanism is very different than the aforementioned superhydrophobic surfaces. For superhydrophilic self-cleaning surfaces, cleaning occurs because water on the surface is able to spread out to a great degree (extremely low wat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hybridization is one way to determine the sequence of a DNA strand from detecting the changes in the length of a hairpin. When a probe hybridizes to an open hairpin, complete refolding of the hairpin is stalled, and the position of the hybridized probe can be inferred. Thus the sequence of a DNA fragment of interest ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Through the voluntary work of its members, CSMBLM is dedicated to improve the profession and scientific field of medical biochemistry and laboratory medicine, raise the level of public awareness at national level, encourage and provide assistance to its members in achieving professional and scientific excellence especi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The phosphaethynolate anion is the heavier isoelectronic congener of the cyanate anion. It has been shown that it behaves in a similar way to its lighter analogue, as an ambidentate nucleophile. This ambidentate character of the anion means that it is able to bind via both the phosphorus and oxygen atoms depending on t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heating of the surfaces via passing current through a conductive transparent film has been shown to repel and remove contamination. It has been used in inkjet printers to reduced ink contamination on sensor windows. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Since corepressors participate and regulate a vast range of gene expression, it is not surprising that aberrant corepressor activities can cause diseases.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly lethal blood cancer characterized by uncontrolled myeloid cell growth. Two homologous corepressor genes, BCOR (BCL6 corepres... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tetrafluoroethane is typically made by reacting trichloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride:
:CHCl=CCl + 4 HF → CFCHF + 3 HCl
It reacts with butyllithium to give trifluorovinyl lithium:
:CFCHF + 2 BuLi → CF=CFLi + LiF + 2 BuH | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Increased carbon dioxide levels, mostly from burning fossil fuels, are changing ocean chemistry. Global warming and changes in salinity have significant implications for the ecology of marine environments. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Chemicals and their metabolites can be detected in a variety of biological substances such as blood, urine, exhaled air, hair, nails, feces, semen, breast milk, or saliva. Blood and urine are the most commonly used in occupational safety and health.
Breast milk is a favored matrix (substance) to measure lipophilic (fa... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Different form of the stationary principle for T-matrix reads
The wave functions and must satisfy the same Lippmann-Schwinger equations to get the stationary value. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hand-counting is a cheap and easy to conduct method to estimate the liberation characteristics of a bulk sample wither originating from run-of-mine material, a waste dump or for example exploration trenching. Analysis of particles in the size range 10-100mm has been conducted on a total sample mass of 10 tonnes. By vis... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Typical adsorbents proposed for carbon capture and storage are zeolites and MOFs. The customization of adsorbents makes them a potentially attractive alternative to absorption. Because adsorbents can be regenerated by temperature or pressure swing, this step can be less energy intensive than absorption regeneration met... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lymphocytes can enter mitosis when they are activated by mitogens or antigens. B cells specifically can divide when they encounter an antigen matching their immunoglobulin. T cells undergo mitosis when stimulated by mitogens to produce small lymphocytes that are then responsible for the production of lymphokines, which... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Antarafacial (Woodward-Hoffmann symbol a) and suprafacial (s) are two topological concepts in organic chemistry describing the relationship between two simultaneous chemical bond making and/or bond breaking processes in or around a reaction center. The reaction center can be a p- or sp-orbital (Woodward-Hoffmann symbo... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Weak affinity chromatography (WAC) is an affinity chromatography technique for affinity screening in drug development. WAC is an affinity-based liquid chromatographic technique that separates chemical compounds based on their different weak affinities to an immobilized target. The higher affinity a compound has towards... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In World War II Eshelby began working for the Admiralty on the degaussing of ships, but on 4 May 1940 he joined the Technical Branch of the Royal Air Force. His work from February 1941 to June 1942 was for the Coastal Command Development Unit conducting performance trials of Air-to-Surface Vessel radar and other opera... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In 1972, Corbett was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. He was also a Fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Chemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alkanediazonium salts are synthetically unimportant due to their extreme and uncontrolled reactivity toward S2/S1/E1 substitution. These cations are however of theoretical interest. Furthermore, methyldiazonium carboxylate is believed to be an intermediate in the methylation of carboxylic acids by diazomethane, a commo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the highly abundant C isotope does not produce any signal whereas the comparably rare C isotope is easily detected. As a result, carbon isotopomers of a compound can be studied by carbon-13 NMR to learn about the different carbon atoms in the structure. Each individual struct... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The G-less cassette is a reporter gene that encodes a transcript lacking guanine nucleotides in the sense strand of the DNA (hence "G-less"). A plasmid containing such a gene is located downstream of a MCS. After the promoter is inserted into the MCS, transcription proceeds with the addition of radiolabeled UTP, CTP, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Leached pulp and carbon are transferred in a countercurrent flow arrangement involving a series of tanks, usually numbering 4 to 6. In the final tank, fresh or barren carbon is put in contact with low grade or tailings solution. At this tank the fresh carbon has a high affinity for gold and can remove trace amounts of... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are a variety of challenges associated with the flow of liquids through carbon nanotubes and nanopipes. A common occurrence is channel blocking due to large macromolecules in the liquid. Also, any insoluble debris in the liquid can easily clog the tube. A solution for this researchers are hoping to find is a low ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Enamines can be efficiently cross-coupled with enol silanes through treatment with ceric ammonium nitrate. These reactions were reported by the Narasaka group in 1975, providing a route to stable enamines as well as one instance of a 1,4-diketone (derived from a morpholine amine reagent). Later, these results were expl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Different gases will have different mean free paths for molecules and electrons. This is because different molecules have ionization cross sections, that is, different effective diameters. Noble gases like helium and argon are monatomic harder to ionize and tend to have smaller effective diameters. This gives them g... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mikael Bols was born and grew up in Copenhagen, Denmark. He attended high school (Gentofte Statskole) from 1977 to 1980, and took a degree as chemical engineer at the Technical University of Denmark from 1980 to 1985. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
T-1123 is a carbamate-based acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It was investigated as a chemical warfare agent starting in 1940. It does not go through the blood-brain barrier due to the charge on quaternary nitrogen. The antidote is atropine. T-1123 is a quaternary ammonium ion. A phenyl carbamate ester is bonded in the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Basic oxygen steelmaking is a primary steelmaking process for converting molten pig iron into steel by blowing oxygen through a lance over the molten pig iron inside the converter. Exothermic heat is generated by the oxidation reactions during blowing.
The basic oxygen steel-making process is as follows:
# Molten pig i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Some fjords develop euxinia if the connection to the open ocean is constricted, similar to the case of the Black Sea. This constriction prohibits relatively dense, oxygen-rich oceanic water from mixing with the bottom water of the fjord, which leads to stable stratified layers in the fjord. Low salinity melt water form... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Constrained geometry complexes are related to ansa-metallocenes except that one ligand is not Cp-related. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Water chemistry analyses are carried out to identify and quantify the chemical components and properties of water samples. The type and sensitivity of the analysis depends on the purpose of the analysis and the anticipated use of the water.
Chemical water analysis is carried out on water used in industrial processes, ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Coal-tar creosote is the most widely used wood treatment today; both industrially, processed into wood using pressure methods such as "full-cell process" or "empty-cell process", and more commonly applied to wood through brushing. In addition to toxicity to fungi, insects, and marine borers, it serves as a natural wate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
EDLs have an additional parameter defining their characterization: differential capacitance. Differential capacitance, denoted as C, is described by the equation below:
where σ is the surface charge and ψ is the electric surface potential. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, a trigonal bipyramid formation is a molecular geometry with one atom at the center and 5 more atoms at the corners of a triangular bipyramid. This is one geometry for which the bond angles surrounding the central atom are not identical (see also pentagonal bipyramid), because there is no geometrical arran... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The average coverage for a whole genome can be calculated from the length of the original genome (G), the number of reads (N), and the average read length (L) as . For example, a hypothetical genome with 2,000 base pairs reconstructed from 8 reads with an average length of 500 nucleotides will have 2× redundancy. This ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In retrosynthetic analysis, a synthon is a hypothetical unit within a target molecule that represents a potential starting reagent in the retroactive synthesis of that target molecule. The term was coined in 1967 by E. J. Corey. He noted in 1988 that the "word synthon has now come to be used to mean synthetic building ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The presence of nearby particles will affect the radiation emitted by an individual particle. There are two limiting cases by which this occurs:
* Impact pressure broadening or collisional broadening: The collision of other particles with the light emitting particle interrupts the emission process, and by shortening th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Molecular cloning is used to isolate and then transfer a DNA sequence of interest into a plasmid vector. This recombinant DNA technology was first developed in the 1960s. In this technique, a DNA sequence coding for a protein of interest is cloned using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and/or restriction enzymes, into ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Liming can also improve aggregate stability on clay soils. For this purpose structure lime, products containing calcium oxide (CaO) or hydroxide (Ca(OH)) in mixes with calcium carbonate (CaCO), are often used. Structure liming can reduce losses of clay and nutrients from soil aggregates. The degree to which a given amo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Substituted tryptamines, or serotonin analogues, are organic compounds which may be thought of as being derived from tryptamine itself. The molecular structures of all tryptamines contain an indole ring, joined to an amino (NH) group via an ethyl (−CH2–CH2−) sidechain. In substituted tryptamines, the indole ring, sidec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Racemic Photo-Methionine is synthesized from 4,4'-azi-pentanal by the Strecker amino acid synthesis. The enantiomer is separated by enzymatic resolution of the acetamide. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The GUS reporter system (GUS: β-glucuronidase) is a reporter gene system, particularly useful in plant molecular biology and microbiology. Several kinds of GUS reporter gene assay are available, depending on the substrate used. The term GUS staining refers to the most common of these, a histochemical technique. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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