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While the first reports of its use dated to 1980, it was a further two decades before the technique of SRCD took off largely due to the work of Bonnie Wallace at Birkbeck College, University of London. From around 2000, her aims in the field focused on both enhancing the collection of quality data through technical im... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eukaryotes have a much larger genome and thus have different methods of gene regulation than in prokaryotes. All cells in a eukaryotic organism have the same DNA but are specified through differential gene expression, a phenomenon known as genetic totipotency. However, in order for a cell to express the genes for prope... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Manufacturers recommend that carbon tetraiodide be stored near . As a ready source of iodine, it is an irritant. Its LD on rats is 18 mg/kg. In general, organic compounds should be considered toxic, with the narrow exception of small perfluoroalkanes (essentially inert due to the strength of the C-F bond). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Redox gradients form based on resource availability and physiochemical conditions (pH, salinity, temperature) and support stratified communities of microbes. Microbes carry out differing respiration processes (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, etc.) based on the conditions around them and further amplify redox gradie... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The hydroamination reaction is approximately thermochemically neutral. The reaction however suffers from a high activation barrier, perhaps owing to the repulsion of the electron-rich substrate and the amine nucleophile. The intermolecular reaction also is accompanied by highly negative changing entropy, making it unf... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In a nanorecording application, a certain rotaxane is deposited as a Langmuir–Blodgett film on ITO-coated glass. When a positive voltage is applied with the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope probe, the rotaxane rings in the tip area switch to a different part of the dumbbell and the resulting new conformation make... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
For humans, porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) pose a concern when using porcine tissues and organs in xenotransplantion, the transplanting of living cells, tissues, and organs from an organism of one species to an organism of different species. Although pigs are generally the most suitable donors to treat human o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Manganese-mediated coupling reactions are radical coupling reactions between enolizable carbonyl compounds and unsaturated compounds initiated by a manganese(III) salt, typically manganese(III) acetate. Copper(II) acetate is sometimes used as a co-oxidant to assist in the oxidation of intermediate radicals to carbocati... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Elimination, bimolecular reactions are one step, concerted reaction where both base and substrate participate in the rate limiting step. In an E2 mechanism, a base takes a proton near the leaving group, forcing the electrons down to make a double bond, and forcing off the leaving group-all in one concerted step. The r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA receptor) – a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor – is a ligand-gated ion channel that is gated by the simultaneous binding of glutamate and a co-agonist (i.e., either D-serine or glycine). Studies show that the NMDA receptor is involved in regulating synaptic plasticity and me... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transparent wood derives its mechanical properties and performance primarily from its cellulose fiber content and the geometric orientation of the fiber tube cells (radial and tangential) structure, providing the structural base for the design of advanced materials applications.
One aspect of the transparent wood mecha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dynamic kinetic resolution in chemistry is a type of kinetic resolution where 100% of a racemic compound can be converted into an enantiopure compound. It is applied in asymmetric synthesis. Asymmetric synthesis has become a much explored field due to the challenge of creating a compound with a single 3D structure. Ev... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the germination, growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have beneficial (positive allelopathy) or detrimental (negative allelopathy) effect... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While the methods above are designed to reduce PD formation, another approach aims to minimize signal generated from PDs in quantitative PCR. This approach is useful as long as there are few PDs formed and their inhibitory effect on product accumulation is minor.
Four steps PCR: used when working with nonspecific dyes,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Adverse effects of dextromethorphan in overdose at doses 3 to 10 times the recommended therapeutic dose:
At doses 11 to 75 times the recommended therapeutic dose:
Episodic acute psychosis can occur when high doses of dextromethorphan are taken for recreational use, and an abundance of psychiatric symptoms can result, i... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Most commonly the term is used for the piles of waste earth materials removed during an excavation process.
* In surface mining (commonly called strip mining) for coal or other underground deposits, earth materials removed to expose the targeted deposit are piled up alongside the excavation site (commonly a strip minin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When an ecosystem experiences an increase in nutrients, primary producers reap the benefits first. In aquatic ecosystems, species such as algae experience a population increase (called an algal bloom). Algal blooms limit the sunlight available to bottom-dwelling organisms and cause wide swings in the amount of dissolve... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The triangle of death and the waste management crisis are primarily a result of government failure to control illegal waste dumping. The government had attempted to mandate recycling and waste management programs, but were unable to, causing the expansion of opportunities for illegal activities, which caused further ba... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Asthma is characterized by eosinophil-induced inflammation motivated by a type 2 helper T cell (Th2). By targeting the transcription factor, GATA3, of the Th2 pathway, with DNAzyme it may be possible to negate the inflammation. The safety and efficacy of SB010, a novel 10-23 DNAzyme was evaluated, and found to have the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Meropenem is bactericidal except against Listeria monocytogenes, where it is bacteriostatic. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis like other β-lactam antibiotics. In contrast to other beta-lactams, it is highly resistant to degradation by β-lactamases or cephalosporinases. In general, resistance arises due to muta... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Selenium has bimodal biological action depending on the concentration. At low nutritional doses, selenium acts as an antioxidant through selenoproteins, scavenging ROS, supporting cell survival and growth; while, at supra-nutritional higher pharmacological doses, selenium acts as a pro-oxidant generating ROS and induci... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Using the Bessemer process, it took between 10 and 20 minutes to convert three to five tons of iron into steel — it would previously take at least a full day of heating, stirring and reheating to achieve this. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Energy quality is a measure of the ease with which a form of energy can be converted to useful work or to another form of energy: i.e. its content of thermodynamic free energy. A high quality form of energy has a high content of thermodynamic free energy, and therefore a high proportion of it can be converted to work; ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle, also known as the inorganic carbon cycle, describes the long-term transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation, and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicate rocks by metamorphism and volcanism. Carbon dioxide is removed fro... | 9 | Geochemistry |
To understand the photoreceptor's behavior to light intensities, it is necessary to understand the roles of different currents.
There is an ongoing outward potassium current through nongated K-selective channels. This outward current tends to hyperpolarize the photoreceptor at around −70 mV (the equilibrium potential ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A ketenyl anion contains a C=C=O allene-like functional group, similar to ketene, with a negative charge on either terminal carbon or oxygen atom, forming resonance structures by moving a lone pair of electrons on C-C-O bond. Ketenes have been sources for many organic compounds with its reactivity despite a challenge t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because hypophosphorous acid can reduce elemental iodine to form hydroiodic acid, which is a reagent effective for reducing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration designated hypophosphorous acid (and its salts) as a List I precursor chemical effective November... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although antibodies exhibit nanomolar affinities toward protein antigens, the specificity against glycans is very limited. In fact, available antibodies may bind only <4% of the 7000 mammalian glycan antigens; moreover, most of those antibodies have low affinity and exhibit cross-reactivity. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Indene is deprotonated by butyl lithium and related reagents to give the equivalent of the indenyl anion:
:CH + BuLi → LiCH + BuH
The resulting lithium indenide can be used to prepare indenyl complexes by salt metathesis reactions of metal halides. When the metal halide is easily reduced, the trimethylstannylind... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although the MPTP has been studied mainly in mitochondria from mammalian sources, mitochondria from diverse species also undergo a similar transition. While its occurrence can be easily detected, its purpose still remains elusive. Some have speculated that the regulated opening of the MPT pore may minimize cell injury... | 1 | Biochemistry |
2,2-Dimethylpropanoyl chloride is a branched-chain acyl chloride. It was first made by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1874 by reacting pivalic acid with phosphorus pentachloride.
Pivaloyl chloride is used as an input in the manufacture of some drugs, insecticides and herbicides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
At a certain voltage E, equilibrium will attain and the forward and backward rates (v and v) will be equal. This is represented by the green curve in the above figure. The equilibrium rate constants will be written as k and k, and the equilibrium concentrations will be written c and c. The equilibrium currents (j and j... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Stöber process is a chemical process used to prepare silica () particles of controllable and uniform size for applications in materials science. It was pioneering when it was reported by Werner Stöber and his team in 1968, and remains today the most widely used wet chemistry synthetic approach to silica nanoparticl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term wetware is used to describe the protocols and molecular devices used in molecular biology and synthetic biology.
Where biological components and systems are treated in a similar manner to software, and similar development models and methodologies are applied, the term wetware can be used to imply an approach t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The New Jersey Zinc Company invented this process in 1930.
The process take advantage of the relatively low boiling point of zinc () as compared to the impurities being removed in the first "column": iron and aluminium. Therefore, in the first column the zinc is heated above its boiling point and allowed to rise to a c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A single-stranded genome that is used in both positive-sense and negative-sense capacities is said to be ambisense. Some viruses have ambisense genomes. Bunyaviruses have three single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) fragments, some of them containing both positive-sense and negative-sense sections; arenaviruses are also ssRNA vir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Molecular distillation is a type of short-path vacuum distillation, characterized by an extremely low vacuum pressure, 0.01 torr or below, which is performed using a molecular still. It is a process of separation, purification and concentration of natural products, complex and thermally sensitive molecules for example ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mass-flux fraction (or Hirschfelder-Curtiss variable or Kármán-Penner variable) is the ratio of mass-flux of a particular chemical species to the total mass flux of a gaseous mixture. It includes both the convectional mass flux and the diffusional mass flux. It was introduced by Joseph O. Hirschfelder and Charles F... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Light consists of electromagnetic radiation of different wavelengths. Therefore, when the elements or their compounds are heated either on a flame or by an electric arc they emit energy in the form of light. Analysis of this light, with the help of a spectroscope gives us a discontinuous spectrum. A spectroscope or a s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alessio Zaccone and collaborators investigated the effects of shear-flow on particle aggregation which can play an important role in applications e.g. microfluidics, chemical reactors, atmospheric and environmental flows. Their work showed a characteristic lag-time in the shear-induced aggregation of the particles, whi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Benzyl chloroformate, also known as benzyl chlorocarbonate or Z-chloride, is the benzyl ester of chloroformic acid. It can be also described as the chloride of the benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz or Z) group. In its pure form it is a water-sensitive oily colorless liquid, although impure samples usually appear yellow. It posses... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Common examples of RATs or RADTs include:
* COVID-19 testing-related rapid tests
* Rapid strep tests (for streptococcal antigens)
* Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) (for influenza virus antigens)
* Malaria antigen detection tests (for Plasmodium antigens) | 1 | Biochemistry |
The partial volume of a particular gas is a fraction of the total volume occupied by the gas mixture, with unchanged pressure and temperature. In gas mixtures, e.g. air, the partial volume allows focusing on one particular gas component, e.g. oxygen.
It can be approximated both from partial pressure and molar fraction:... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main durations of embryo culture are until cleavage stage (day two to four after co-incubation) or the blastocyst stage (day five or six after co-incubation). Embryo culture until the blastocyst stage confers a significant increase in live birth rate per embryo transfer, but also confers a decreased number of embry... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Prior to the Montreal Protocol, large quantities of carbon tetrachloride were used to produce the chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants R-11 (trichlorofluoromethane) and R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane). However, these refrigerants play a role in ozone depletion and have been phased out. Carbon tetrachloride is still used to m... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Peng–Robinson equation of state relates the three interdependent state properties pressure P, temperature T, and molar volume V. From the state properties (P, V, T), one may compute the departure function for enthalpy per mole (denoted h) and entropy per mole (s):
where is defined in the Peng-Robinson equation of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
UPdAl is a heavy-fermion superconductor with a hexagonal crystal structure and critical temperature T=2.0K that was discovered in 1991. Furthermore, UPdAl orders antiferromagnetically at T=14K, and UPdAl thus features the unusual behavior that this material, at temperatures below 2K, is simultaneously superconducting a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Carboxylic acids are Brønsted–Lowry acids because they are proton (H) donors. They are the most common type of organic acid.
Carboxylic acids are typically weak acids, meaning that they only partially dissociate into Hydronium| cations and Carboxylate| anions in neutral aqueous solution. For example, at room temperatur... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Upon illumination with blue-green light, OCP switches from an orange form (OCP) to a red form (OCP). The reversion of OCP to OCP is light independent and occurs slowly in darkness. OCP is considered the dark, stable form of the protein, and does not contribute to phycobilisome quenching. OCP is considered to be essent... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, (η-CH) piano stool compounds are half-sandwich compounds with (η-CH)ML structure (M = Cr, Mo, W, Mn(I), Re(I) and L = typically CO). (η-CH) piano stool complexes are stable 18-electron coordination compounds with a variety of chemical and material applications. Early studies on (η-CH)Cr(CO)... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Microarrays usually consist of a grid of short nucleotide oligomers, known as "probes", typically arranged on a glass slide. Transcript abundance is determined by hybridisation of fluorescently labelled transcripts to these probes. The fluorescence intensity at each probe location on the array indicates the transcript ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2008, Place et al. identified targets for miRNA miR-373 on the promoters of several human genes and found that introduction of miR-373 mimics into human cells induced the expression of its predicted target genes. This study provided the first example that RNAa could be mediated by naturally occurring non-coding RNA ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
mA is not the only RNA modification that can be found in viral RNAs. For instance, N,2-O-dimethyladenosine (mA) can be found in influenza and herpes simplex virus type 1, even though the effect this mark has on the life cycle of these viruses remains unknown. NAT10 mediated acetylation of cytidines on HIV-1 RNA was rec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thioesters are prominent active esters, as illustrated by the esters of coenzyme A.
In synthetic chemistry, active esters include derivatives of nitrophenols and pentafluorophenol. Active esters are often used in peptide synthesis, e.g., N-hydroxysuccinimide, hydroxybenzotriazole. Active esters of acrylic acid are prec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The notion of chromium as a potential regulator of glucose metabolism began in the 1950s when Walter Mertz and his co-workers performed a series of experiments controlling the diet of rats. The experimenters subjected the rats to a chromium deficient diet, and witnessed an inability of the organisms to respond effectiv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal hydrolysis is a two-stage process combining high-pressure boiling of waste or sludge followed by a rapid decompression. This combined action sterilizes the sludge and makes it more biodegradable, which improves digestion performance. Sterilization destroys pathogens in the sludge resulting in it exceeding the s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This involves "screening" for the sequences of interest. There are multiple possible methods to achieve this. | 1 | Biochemistry |
When tissue cells are in a protein-containing fluid, the Donnan effect of the cytoplasmic proteins is equal and opposite to the Donnan effect of the extracellular proteins. The opposing Donnan effects cause chloride ions to migrate inside the cell, increasing the intracellular chloride concentration. The Donnan effect ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1856, Robert Forester Mushet "used manganese to improve the ability of steel produced by the Bessemer process to withstand rolling and forging at elevated temperatures."
In 1860, Henry Bessemer invented the use of ferromanganese as a method of introducing manganese in controlled proportions during the production of ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The first glycal was synthesized by Hermann Emil Fischer and Karl Zach in 1913. They synthesized this 1,2-unsaturated sugar from D-glucose and named their product D-glucal. Fischer believed he had synthesized an aldehyde, and therefore he gave the product a name that suggested this. By the time he discovered his mistak... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As shown below, the SCODA principle applies to any particle driven by a force field in which the particle's mobility is altered in sync with the driving field. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Colorimetric analysis is a method of determining the concentration of a chemical element or chemical compound in a solution with the aid of a color reagent. It is applicable to both organic compounds and inorganic compounds and may be used with or without an enzymatic stage. The method is widely used in medical labora... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In many examples of 3D optical data storage systems, several wavelengths (colors) of light are used (e.g. reading laser, writing laser, signal; sometimes even two lasers are required just for writing). Therefore, as well as coping with the high laser power and variable spherical aberration, the optical system must comb... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 2020, evidence was provided that the cores of neutron stars with mass ~2M were likely composed of quark matter. Their result was based on neutron-star tidal deformability during a neutron star merger as measured by gravitational-wave observatories, leading to an estimate of star radius, combined with calculations of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One rock, "Bounce Rock," found sitting on the sandy plains was found to be ejecta from an impact crater. Its chemistry was different from the bedrocks. Containing mostly pyroxene and plagioclase and no olivine, it closely resembled a part, Lithology B, of the shergottite meteorite EETA 79001, a meteorite known to have ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Phase transitions (phase changes) that help describe polymorphism include polymorphic transitions as well as melting and vaporization transitions. According to IUPAC, a polymorphic transition is "A reversible transition of a solid crystalline phase at a certain temperature and pressure (the inversion point) to another ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Another form of translational regulation in eukaryotes comes from unique elements on the 5′ UTR called upstream open reading frames (uORF). These elements are fairly common, occurring in 35–49% of all human genes. A uORF is a coding sequence located in the 5′ UTR located upstream of the coding sequences initiation site... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reaction mechanism for complex III (cytochrome bc1, coenzyme Q: cytochrome C oxidoreductase) is known as the ubiquinone ("Q") cycle. In this cycle four protons get released into the positive "P" side (inter membrane space), but only two protons get taken up from the negative "N" side (matrix). As a result, a proton... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The applications of biopolymers can be categorized under two main fields, which differ due to their biomedical and industrial use. | 1 | Biochemistry |
MAPs have been divided into several different categories and sub-categories. There are "structural" MAPs which bind along the microtubules and "+TIP" MAPs which bind to the growing end of the microtubules. Structural MAPs have been divided into MAP1, MAP2, MAP4, and Tau families. +TIP MAPs are motor proteins such as ki... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Signal transduction mediated by the superfamily of GPCRs dates back to the origin of multicellularity. Mammalian-like GPCRs are found in fungi, and have been classified according to the GRAFS classification system based on GPCR fingerprints. Identification of the superfamily members across the eukaryotic domain, and co... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Plants are exposed to many stress factors such as disease, temperature changes, herbivory, injury and more. Therefore, in order to respond or be ready for any kind of physiological state, they need to develop some sort of system for their survival in the moment and/or for the future. Plant communication encompasses com... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Professor Cerling, helped by James Ehleringer and Christopher Remien (two University of Utah colleagues), George Wittemyer of Colorado State University and member of "Save the Elephants" in Nairobi, and Iain Douglas-Hamilton, who founded the association "Save the Elephants", conducted a research around the Samburu and ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In physics, emission is the process by which a higher energy quantum mechanical state of a particle becomes converted to a lower one through the emission of a photon, resulting in the production of light. The frequency of light emitted is a function of the energy of the transition.
Since energy must be conserved, the e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In covalent imprinting, the template molecule is covalently bonded to the functional monomers that are then polymerized together. After polymerization, the polymer matrix is cleaved from the template molecule, leaving a cavity shaped as the template. Upon rebinding with the original molecule, the binding sites will int... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The practice of designating hemes with upper case letters was formalized in a footnote in a paper by Puustinen and Wikstrom, which explains under which conditions a capital letter should be used: "we prefer the use of capital letters to describe the heme structure as isolated. Lowercase letters may then be freely used ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electrolysis of water in a supercritical state, reduces the overpotentials found in other electrolysers, thereby improving the electrical efficiency of the production of oxygen and hydrogen.
Increased temperature reduces thermodynamic barriers and increases kinetics. No bubbles of oxygen or hydrogen are formed on the e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During the same period, Santorio Santorio came up with one of the earliest thermoscopes. In 1612 he published his results on the heating effects from the Sun, and attempts to measure heat from the Moon.
Earlier 1589, Giambattista della Porta reported on the heat resented by his face, emitted by a remote candle and fac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Separation processes are of great economic importance as they are accounting for 40 – 90% of capital and operating costs in industry. The separation processes of mixtures are including besides others washing, extraction, pressing, drying, clarification, evaporation, crystallization and filtration. Often several separat... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nitrobenzyl-based PPGs are often considered the most commonly used PPGs. These PPGs are traditionally identified as Norrish Type II reaction as their mechanism was first described by Norrish in 1935. Norrish elucidated that an incident photon (200 nm –10 s. Following resonance of the π-electrons, a five-membered ring i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Solar cells are commonly encapsulated in a transparent polymeric resin to protect the delicate solar cell regions for coming into contact with moisture, dirt, ice, and other conditions expected either during operation or when used outdoors. The encapsulants are commonly made from polyvinyl acetate or glass. Most encaps... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* The Tishchenko reaction of acetaldehyde gives the commercially important solvent ethyl acetate. The reaction is catalyzed by aluminium alkoxides.
* The Tishchenko reaction is used to obtain isobutyl isobutyrate, a specialty solvent.
* Hydroxypivalic acid neopentyl glycol ester is produced by a Tishchenko reaction fr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Monomeric metal carbyne complexes exhibit fairly linear M–C–R linkages according to X-ray crystallography. The M–C distances are typically shorter than the M–C bonds found in metal carbenes. The bond angle is generally between 170° and 180° Analogous to Fischer and Schrock carbenes; Fischer and Schrock carbynes are als... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Boron porphyrins first appeared in the literature during the 1960s and 1970s, in initially available literature the complex was never well characterized. The Boron porphyrin compounds can be synthesized either from the free base porphyrin or from a lithium porphyrin complex as starting material. Two representative exam... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In a traditional chemical formula notation, a buckminsterfullerene (C) with an atom (M) was simply represented as MC regardless of whether M was inside or outside the fullerene. In order to allow for more detailed discussions with minimal loss of information, a more explicit notation was proposed in 1991,
where the at... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
If we place two detectors at the same angle from the target, one on the right and one on the left, they will generally measure a different number of electrons and . Consequently it is possible to define the asymmetry , as
The Sherman function is a measure of the probability of a spin-up electron to be scattered, at a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The crystallographic directions are geometric lines linking nodes (atoms, ions or molecules) of a crystal. Likewise, the crystallographic planes are geometric planes linking nodes. Some directions and planes have a higher density of nodes. These high density planes have an influence on the behavior of the crystal as fo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A sigma factor (σ factor or specificity factor) is a protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria. It is a bacterial transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to gene promoters. It is homologous to archaeal transcription factor B and to eukaryotic factor TFIIB.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pepper spray is an inflammatory agent. It inflames the mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. It causes immediate closing of the eyes, difficulty breathing, runny nose, and coughing. The duration of its effects depends on the strength of the spray; the average full effect lasts from 20 to 90 minutes, bu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The context for understanding the thermodynamics of quark matter is the standard model of particle physics, which contains six different flavors of quarks, as well as leptons like electrons and neutrinos. These interact via the strong interaction, electromagnetism, and also the weak interaction which allows one flavor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c by
oxidation of coenzyme Q (CoQ) and the concomitant pumping of 4 protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space:
: QH + 2 cytochrome c (Fe) + 2 H → Q + 2 cytochrome c (Fe) + 4 H
In the process called Q cycle, two protons are consumed from the matrix (M), fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a biomolecule manufacturing process used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, fuel and textile industries. These biomolecules are mostly metabolites generated by microorganisms grown on a solid support selected for this purpose. This technology for the culture of microorganisms is an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For two N particle systems 0 and 1 with partition function and ,
from
get the thermodynamic free energy difference is
For every configuration visited during this sampling of system 1 we can compute the potential energy U as a function of the configuration space, and the potential energy difference is
Now constru... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In addition to the variety of verified DNA structures, there have been a range of proposed DNA models that have either been disproven, or lack evidence.
Some of these structures were proposed during the 1950s before the structure of the double helix was solved, most famously by Linus Pauling. Non-helical or "side-by-s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first example of laser cooling, and also still the most common method (so much so that it is still often referred to simply as laser cooling) is Doppler cooling. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
International treaties on the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants have been agreed upon by western countries for some time now. Beginning in 1979, European countries convened in order to ratify general principles discussed during the UNECE Convention. The purpose was to combat Long-Range Transboundary Air Po... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In 2007 the New Zealand Society of Plant Biologists renamed their annual award after Slack. The award is made to society members to recognise an outstanding contribution to the study of plant biology. It was renamed in recognition of his outstanding contribution as a plant biologist and biochemist in New Zealand, his r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The level 1 destination vector determines the position and orientation of each gene in the final construct. There are fourteen available level 1 vectors, which differ only by the sequence of the flanking fusion sites while being identical in the internal fusion sites. Hence, all vectors can assemble the same level 0 pa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The material properties of the metal interconnects have a strong influence on the life span. The characteristics are predominantly the composition of the metal alloy and the dimensions of the conductor. The shape of the conductor, the crystallographic orientation of the grains in the metal, procedures for the layer dep... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prime editor 5 utilizes the same machinery as PE3, but also includes a plasmid that encodes for dominant negative MLH1. Like PE4, this allows for a knockdown of endogenous MMR response, increasing the efficiency of prime editing. | 1 | Biochemistry |
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