text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
When an acid catalyst is used, the initial step in the reaction mechanism involves acid-catalyzed tautomerization of the carbonyl compound to the enol. The acid also serves to activate the carbonyl group of another molecule by protonation, rendering it highly electrophilic. The enol is nucleophilic at the α-carbon, all... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Following the initial synthesis of phosphaethyne, it was realized that the same compound can be prepared more expeditiously via the flash pyrolysis of methyldichlorophosphine (CHPCl), resulting in the loss of two equivalents of hydrogen chloride. This methodology has been utilized to synthesize numerous substituted pho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A heterogeneous catalyst consisting of Pd supported by silica-coated FeO/FeO nanoparticles allows the reaction to be heated by electrical induction, and also allows facile magnetic separation of catalyst and product post-reaction. Copper ferrite has been reported as a heterocycle arylation catalyst and can be similarly... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Polyamine-based cryptands can be converted to polyammonium cages, which exhibit high affinities for anions. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
-Malic acid is the naturally occurring form, whereas a mixture of - and -malic acid is produced synthetically.
Malate plays an important role in biochemistry. In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO in the Calvin cycle. In the citric acid cycle, (S)-malate is an intermediate, formed by the addition ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is criticised for giving select demographic groups disproportionate access to a means of creating a child possessing characteristics that they consider "ideal". Many fertile couples now demand equal access to embryonic screening so that their child can be just as healthy as one ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman produced a Bose–Einstein condensate from rubidium atoms in 1995, there naturally arose the prospect of creating a similar sort of condensate made from fermionic atoms, which would form a superfluid by the BCS mechanism. However, early calculations indicated that the temperature require... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The (temporal) autocorrelation function is the correlation of a time series with itself shifted by time , as a function of :
where is the deviation from the mean intensity. The normalization (denominator) here is the most commonly used for FCS, because then the correlation at , G(0), is related to the average number o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Shapiro–Senapathy algorithm has been used to determine the various aberrant splicing mechanisms in genes due to deleterious mutations in the splice sites, which cause numerous diseases. Deleterious splice site mutations impair the normal splicing of the gene transcripts, and thereby make the encoded protein defecti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Noncovalent intermolecular interactions, albeit individually small, collectively alter chemical reactions in major ways. Listed below are common intermolecular forces that chemists have used to design foldamers.
* Hydrogen bonding (especially with peptide bonds)
* Pi stacking
* Solvophobic effects, which lead to hydrop... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The allyloxycarbonyl (alloc) protecting group is sometimes used to protect an amino group (or carboxylic acid or alcohol group) when an orthogonal deprotection scheme is required. It is also sometimes used when conducting on-resin cyclic peptide formation, where the peptide is linked to the resin by a side-chain functi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common adverse effects of esketamine for depression (≥5% incidence) include dissociation, dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, numbness, anxiety, lethargy, increased blood pressure, and feelings of drunkenness. Long-term use of esketamine has been associated with bladder disease. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Carboxylic acids are commonly identified by their trivial names. They often have the suffix -ic acid. IUPAC-recommended names also exist; in this system, carboxylic acids have an -oic acid suffix. For example, butyric acid () is butanoic acid by IUPAC guidelines. For nomenclature of complex molecules containing a carbo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Administered to patients whose pituitary glands generate insufficient quantities to support normal growth and development. Before recombinant HGH became available, HGH for therapeutic use was obtained from pituitary glands of cadavers. This unsafe practice led to some patients developing Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Reco... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In Japan, pesticide residues are regulated by the Food Safety Act.
Pesticide tolerances are set by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare through the Drug and Food Safety Committee. Unlisted residue amounts are restricted to 0.01ppm. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Synapses are typically formed where two neurons come in very close proximity. Ephaptic coupling may therefore arise across the synaptic cleft. Prominent examples are the fish Mauthner cell, the chick ciliary ganglion, the mammalian cerebellar basket synapse, and the mammalian, developing calyx of Held synapse. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The metabolic (catabolic fate) of propionyl-CoA depends on what environment it is being synthesized in. Therefore, propionyl-CoA in an anaerobic environment could have a different fate than that in an aerobic organism. The multiple pathways, either catabolism by propionyl-CoA carboxylase or methylcitrate synthase, also... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Scythians emerged as a people prior to the 7th Century BC, when they were first mentioned in historical records. The Scythian civilization consisted of a number of distinct tribal groups scattered across the Pontic Steppes, Caucasus, and Central Asia. Though primarily a nomadic people, the Scythians established a n... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Metallabenzene complexes have been classified into three varieties; in such compounds, the parent acyclic hydrocarbon ligand is viewed as the anion CH. The 6 π electrons in the metallacycle conform to the Hückel (4n+2) theory. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Once they are identified along the z-axis, individual layers of DVD-like data may be accessed and tracked in similar ways to DVDs. The possibility of using parallel or page-based addressing has also been demonstrated. This allows much faster data transfer rates, but requires the additional complexity of spatial light m... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Sherman function describes the dependence of electron-atom scattering events on the spin of the scattered electrons. It was first evaluated theoretically by the physicist Noah Sherman and it allows the measurement of polarization of an electron beam by Mott scattering experiments. A correct evaluation of the Sherma... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Society for Applied Spectroscopy was selected by Kowalskis family to administer an award in Kowalskis name, the Bruce R. Kowalski Award in Chemometrics - Administered by the Society for Applied Spectroscopy, "to honor the legacy of Professor Kowalski by recognizing outstanding young researchers in the field of chem... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
RNAa has been used to study gene function in lieu of vector-based gene overexpression. Studies have demonstrated RNAa in vivo and its potential therapeutic applications in treating cancer and non-cancerous diseases.
In June 2016, UK-based MiNA Therapeutics announced the initiation of a phase I trial of the first-ever s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Synthetic repellents tend to be more effective and/or longer lasting than "natural" repellents.
For protection against mosquito bites, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends DEET, icaridin (picaridin, KBR 3023), oil of lemon eucalyptus (para-menthane-diol or PMD), IR3535 and 2-undecanone with the caveat ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The MP-SPR optical setup measures at multiple wavelengths simultaneously (similarly to spectroscopic SPR), but instead of measuring at a fixed angle, it rather scans across a wide range of θ angles (for instance 40 degrees). This results in measurements of full SPR curves at multiple wavelengths providing additional in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mixed alkyl/aryl-halide compounds, which contain a single C-M bond and a C-X bond, are typically prepared by oxidative addition. Magnesium-containing compounds of this configuration are known as the Grignard reagents, though some calcium Grignards are known and more reactive and sensitive to decomposition. Calcium grig... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Carnobacterium pleistocenium is a recently discovered bacterium from the arctic part of Alaska. It was found in permafrost, seemingly frozen there for 32,000 years. Melting the ice, however, brought these extremophiles back to life. This is the first case of an organism "coming back to life" from ancient ice. These... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glide planes are noted in the Hermann–Mauguin notation by a, b or c, depending on which axis the glide is along. (The orientation of the plane is determined by the position of the symbol in the Hermann–Mauguin designation.) If the axis is not defined, then the glide plane may be noted by g. When the glide plane is para... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Computational methods have been increasing in popularity as a method to test possible root because they do not need to sacrifice a component to prove a root cause. Common cases where computational methods are used are for failures due to erosion, failures of components under complex stress states, and for predictive an... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The primary structure (amino acid sequence) is highly conserved among OCP sequences, and the full-length protein is usually co-located on the chromosome with a second open reading frame that was later characterized as the FRP. Often, biosynthetic genes for ketocarotenoid synthesis (e.g., CrtW) are nearby. These conser... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The specific study of the non-ferrous metals used in past. Gold, silver and copper were the first to be used by ancient humans. Gold and copper are both found in their native state in nature, and were thus the first to be exploited as they did not need to be smelted from their ores. They could be hammered into sheets o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the aldol reaction, the diastereoselectivity of the product is often dictated by the geometry of the enolate. The Zimmerman–Traxler model predicts that the Z enolate will give syn products, and that E enolates will give anti products. Reactions catalyzed by tin-based CLAs allow products to deviate from this pattern.... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Natural cloning is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques. It may occur accidentally in the case of identical twins, which are formed when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry almost identical DNA. It may also be part of asexual reproduction, which... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nutrient bioextraction is bioremediation involving cultured plants and animals. Nutrient bioextraction or bioharvesting is the practice of farming and harvesting shellfish and seaweed for the purpose of removing nitrogen and other nutrients from natural water bodies. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
At the appropriate Krafft temperature and critical micelle concentration these molecules will form individual tear-drop loops, where the hydrophobic ends are attracted to one another, to other molecules, and also to the similarly hydrophobic QDs. This forms a loaded micelle with a hydrophilic outer shell and a hydropho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1526 Kamiya Jutei, a wealthy merchant from Hakata, founded the Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine in Ōda. Seeking to increase silver production, In 1533 he introduced a Korean method of silver refining to the mine which became the Hai-Fuki-Ho method. The two technicians, Keiju (慶寿; Korean: 경수; Revised Romanization: Gyeongsu) ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Inflammation is the bodys response to foreign objects, irritants, germs, and even pathogens. Although such a response is standard in some cases, if left untreated, chronic inflammation can lead to muscle degeneration, gastrointestinal disorders, and some types of cancers. While most treatments, such as anti-inflammator... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycomimetic is a term used to refer to molecules that have structures similar to carbohydrates, but with some variation. This will normally result in modified biological properties. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Including the original Keggin structure there are 5 isomers, designated by the prefixes α-, β-, γ-, δ- and ε-. The original Keggin structure is designated α. These isomers are sometimes termed Baker, Baker–Figgis or rotational isomers, These involve different rotational orientations of the units, which lowers the symm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a regulatory mechanism that forms multiple 3' end on mRNA.
APA isoforms from the same gene can encode different proteins and/or contain different 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Deregulation of APA has been associated with a number of human diseases. Since longer UTRs have more bind... | 1 | Biochemistry |
__NOTOC__
Cleavage factors are two closely associated protein complexes involved in the cleavage of the 3' untranslated region of a newly synthesized pre-messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule in the process of gene transcription. The cleavage is the first step in adding a polyadenine tail to the pre-mRNA, which is one of the n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After earning his doctoral degree, Kanu started a postdoctoral fellowship at Washington State University. He worked alongside Herbert H. Hill, Jr. on the development of ion mobility mass spectrometry. He proposed that this work could be used to reduce false positives in airport screening for explosives and drugs, and a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In any form of chromatography, the rate at which the solute moves down the column is a direct reflection of the percentage of time the solute spends in the mobile phase. To achieve separation in either elution or displacement chromatography, there must be appreciable differences in the affinity of the respective solut... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Toshiko Mayeda was born in Tacoma, Washington. She grew up in Yokkaichi, Mie, and Osaka. When the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, she and her father Matsusaburo Kuki were sent to the Tule Lake War Relocation Center. Whilst there she met her future husband, Harry Mayeda. Aft... | 9 | Geochemistry |
NBQX (2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo[f]quinoxaline) is an antagonist of the AMPA receptor.
NBQX blocks AMPA receptors in micromolar concentrations (~10–20 μM) and also blocks kainate receptors. In experiments, it is used to counter glutamate excitotoxicity. NBQX was found to have anticonvulsant activity in rodent ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After the DNA-gelatin mixture preparation, the mixture is pipetted onto a slide surface and the slide is placed in a covered petri dish. A desiccant is added to the dish to dry up the solution. Finally, cultured cells are poured into the dish for plasmid uptake. However, with the invention of different types of microar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to Planck, one may think of three main classes of thermodynamic process: natural, fictively reversible, and impossible or unnatural. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cellular respiration is the process of which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.
Anaerobic respiration is used by microorganisms either bacteria or archaea in which neither oxygen (aerobi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surface energy comes into play in wetting phenomena. To examine this, consider a drop of liquid on a solid substrate. If the surface energy of the substrate changes upon the addition of the drop, the substrate is said to be wetting. The spreading parameter can be used to mathematically determine this:
where is the spr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are many other important measures of probability distance. Some of these are particularly connected with relative entropy. For example:
* The total-variation distance, . This is connected to the divergence through Pinskers inequality: Pinskers inequality is vacuous for any distributions where , since the total v... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polyamorphism has also been observed in organic compounds, such as liquid triphenyl phosphite at temperatures between 210 K and 226 K and n-butanol at temperatures between 120 K and 140 K.
Polyamorphism is also an important area in pharmaceutical science. The amorphous form of a drug typically has much better aqueous ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was the third prokaryote and first photosynthetic organism whose genome was completely sequenced. It continues to be an important model organism. Cyanothece ATCC 51142 is an important diazotrophic model organism. The smallest genomes have been found in Prochloroc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Other modifications have also been used, such as the one described in Bagriantsev et al., using traditional wet transfer and a TGB buffering system, and others using semi-dry transfer or capillary transfer.
DD-AGE, a further variation of the method that uses fully denaturing conditions - including reducing agents such ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
After a 1996 PhD titled High-precision U-series dating of corals from Western Australia : implication for last interglacial sea-levels at the Australian National University, Stirling worked at University of Michigan and ETH Zürich before moving to the University of Otago in 2006, rising to full professor in 2018. [ht... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Phosphite esters are Lewis bases and hence can form coordination complexes with various metal ions. Representative phosphite ligands include trimethylphosphite ((MeO)P), triethylphosphite ((EtO)P), trimethylolpropane phosphite, and triphenylphosphite ((PhO)P). Phosphites exhibit a smaller ligand cone angles than the st... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Radial spokes are T-shaped structures present inside the axoneme. Each spoke consists of a "head" and a "stalk," while each of these sub-structures is itself made up of many protein subunits. In all, the radial spoke is known to contain at least seventeen proteins, five in the head and twelve in the stalk. The spoke st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The European Molecular Spectroscopy Group, which was constituted informally after the Second World War to bring together spectroscopists from across Europe, met for the first time in Konstanz in 1947. Reinhard Mecke was at the time working in temporary accommodation at Wallhausen, a small village on the shores of Lake ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term magnetofection, currently trademarked by the company OZ Biosciences, combines the words magnetic and transfection. Magnetofection uses nucleic acids associated with magnetic nanoparticles. These molecular complexes are then concentrated and transported into cells using an applied magnetic field. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like any other linear free-energy relationship established, the Swain–Lupton equation will too fail when special circumstances arise, i.e. change in the rate determining step of a mechanism or solvation structure. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
is a potent greenhouse gas. A ton of HFC-23 in the atmosphere has the same effect as 11,700 tons of carbon dioxide. This equivalency, also called a 100-yr global warming potential, is slightly larger at 14,800 for HFC-23.
The atmospheric lifetime is 270 years.
HFC-23 was the most abundant HFC in the global atmosphere u... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
When a cell enters G1, Cyclin D- Cdk4/6 phosphorylates pRb at a single phosphorylation site. No progressive phosphorylation occurs because when HFF cells were exposed to sustained cyclin D- Cdk4/6 activity (and even deregulated activity) in early G1, only mono-phosphorylated pRb was detected. Furthermore, triple knocko... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amines reacts with nitrous acid to give diazonium salts. The alkyl diazonium salts are of little importance because they are too unstable. The most important members are derivatives of aromatic amines such as aniline ("phenylamine") (A = aryl or naphthyl):
Anilines and naphthylamines form more stable diazonium salts, w... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
SOFIA is an apparatus and method for improved optical geometry for enhancement of spectroscopic detection of analytes in a sample. The invention has already demonstrated its proof-of-concept functionality as an apparatus and method for ultrasensitive detection of prions and other low-level analytes.
SOFIA combines the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the long term, sustainable use of the soil must be guaranteed in order to meet the needs of the world's population. The project brings together numerous universities, research institutions, companies and stakeholders with the aim of creating a web-based, free system to support practical agriculture and land users in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lichens have been shown to degrade polyester resins, as can be seen in archaeological sites in the Roman city of Baelo Claudia in Spain. Lichens can accumulate several environmental pollutants such as lead, copper, and radionuclides. Some species of lichen, such as Parmelia sulcata (called a hammered shield lichen, amo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
*4.C.1 The Proposed Fatty Acid Transporter (FAT) Family
*4.C.2 The Carnitine O-Acyl Transferase (CrAT) Family
*4.C.3 The Acyl-CoA Thioesterase (AcoT) Family | 1 | Biochemistry |
Experiments in atomic physics are often done with a laser of a specific frequency (meaning the photons have a specific energy), so they only couple one set of states with a particular energy to another set of states with an energy . However, the atom can still decay spontaneously into a third state by emitting a phot... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because of the double-stranded nature of DNA, essentially all of the nucleotides take the form of Watson–Crick base pairs between nucleotides on the two complementary strands of the double helix.
In contrast, both RNA and proteins are normally single-stranded. Therefore, they are not constrained by the regular geometry... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Advocates of the non-classical nature of the stable 2-norbornyl cation typically depict the species using either resonance structures or a single structure with partial bonds (see Figure 2). This hypovalent interaction can be imagined as the net effect of i) a partial sigma bond between carbons 1 and 6, ii) a partial s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The hydroxyl radical, HO, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (HO). Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived; however, they form an important part of radical chemistry. Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of hydroperoxides (ROOH) or, in atmospheric chemistry... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In surface vibrational spectroscopy, the surface selection rule is applied to identify the peaks observed in vibrational spectra. When a molecule is adsorbed on a substrate, the molecule induces opposite image charges in the substrate. The dipole moment of the molecule and the image charges perpendicular to the surface... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In bioinformatics, a sequence entropy, also known as sequence complexity or information profile, is a numerical sequence providing a quantitative measure of the local complexity of a DNA sequence, independently of the direction of processing. The manipulations of the information profiles enable the analysis of the sequ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common adverse effects of tramadol include nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, indigestion, abdominal pain, vertigo, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, and headache. Other side effects may result from interactions with other medications. Tramadol has the same dose-dependent adverse effects as morphine including res... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Award of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (1985)
* Award of the Scientific Secretariat of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1980, 1989)
* Member of the Polish Chemical Society (1985) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In elementary arithmetic geometry, stereographic projection from the unit circle provides a means to describe all primitive Pythagorean triples. Specifically, stereographic projection from the north pole (0,1) onto the -axis gives a one-to-one correspondence between the rational number points on the unit circle (with... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* [http://www.science.uottawa.ca/~eih/ch1/ch1.htm Environmental Isotopes] (University of Ottawa)
* [http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchch2.html Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry] (C. Kendall & E.A. Caldwell, chap.2 in Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology [edited by C. Kendall & J.J. McDonnell], 1998... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The spatial resolution achievable in topographic images can be limited by one or several of three factors:
the resolution (grain or pixel size) of the detector, the experimental geometry, and intrinsic diffraction effects.
First, the spatial resolution of an image can obviously not be better than the grain size (in the... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lanthanide probes are a non-invasive analytical tool commonly used for biological and chemical applications. Lanthanides are metal ions which have their 4f energy level filled and generally refer to elements cerium to lutetium in the periodic table. The fluorescence of lanthanide salts is weak because the energy absorp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lactic acid fermentation is also used in the production of sauerkraut. The main type of bacteria used in the production of sauerkraut is of the genus Leuconostoc.
As in yogurt, when the acidity rises due to lactic acid-fermenting organisms, many other pathogenic microorganisms are killed. The bacteria produce lactic ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The spectral intensity of a blackbody, was first determined by Max Planck. It is given by Plancks law per unit wavelength as:This formula mathematically follows from calculation of spectral distribution of energy in quantized electromagnetic field which is in complete thermal equilibrium with the radiating object. Pla... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When referring to a promoter some authors actually mean promoter + operator; i.e., the lac promoter is IPTG inducible, meaning that besides the lac promoter, the lac operon is also present. If the lac operator were not present the IPTG would not have an inducible effect.
Another example is the Tac-Promoter system (Ptac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are two causes of charge carrier motion and separation in a solar cell:
#drift of carriers, driven by the electric field, with electrons being pushed one way and holes the other way
#diffusion of carriers from zones of higher carrier concentration to zones of lower carrier concentration (following a gradient of c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Apart from mass spectrometry and chromatography, other two validation techniques have been developed, namely
#Pre- and post-labelling techniques:
*Pre-labelling → involves the use of P: cells are grown in P containing medium, thus allowing the incorporation of [α-P]NTPs during transcription by T7 RNA polymerase. The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Receptors on the opposite side of the synaptic gap bind neurotransmitter molecules. Receptors can respond in either of two general ways. First, the receptors may directly open ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic cell membrane, causing ions to enter or exit the cell and changing the local transmembrane potenti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NHCs are often strongly basic (the pKa value of the conjugate acid of an imidazol-2-ylidene was measured at ca. 24) and react with oxygen. Clearly these reactions are performed using air-free techniques, avoiding compounds of even moderate acidity. Although imidazolium salts are stable to nucleophilic addition, other n... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Kenneth B. Storey (born October 23, 1949) is a Canadian scientist whose work draws from a variety of fields including biochemistry and molecular biology. He is a Professor of Biology, Biochemistry and Chemistry at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada. Storey has a world-wide reputation for his research on biochemical... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The cerium anomaly, in geochemistry, is the phenomenon whereby cerium (Ce) concentration is either depleted or enriched in a rock relative to the other rare-earth elements (REEs). A Ce anomaly is said to be "negative" if Ce is depleted relative to the other REEs and is said to be "positive" if Ce is enriched relative t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Delamanid, a drug used to treat multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) in combination with other antituberculosis medications, is activated in the mycobacterium by deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn), an enzyme which uses dihydro-F (reduced form). The activated form of the drug is highly reactive and attacks ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some organisms can oxidize methane, functionally reversing the process of methanogenesis, also referred to as the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Organisms performing AOM have been found in multiple marine and freshwater environments including methane seeps, hydrothermal vents, coastal sediments and sulfate-metha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In cardiovascular physiology, the diagram is often applied to the left ventricle, and it can be mapped to specific events of the cardiac cycle. PV loop studies are widely used in basic research and preclinical testing, to characterize the intact heart's performance under various situations (effect of drugs, disease, ch... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The total synthesis of moroidin has not yet been described. Partial syntheses including the Leu-Trp and Trp-His linkages have been achieved. In their total synthesis of celogentin C, Castle and coworkers first obtained the Leu-Trp cross-link. The formation of this bond involved an intermolecular Knoevenagel condensatio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fischer's lab team designed the material by building compounds made of individual copper and aluminum atoms. For this superatom, a mixture of aluminium atoms complexed with pentamethylcyclopentadiene (Cp*) and copper atoms complexed with mesitylene (Mes) were combined in an inert atmosphere.
:[AlCp*] + [CuMes] → [CuAl]... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Like many other energy generation technologies, the manufacture of solar cells, especially its rapid expansion, has many environmental and supply-chain implications. Global mining may adapt and potentially expand for sourcing the needed minerals which vary per type of solar cell. Recycling solar panels could be a sourc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are two main types of kineses, both resulting in aggregations. However, the stimulus does not act to attract or repel individuals.
Orthokinesis: in which the speed of movement of the individual is dependent upon the stimulus intensity. For example, the locomotion of the collembola, Orchesella cincta, in relation ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Variations in iron isotopes are caused by a number of chemical processes which result in the preferential incorporation of certain isotopes of iron into certain phases. Many of the chemical processes which fractionate iron are not well understood and are still being studied. The most well-documented chemical processes ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In aerobic cells with sufficient oxygen, as in most human cells, the pyruvate is further metabolized. It is irreversibly converted to acetyl-CoA, giving off one carbon atom as the waste product carbon dioxide, generating another reducing equivalent as NADH. The two molecules acetyl-CoA (from one molecule of glucose) th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like Ohta, H.T.Odum also sought to order energy form conversions according to their quality, however his hierarchical scale for ranking was based on extending ecological system food chain concepts to thermodynamics rather than simply relative ease of transformation . For H.T.Odum energy quality rank is based on the amo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Inverted sugar syrup for fermented water is usually home-made by fully dissolving sugar in cold tap water. Yeast requires oxygen rich water that do not exceed 25 degrees Celsius.
A common manual way to dissolve refined sugar is to mix with water in a container which is half filled, and then sealed and shaken. However, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aluminum has been found to compete with iron and magnesium and bind to DNA, membranes, or cell walls, leading to its toxic effect on microbes, such as cyanobacteria, soil bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi.
Aluminium triacetate (Burow's solution) is used as an astringent mild antiseptic. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both TLR3 and TLR4 use the TRIF-dependent pathway, which is triggered by dsRNA and LPS, respectively. For TLR3, dsRNA leads to activation of the receptor, recruiting the adaptor TRIF. TRIF activates the kinases TBK1 and RIPK1, which creates a branch in the signaling pathway. The TRIF/TBK1 signaling complex phosphorylat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.