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In almost all Fe–S proteins, the Fe centers are tetrahedral and the terminal ligands are thiolato sulfur centers from cysteinyl residues. The sulfide groups are either two- or three-coordinated. Three distinct kinds of Fe–S clusters with these features are most common. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Multidisciplinary observations are still needed in the deep water column to properly understand the biological pump:
* Physics: stratification affects particle sinking; understanding the origin of the particles and the residence time of the DIC from particle remineralization in the deep ocean requires measurement of ad... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The extensive dark areas on the trailing hemisphere of Saturn's moon Rhea are thought to be deposited tholins. | 9 | Geochemistry |
The graphs below show the behaviour of fractional derivatives calculated by different algorithms for ferrocene in acetonitrile at 100mV/s, the reference electrode is 0.1M Ag/Ag in acetonitrile (+0.04V vs. Fc). | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Eutrophication can be a natural process and occurs naturally through the gradual accumulation of sediment and nutrients. Naturally, eutrophication is usually caused by the natural accumulation of nutrients from dissolved phosphate minerals and dead plant matter in water.
Natural eutrophication has been well-characteri... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Histatins are histidine-rich (cationic) antimicrobial proteins found in saliva. Histatin's involvement in antimicrobial activities makes histatin part of the innate immune system.
Histatin was first discovered (isolated) in 1988, with functions that's responsible in keeping homeostasis inside the oral cavity, helping i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In coordination chemistry, the bite angle is the angle on a central atom between two bonds to a bidentate ligand. This ligand–metal–ligand geometric parameter is used to classify chelating ligands, including those in organometallic complexes. It is most often discussed in terms of catalysis, as changes in bite angle ca... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The reagent removes pairs of H atoms from organic molecules. The stoichiometry of its action is illustrated by the conversion of tetralin to naphthalene:
:2 CCl(CN)O + CH → 2 CCl(CN)(OH) + CH
The resulting hydroquinone is poorly soluble in typical reaction solvents (dioxane, benzene, alkanes), which facilitates workup... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In photochemistry, photohydrogen is hydrogen produced with the help of artificial or natural light. This is how the leaf of a tree splits water molecules into protons (hydrogen ions), electrons (to make carbohydrates) and oxygen (released into the air as a waste product). Photohydrogen may also be produced by the photo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Today, most trichloroethylene is produced from ethylene. First, ethylene is chlorinated over a ferric chloride catalyst to produce 1,2-dichloroethane:
:CH=CH + Cl → ClCHCHCl
When heated to around 400 °C with additional chlorine, 1,2-dichloroethane is converted to trichloroethylene:
:ClCHCHCl + 2 Cl → ClCH=CCl + 3 HCl
T... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Meta-analyses of intervention and observational trials for various types of cancer report mixed results. Supplementation with β-carotene did not appear to decrease the risk of cancer overall, nor specific cancers including: pancreatic, colorectal, prostate, breast, melanoma, or skin cancer generally. High-dose β-carote... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Karrer was married to Helena Froelich in 1914 and had three sons, one of whom died in infancy. He died on 18 June 1971, at the age of 82 in Zürich. His wife died in 1972. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The higher heating value is experimentally determined in a bomb calorimeter. The combustion of a stoichiometric mixture of fuel and oxidizer (e.g. two moles of hydrogen and one mole of oxygen) in a steel container at is initiated by an ignition device and the reactions allowed to complete. When hydrogen and oxygen rea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Observations have shown that fluxes of ballast minerals (calcium carbonate, opal, and lithogenic material) and organic carbon fluxes are closely correlated in the bathypelagic zones of the ocean. A large fraction of particulate organic matter occurs in the form of marine snow aggregates (>0.5 mm) composed of phytoplank... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Changes in animal populations, whether increases or decreases, can indicate pollution. For example, if pollution causes depletion of a plant, animal species that depend on that plant will experience population decline. Conversely, overpopulation may be opportunistic growth of a species in response to loss of other spec... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The primary role of CTCF is thought to be in regulating the 3D structure of chromatin. CTCF binds together strands of DNA, thus forming chromatin loops, and anchors DNA to cellular structures like the nuclear lamina. It also defines the boundaries between active and heterochromatic DNA.
Since the 3D structure of DNA in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As far back as 1974, DNA sequence similarity was recognized as a valuable tool for determining relationships among taxa. Structural genes in general are more highly conserved due to functional constraint, and so can prove useful in examinations of more disparate taxa. Original analyses enriched samples for structural g... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some microorganisms utilize selenium in formate dehydrogenase. Formate is produced in large amounts in the hepatic (liver cells) mitochondria of embryonic cells and in cancer cells by the folate cycle.
Formate is reversibly oxidized by the enzyme formate dehydrogenase:
:HCO → CO + H + 2 e | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cerium in coal is typically weakly negative, meaning that it is present at slightly lower concentrations than the other rare-earth elements. Cerium anomalies in coal are influenced by the sediment source region. Coal mined from mafic regions dominated by basalts, such as the location of the Xinde Mine in China, does no... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Antonella Buccianti (born 1960) is an Italian statistician and earth scientist, known for her work on the statistics of compositional data and its applications in geochemistry and geostatistics. She is an associate professor in the department of earth sciences at the University of Florence. | 9 | Geochemistry |
To capture genomic regions of interest using in-solution capture, a pool of custom oligonucleotides (probes) is synthesized and hybridized in solution to a fragmented genomic DNA sample. The probes (labeled with beads) selectively hybridize to the genomic regions of interest after which the beads (now including the DNA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The history of the mole is intertwined with that of units of molecular mass, and the Avogadro constant.
The first table of standard atomic weight was published by John Dalton (1766–1844) in 1805, based on a system in which the relative atomic mass of hydrogen was defined as 1. These relative atomic masses were based on... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In dielectric spectroscopy, large frequency dependent contributions to the dielectric response, especially at low frequencies, may come from build-ups of charge. This Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars polarization (or often just Maxwell-Wagner polarization), occurs either at inner dielectric boundary layers on a mesoscopic scale,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Academician Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky: Ninetieth birthday. Sat. - M., 1952.
* Zelinsky A.N. [http://www.rv.ru/content.php3?id=11132 Спаси и сохрани: К 100-летию «Противогаза Зелинского»] // Russian Bulletin - 07/03/2015.
* Zelinsky Nikolai Dmitrievich // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. P... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Peter D. Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961. In brief, the hypothesis was that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH formed during the oxidative breakdown ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SDS is synthesized by treating lauryl alcohol with sulfur trioxide, oleum, or chlorosulfuric acid to produce hydrogen lauryl sulfate. Lauryl alcohol can be used in pure form or as a mixtures of fatty alcohols. When produced from these sources, "SDS" products are a mixture of various sodium alkyl sulfates with SDS being... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Resiniferatoxin has a score of 16 billion Scoville heat units, making pure resiniferatoxin about 500 to 1000 times hotter than pure capsaicin. Resiniferatoxin activates transient vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) in a subpopulation of primary afferent sensory neurons involved in nociception, the transmission of physiologic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Diazomethane and the safer analogue trimethylsilyldiazomethane methylate carboxylic acids, phenols, and even alcohols:
The method offers the advantage that the side products are easily removed from the product mixture. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
These are solutions containing FSL Kode constructs where the construct will exist as a clear micellular dispersion. FSL-GB3 as a solution/gel has been used to inhibit HIV infection and to neutralise Shiga toxin. FSL blood group A as a solution has been used to neutralise circulating antibodies in a mouse model and allo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cyclins are a group of proteins that activate kinases involved in cell division. The degradation of cyclins is the key step that governs the exit from mitosis and progress into the next cell cycle. Cyclins accumulate in the course the cell cycle, then abruptly disappear just before the anaphase of mitosis. The cyclins ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A microchannel plate is a slab made from resistive material (most often glass) 0.5 to 2mm thick with a regular array of tiny tubes (microchannels) leading from one face to the other. The microchannels are typically 5-20 micrometers in diameter, parallel to each other and enter the plate at a small angle to the surface... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In supramolecular chemistry, molecular encapsulation is the confinement of a guest molecule inside the cavity of a supramolecular host molecule (molecular capsule, molecular container or cage compounds). Examples of supramolecular host molecule include carcerands and endohedral fullerenes. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Bioconjugation is a chemical strategy to form a stable covalent link between two molecules, at least one of which is a biomolecule. | 1 | Biochemistry |
(p)ppGpp is created via pppGpp synthase, also known as RelA, and is converted from pppGpp to ppGpp via pppGpp phosphohydrolase. RelA is associated with about every one in two hundred ribosomes and it becomes activated when an uncharged transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule enters the A site of the ribosome, due to the shortage ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chlororespiration is a respiratory process that takes place within plants. Inside plant cells there is an organelle called the chloroplast which is surrounded by the thylakoid membrane. This membrane contains an enzyme called NAD(P)H dehydrogenase which transfers electrons in a linear chain to oxygen molecules. This el... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Due to their toxicity, use of first-generation glycopeptide antibiotics is restricted to patients who are critically ill, who have a demonstrated hypersensitivity to the β-lactams, or who are infected with β-lactam-resistant species, as in the case of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These antibiotics are e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Podocin is localized on the membranes of podocyte pedicels (foot-like long processes), where it oligomerizes in lipid rafts together with nephrin to form the filtration slits. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In optical spectroscopy, the detectors typically measure the intensity of the light field rather than the electric field because there are no detectors that can directly measure electromagnetic fields in the optical range. However, there are multiple techniques, such as antennas and electro-optical sampling, that can ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PHBV was first manufactured in 1983 by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). It is commercialized under the trade name Biopol. ICI (Zeneca) sold it to Monsanto in 1996. This was then obtained by Metabolix in 2001. Biomer L is the trade name of PHBV from Biomer. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrophilic membrane filtration is used in several industries to filter various liquids. These hydrophilic filters are used in the medical, industrial, and biochemical fields to filter elements such as bacteria, viruses, proteins, particulates, drugs, and other contaminants. Common hydrophilic molecules include colloid... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Repellents generally work by taking advantage of an animal's natural aversion to something, and often the thing chosen is something that the animal has learned to avoid (or instinctively avoids) in its natural environment.
Chemical repellents fall into two main categories, odor and taste. The former work better in the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The difference in mass density between the colloidal particles of mass density and the medium of suspension of mass density , and the diameter of the particles, have an influence on the value of . As an example, consider a colloidal suspension of polyethylene particles in water, and three different values for the dia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose, and are common in the biochemistry of cells.
Fructosephosphates play integral roles in many metabolic pathways, particularly glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
The major biologically active fructosephosphates are:
*Fructose 1-phosp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
August Friedrich Horstmann (20 November 1842 – 8 October 1929) was a German physical chemist who contributed to a thermodynamic understanding of chemical reactions and equilibria. His mathematical approach published in 1873 was largely overshadowed by the independent and identical findings of Josiah Willard Gibbs made ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Twenty of the 32 crystal classes are piezoelectric, and crystals belonging to one of these classes (point groups) display piezoelectricity. All piezoelectric classes lack inversion symmetry. Any material develops a dielectric polarization when an electric field is applied, but a substance that has such a natural charge... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The equation for converting Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) to DLI, assuming constant PPFD, is below. </blockquote>whereLight-hours is the number of hours in a day active photons are delivered to the target area, measured in hours.
Note that the factor 3.6·10 is due to the conversion factors coming from μmol ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Anti-sigma factors are small proteins that bind to sigma factors and inhibit transcriptional activity in regulating prokaryote gene expression. Anti-sigma factors have both a sigma-binding domain and a sensory/signaling domain; this allows them to respond to signals inside and outside the cell. Anti-sigma factors have ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main metabolic challenge for methylotrophs is the assimilation of single carbon units into biomass. Through de novo synthesis, methylotrophs must form carbon-carbon bonds between 1-Carbon () molecules. This is an energy intensive process, which facultative methylotrophs avoid by using a range of larger organic comp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bidirectional promoters are short (<1 kbp) intergenic regions of DNA between the 5 ends of the genes in a bidirectional gene pair. A “bidirectional gene pair” refers to two adjacent genes coded on opposite strands, with their 5 ends oriented toward one another. The two genes are often functionally related, and modifica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An excess of acid is called acidosis or acidemia, while an excess in bases is called alkalosis or alkalemia. The process that causes the imbalance is classified based on the cause of the disturbance (respiratory or metabolic) and the direction of change in pH (acidosis or alkalosis). This yields the following four basi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of related compounds are known, with a similar structure but having the indole core flipped and/or replaced with related cores such as indoline, indazole, benzothiophene, or benzofuran. These similarly are primarily active as agonists at the 5-HT family of serotonin receptors, with applications in the treatmen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), also known as surface potential microscopy, is a noncontact variant of atomic force microscopy (AFM). By raster scanning in the x,y plane the work function of the sample can be locally mapped for correlation with sample features. When there is little or no magnification, this appro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Bamfield Peter and Hutchings Michael, Chromic Phenomena; technological applications of colour chemistry, 3rd Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2018. {EPUB }.
*Vik Michal and Periyasamy Aravin Prince, Chromic Materials; Fundamentals, Measurements and Applications, Apple Academic Press, 2018. .
*Ferrara ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Some cyanobacteria are sold as food, notably Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) and others (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae).
Some microalgae contain substances of high biological value, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, proteins, pigments, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Edible blue-green algae reduce th... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The superfluid phase of neutron matter exists in neutron stars.
The superfluidity is described by the BCS model with a realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction potential.
By increasing the density of nuclear matter above the saturation density, quark matter is formed. It is expected that dense quark matter at low
temper... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Organic Geochemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier covering research on all aspects of organic geochemistry. It is an official journal of the European Association of Organic Geochemists. The editors-in-chief are Steven Rowland (University of Plymouth), John Volkman (CSIRO Oceans an... | 9 | Geochemistry |
When an initially homogenous alloy is placed in an acid that can preferentially dissolve one or more components out of the alloy, the remaining component will diffuse and organize into a unique, nano-porous microstructure. The resulting material will have ligaments, formed by the remaining material, surrounded by pores... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Polysaccharides with unprotected vicinal diols or amino sugars (where some hydroxyl groups are replaced with amines) give a positive periodic acid-Schiff stain (PAS). The list of polysaccharides that stain with PAS is long. Although mucins of epithelial origins stain with PAS, mucins of connective tissue origin have so... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*APOBEC1
*APOBEC3A-H, APOBEC3G - affects HIV
*Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA)
*Cytidine deaminase (CDA)
*dCMP deaminase (DCTD)
*AMP deaminase (AMPD1)
*Adenosine Deaminase acting on tRNA (ADAT)
*Adenosine Deaminase acting on dsRNA (ADAR)
**Double-stranded RNA-specific editase 1 (ADARB1)
*Adenosine Deaminas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of radioactive tracer elements in ion uptake assays allows the calculation of km, Ki and Vmax and determines the initial change in the ion content of the cells. Mg decays by the emission of a high-energy beta or gamma particle, which can be measured using a scintillation counter. However, the radioactive half-l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The plot of the Hammett equation is typically seen as being linear, with either a positive or negative slope correlating to the value of rho. However, nonlinearity emerges in the Hammett plot when a substituent affects the rate of reaction or changes the rate-determining step or reaction mechanism of the reaction. Fo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photogeochemical reactions are described by the same principles used to describe photochemical reactions in general, and may be classified similarly:
# Photosynthesis: in the most general sense, photosynthesis refers to any light-activated reaction for which the change in free energy (ΔG) is positive for the reaction i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Increase in the number of dislocations is a quantification of work hardening. Plastic deformation occurs as a consequence of work being done on a material; energy is added to the material. In addition, the energy is almost always applied fast enough and in large enough magnitude to not only move existing dislocations, ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Inverse agonists differ from regular agonists in that they effect receptors to which a regular agonist binds such that the bound receptors demonstrate reduced activity compared to when they are normally inactive. In other words, inverse antagonists limit the efficacy of the bound receptor in some way. This is noted to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Catskill-Delaware Water Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility is a ultraviolet (UV) water disinfection plant built in Westchester County, New York to disinfect water for the New York City water supply system. The compound is the largest ultraviolet germicidal irradiation plant in the world.
The UV facility treats wate... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Gateway cloning method, invented and commercialized by Invitrogen since the late 1990s, is the cloning method of the integration and excision recombination reactions that take place when bacteriophage lambda infects bacteria. This technology provides a fast and highly efficient way to transport DNA sequences into m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The English word antagonist in pharmaceutical terms comes from the Greek ἀνταγωνιστής – antagonistēs, "opponent, competitor, villain, enemy, rival", which is derived from anti- ("against") and agonizesthai ("to contend for a prize"). Antagonists were discovered in the 20th century by American biologist Bailey Edgren. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Avogadros law (sometimes referred to as Avogadros hypothesis or Avogadros principle) or Avogadro-Ampères hypothesis is an experimental gas law relating the volume of a gas to the amount of substance of gas present. The law is a specific case of the ideal gas law. A modern statement is:
The law is named after Amedeo A... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A group of researchers at Georgia Tech made dye-sensitized solar cells with a higher effective surface area by wrapping the cells around a quartz optical fiber. The researchers removed the cladding from optical fibers, grew zinc oxide nanowires along the surface, treated them with dye molecules, surrounded the fibers b... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The 25 year record of ocean carbon measurements at Station ALOHA document that the partial pressure of (p) in the mixed layer is increasing at a rate slightly greater than the trend observed in the atmosphere. This has been accompanied by progressive decreases in seawater pH. Although the effect of anthropogenic is ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
M2-PK, as measured in feces, is a potential tumor marker for colorectal cancer. When measured in feces with a cutoff value of 4 U/ml, its sensitivity has been estimated to be 85% (with a 95% confidence interval of 65 to 96%) for colon cancer and 56% (confidence interval 41–74%) for rectal cancer. Its specificity is 95%... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Unlike crystalline materials which exhibit strong Bragg diffraction, the diffraction patterns of amorphous materials are characterized by broad and diffuse peaks. As a result, detailed analysis and complementary techniques are required to extract real space structural information from the diffraction patterns of amorph... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reductions with metal alkoxyaluminium hydrides are chemical reactions that involve either the net hydrogenation of an unsaturated compound or the replacement of a reducible functional group with hydrogen by metal alkoxyaluminium hydride reagents. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After the exhaustion of the glycogen reserve, and for the next 2–3 days, fatty acids are the principal metabolic fuel. At first, the brain continues to use glucose, because if a non-brain tissue is using fatty acids as its metabolic fuel, the use of glucose in the same tissue is switched off. Thus, when fatty acids ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
High-gradient magnetic separator is to separate magnetic and non-magnetic particles (concentrate and tails) from the feed slurry. This feed comes from intermediate thickener underflow pump through Linear Screen & Passive Matrix. Tailings go to tailing thickener & product goes to throw launder through vacuum tanks. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Functional null mutations in this gene cause Carney complex (CNC), an autosomal dominant multiple neoplasia syndrome. This gene can fuse to the RET protooncogene by gene rearrangement and form the thyroid tumor-specific chimeric oncogene known as PTC2.
Mutation of PRKAR1A leads to the Carney complex, associating multip... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Williams was born in Tonypandy, Wales, the son of a coal miner. In 1944, he won a scholarship to study at the University of Bristol, where he earned a bachelors degree in 1948 and later a Master of Science in physics. In working to earn his masters degree, he studied stereo micro-radiography at the University of Chicag... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Sonogashira reaction is a cross-coupling reaction used in organic synthesis to form carbon–carbon bonds. It employs a palladium catalyst as well as copper co-catalyst to form a carbon–carbon bond between a terminal alkyne and an aryl or vinyl halide.
:* </span>: aryl or vinyl
:* </span>: arbitrary
:* X: I, Br, Cl o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In benzene the two cyclohexatriene Kekulé structures, first proposed by Kekulé, are taken together as contributing structures to represent the total structure. In the hybrid structure on the right, the dashed hexagon replaces three double bonds, and represents six electrons in a set of three molecular orbitals of π sym... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Often parents of children with a developmental disability want to know more about their childs conditions before choosing to have another child. These concerns can be addressed by analysis of the parents and childs DNA. In cases where the childs developmental disability is not understood, the cause of it can potential... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A scene featuring a volcano in the film Fair Wind to Java (1953) was shot at Mono Lake.
Most of the film High Plains Drifter (1973) by Clint Eastwood was shot on the southern shores of Mono Lake in the 1970s. An entire town was built here for the film, and later removed when shooting was complete. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Because the molecule d-biotin has a much higher affinity to Strep-Tactin than Strep-tag, it can effectively compete for the binding site. Therefore, a MHC multimer based on the interaction of Strep-tag with Strep-Tactin is easily disrupted in the presence of relatively low concentrations of d-biotin. Without the Strep-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stream metabolism, often referred to as aquatic ecosystem metabolism in both freshwater (lakes, rivers, wetlands, streams, reservoirs) and marine ecosystems, includes gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) and can be expressed as net ecosystem production (NEP = GPP - ER). Analogous to metaboli... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Initiation factor IF3 is a small protein of 21 kDa containing two compact α/β domains (IF3C and IF3N) connected by a flexible lysine-rich linker. Most IF3 functions are mediated by the IF3C domain, while IF3N regulates 30S subunit binding. Bacterial initiation factor 3 (infC) is not universally found in all bacterial s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Conferences are normally scheduled for May or June in Europe, North America or Asia. However, most conferences are held in Europe because the majority of the current membership resides in Europe. Conferences start with an informal reception on Sunday evening followed by two and a half days of technical sessions. Ample ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The core RNA polymerase (consisting of 2 alpha (α), 1 beta (β), 1 beta-prime (β'), and 1 omega (ω) subunits) binds a sigma factor to form a complex called the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. It was previously believed that the RNA polymerase holoenzyme initiates transcription, while the core RNA polymerase alone synthesizes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proteins and other molecules are constantly in competition with one another over binding sites on a surface. The Vroman Effect, developed by Leo Vroman, postulates that small and abundant molecules will be the first to coat a surface. However, over time, molecules with higher affinity for that particular surface will r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ability for a mechanical bond to reduce reactivity and hence prevent unwanted reactions has been exploited in a number of areas. One of the earliest applications was in the protection of organic dyes from environmental degradation. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Examples of siderophores produced by various bacteria and fungi:
Hydroxamate siderophores
Catecholate siderophores
Mixed ligands
Amino carboxylate ligands
A comprehensive list of siderophore structures (over 250) is presented in Appendix 1 in reference. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* [http://www.piercenet.com/method/desalting-gel-filtration#gelfiltration Animation of desalting using gel filtration chromatography] | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Jaffe reaction is a colorimetric method used in clinical chemistry to determine creatinine levels in blood and urine. In 1886, Max Jaffe (1841–1911) wrote about its basic principles in the paper Über den Niederschlag, welchen Pikrinsäure in normalem Harn erzeugt und über eine neue Reaction des Kreatinins in which h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Joshi et al. (2006) propose the Koenigs-Knorr reaction in the stereoselective synthesis of alkyl D-glucopyranosides via glycosylation, with the exception of using lithium carbonate which is less expensive and toxic than the conventional method of using silver or mercury salts. D-glucose is first protected by forming th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*1991 National Science Foundation Faculty Award for Women Scientists
*1994 Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Max Planck Research Award
*1996 American Physical Society Fellow
*2005 American Physical Society Herbert P. Broida Prize
*2006 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
*2007 University of Southern California Rem... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Besides setups in multi-purpose facilities, the first dedicated end-station has been built at the PETRA-III storage ring, where this technique is routinely applied. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The ability to control the electrode potential for electro-switchable biosurfaces facilitates several different applications. One example is the field of molecular electronics, for instance the investigation of DNA-mediated charge transfer.
Another application is the analysis of molecular interactions. To that end, the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Iron technology was further advanced by several inventions in medieval Islam, during the Islamic Golden Age. These included a variety of water-powered and wind-powered industrial mills for metal production, including geared gristmills and forges. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Muslim world had thes... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The concentration of ATP must be kept above equilibrium level so that the rates of ATP-dependent biochemical reactions meet metabolic demands. A decrease in ATP will result in a decreased saturation of enzymes that use ATP as substrate, and thus a decreased reaction rate. The concentration of ATP is also kept higher th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Large molecules that have one end with polar groups attached and another end with nonpolar groups are described as amphiphiles or amphiphilic molecules. They are good surfactants and can aid in the formation of stable emulsions, or blends, of water and fats. Surfactants reduce the interfacial tension between oil and wa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phasor analysis is commonly used for fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) data analysis and has been adapted for pump–probe imaging data analysis. Signals are decomposed into their real and imaginary parts of the Fourier transform at a given frequency. By plotting the real and imaginary parts against one ano... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In poorly-managed soils, particularly on sloped ground, erosion and transport of soil sediment rich in POM can contaminate water bodies. Because POM provides a source of energy and nutrients, rapid build-up of organic matter in water can result in eutrophication. Suspended organic materials can also serve as a potentia... | 9 | Geochemistry |
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