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Prokaryotic ribosomes begin translation of the mRNA transcript while DNA is still being transcribed. Thus translation and transcription are parallel processes. Bacterial mRNA are usually polycistronic and contain multiple ribosome binding sites. Translation initiation is the most highly regulated step of protein synthe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
NCOA4 has been shown to interact with:
* Androgen receptor, and
* Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
* Ferritin
* ATG8 | 1 | Biochemistry |
The interconversion of chair conformers is called ring flipping or chair-flipping. Carbon–hydrogen bonds that are axial in one configuration become equatorial in the other, and vice versa. At room temperature the two chair conformations rapidly equilibrate. The proton NMR spectrum of cyclohexane is a singlet at room te... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Large amounts of research have focused recently on the use of enzymes as a catalyst for the transesterification. Researchers have found that very good yields could be obtained from crude and used oils using lipases. The use of lipases makes the reaction less sensitive to high free fatty-acid content, which is a problem... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Mitochondrial creatine kinase (CK) is present in the mitochondrial intermembrane space, where it regenerates phosphocreatine (PCr) from mitochondrially generated ATP and creatine (Cr) imported from the cytosol. Apart from the two mitochondrial CK isoenzyme forms, that is, ubiquitous mtCK (present in non-muscle tissues)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the crystal diffracts to high resolution (<1.2 Å), the initial phases can be estimated using direct methods. Direct methods can be used in x-ray crystallography, neutron crystallography, and electron crystallography.
A number of initial phases are tested and selected by this method. The other is the Patterson meth... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Veterinary virology is the study of viruses in non-human animals. It is an important branch of veterinary medicine. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Standard conditions for using NBS in allylic and/or benzylic bromination involves refluxing a solution of NBS in anhydrous CCl with a radical initiator—usually azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) or benzoyl peroxide, irradiation, or both to effect radical initiation. The allylic and benzylic radical intermediates formed duri... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Diebold has served in a number of editorial roles and on a number of advisory boards for scientific journals. These include:
* 2003–present Surface Science Reports advisory editorial board
* 2006 – 2007 Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter Surface, Interface and Atomic-Scale Science editorial board
* 2006 – 2007 ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isla San José is the second largest island in the Pearl Islands, off the Pacific coast of Panama. The privately owned island has an area of . At the 2000 census, it had a population of only 10. Thousands of wild pigs and deer populate Isla San Jose, which has a rugged, rocky shoreline and over 50 beaches.
A unit of U.S... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA polymerase plays a very crucial role in all steps including post-transcriptional changes in RNA.
As shown in the image in the right it is evident that the CTD (C Terminal Domain) is a tail that changes its shape; this tail will be used as a carrier of splicing, capping and polyadenylation, as shown in the image on ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermogravimetric analysis is often combined with other processes or used in conjunction with other analytical methods.
For example, the TGA instrument continuously weighs a sample as it is heated to temperatures of up to 2000 °C for coupling with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectrometry ga... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There was originally a simple and widely accepted argument that the genetic code should be universal: namely, that any variation in the genetic code would be lethal to the organism (although Crick had stated that viruses were an exception). This is known as the "frozen accident" argument for the universality of the gen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This is a highly competitive area and a number of people claim patents in the field, most notably Alere (formerly Inverness Medical Innovations, now owned by Abbott) who own patents originally filed by Unipath. The US 6,485,982 patent, that has been litigated, expired in 2019. A number of other companies also hold pate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
During the 1980s, a class of thermal spray processes called high velocity oxy-fuel spraying was developed. A mixture of gaseous or liquid fuel and oxygen is fed into a combustion chamber, where they are ignited and combusted continuously. The resultant hot gas at a pressure close to 1 MPa emanates through a converging–... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For superalloys operating at high temperatures and exposed to corrosive environments, oxidation behavior is a concern. Oxidation involves chemical reactions of the alloying elements with oxygen to form new oxide phases, generally at the alloy surface. If unmitigated, oxidation can degrade the alloy over time in a varie... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Different annotations capture diverse aspects of variant function. Simultaneous use of multiple, varied functional annotations could improve rare variants association analysis power of whole exome and whole genome sequencing studies. Some tools have been developed to enable functionally-informed phenotype-genotype asso... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A YAC is built using an initial circular DNA plasmid, which is typically cut into a linear DNA molecule using restriction enzymes; DNA ligase is then used to ligate a DNA sequence or gene of interest into the linearized DNA, forming a single large, circular piece of DNA. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.11.4256] The b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There has been a significant amount of work experimentally to observe both the structure and measure the properties of grain boundaries but the five dimensional degrees of freedom of grain boundaries within complex polycrystalline networks has not yet been fully understood and thus there is currently no method to contr... | 8 | Metallurgy |
It is common in electrochemistry and solid-state physics to discuss both the chemical potential and the electrochemical potential of the electrons. However, in the two fields, the definitions of these two terms are sometimes swapped. In electrochemistry, the electrochemical potential of electrons (or any other species)... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The earliest record of trichloroethylene synthesis dates back to 1836. It was obtained from the action of potassium hydroxide on 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane by Auguste Laurent and notated as (then the atomic weight of carbon was thought to be the half of it really was). Laurent did not inve... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Charles' law, or the law of volumes, was founded in 1787 by Jacques Charles. It states that, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, assuming in a closed system.
The statement of Charles' law is as follows:
the volume (V) of a given mass of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some phenolic compounds produced from previous reactions worked as bactericides and the actinomycetales order of bacteria also produced antibiotic compounds (e.g., streptomycin). Thus the action of anaerobic bacteria ceased at about 10 m below the water or sediment. The mixture at this depth contained fulvic acids, un... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Around 1750, colonial raw materials poured into the British Isles, and factories began to appear. The earlier hardware with its chiseled and filed details fast gave way to less expensive, but equally functional hardware of similar but unadorned design. H and HL hinges are a good example of this transition.
After the Am... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For an enzyme immobilised on an electrode, the value of the current at a certain potential equates , where is the number of electrons exchanged in the catalytic reaction, is the electrode surface, is the electroactive coverage, and TOF is the turnover frequency (or "turnover number"), that is, the number of substrat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 3–10 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Corn seedling chloroplasts are ≈20 µm in volume. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydom... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Bharat is the author or co-author of over 46 scientific publications. These include:
* Jan Böhning, Mnar Ghrayeb, Conrado Pedebos, Daniel K. Abbas, Syma Khalid, Liraz Chai & Tanmay A. M. Bharat (2022) [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-34700-z Donor-strand exchange drives assembly of the TasA scaffold in Bacil... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to IUPAC convention, by precedence (stylized electronegativity), hydrogen falls between group 15 and group 16 elements. Therefore, we have NH, "nitrogen hydride" (ammonia), versus HO, "hydrogen oxide" (water). This convention is sometimes broken for polonium, which on the grounds of polonium's metallicity is ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The SQT approach has been praised for a variety of reasons as a technique for characterizing sediment conditions. Relative to the depth of information it provides, and the inclusive nature, it is very cost effective. It can be applied to all sediment classifications, and even adapted to soil and water column assessment... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The scintillation process in inorganic materials is due to the electronic band structure found in crystals and is not molecular in nature as is the case with organic scintillators. An incoming particle can excite an electron from the valence band to either the conduction band or the exciton band (located just below the... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Akula is a Dunkleosteus like creature. They have 3 sets of jaws and is the apex predator of the Pandoran ocean. They are introduced in Avatar: The Way of Water, where Jakes son Loak fights of one after he is stranded in the ocean, before being saved by Payakan. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Mixtec civilization have long been thought to be the dominant goldsmiths of post-classic Mesoamerica. A large number of gold artifacts found in central and southern Mexico have been attributed to the Mixtec. | 8 | Metallurgy |
RopB transcriptional regulator, also known as RopB/Rgg transcriptional regulator is a transcriptional regulator protein that regulates expression of the extracellularly secreted cysteine protease streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (speB) [See Also: erythrogenic toxins] which is an important virulence factor of Streptoc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Crystallite size in monodisperse microstructures is usually approximated from X-ray diffraction patterns and grain size by other experimental techniques like transmission electron microscopy. Solid objects large enough to see and handle are rarely composed of a single crystal, except for a few cases (gems, silicon sing... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Lead ore (galena) in relatively pure form is present geologically in a number of places in North America. Some native populations mined and used the lead. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The classes of enzymes that have manganese cofactors include oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases. Other enzymes containing manganese are arginase and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). Also the enzyme class of reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses (though not lent... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Different influences at the interface may cause changes in the composition of the near-surface layer. Substances may either accumulate near the surface or, conversely, move into the bulk. The movement of the molecules characterizes the phenomena of adsorption. Adsorption influences changes in surface tension and col... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The HPCE-based viral titer assay uses a proprietary, high-performance capillary electrophoresis system to determine baculovirus titer.
The Trofile assay is used to determine HIV tropism.
The viral plaque assay is to calculate the number of viruses present in a sample. In this technique the number of viral plaques forme... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calcination is thermal decomposition of a material. Examples include decomposition of hydrates such as ferric hydroxide to ferric oxide and water vapor, the decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide as well as iron carbonate to iron oxide:
:CaCO → CaO + CO
Calcination processes are ca... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ethyl chloroformate is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the ethyl ester of chloroformic acid. It is a colorless, corrosive and highly toxic liquid. It is a reagent used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the ethyl carbamate protecting group and for the formation of carboxylic anhydrides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The CompTox Chemicals Dashboard database contains high quality chemical structures and information that have been extensively curated and quality checked, which can be used as a resource for analytical scientists involved in structure identification.
Chemical hazard data in the dashboard comes from both traditional la... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) very often initially involves oxidation of 5mC (see Figure in this section) by ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TET enzymes). The molecular steps of this initial demethylation are shown in detail in TET enzymes. In success... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The extent to which a solid is crystalline (crystallinity) has important effects on its physical properties. Sulfur, while usually polycrystalline, may also occur in other allotropic forms with completely different properties. Although crystallites are referred to as grains, powder grains are different, as they can be ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An ionotropic effect is the effect of a transmitter substance or hormone that activates or deactivates ionotropic receptors (ligand-gated ion channels). The effect can be either positive or negative, specifically a depolarization or a hyperpolarization respectively. This term is commonly confused with an inotropic effe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Land animals, including livestock and pets have been affected. Dogs have died from the toxins after swimming in algal blooms. Warnings have come from government agencies in the state of Ohio, which noted that many dogs and livestock deaths resulted from HAB exposure in the U.S. and other countries. They also noted in a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Fig. 5 shows a so-called DC SQUID. It consists of two superconductors connected by two weak links. The fluxoid quantization of a loop through the two bulk superconductors and the two weak links demands
If the self-inductance of the loop can be neglected the magnetic flux in the loop Φ is equal to the applied flux
with ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nidogens, formerly known as entactins, are a family of sulfated monomeric glycoproteins located in the basal lamina of parahoxozoans. Two nidogens have been identified in humans: nidogen-1 (NID1) and nidogen-2 (NID2). Remarkably, vertebrates are still capable of stabilizing basement membrane in the absence of either id... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is another conducting polymer that is being investigated for coating an electrode surface. Some benefits of PEDOT over PPy is that it is more stable to oxidation and more conductive; however PPy is much cheaper. As with PPy, PEDOT has been shown to decrease the electrical impeda... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
C/N ratios in the range 4-10:1 are usually from marine sources, whereas higher ratios are likely to come from a terrestrial source. Vascular plants from terrestrial sources tend to have C/N ratios greater than 20. The lack of cellulose, which has a chemical formula of (CHO), and greater amount of proteins in algae vers... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Imaging biomarkers allow earlier detection of disease compared to molecular biomarkers, and streamline translational research in the drug discovery marketplace. For example, one could determine the percent of receptors a drug targets, shortening the time and money of research during the new drug development stage. Ima... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The stoichiometric structure and mass-conservation properties of biochemical pathways gives rise to a series of theorems or relationships between the control coefficients and the control coefficients and elasticities. There are a large number of such relationships depending on the pathway configuration (e.g. linear, br... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from host to virus allows for AMGs to be acquired. Gene transfer from host eukaryotes to viruses occur about twice as frequently as virus to host gene transfers due to a higher number viral recipients than donors. The vast majority of gene transfer occurs in double-stranded DNA viruses si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycoconjugate is the covalently bonded product of oligosaccharides to the biomolecules such as proteins and lipids. They play indispensable role in the biological activities of mammalian cells from energy generation to cell signalling. These glycoconjugates with short oligosaccharide structures are important for the ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One of the most developed areas of phosphaalkyne chemistry is that of cycloadditions. Like other multiply bonded molecular fragments, phosphaalkynes undergo myriad reactions such as [1+2] cycloadditions, [3+2] cycloadditions, and [4+2] cycloadditions. This reactivity is summarized in graphical format below, which inclu... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitrates do not affect infants and pregnant women. Blue baby syndrome is caused by a number of other factors such as gastric upset, such as diarrheal infection, protein intolerance, heavy metal toxicity etc., with nitrates playing a minor role. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The formula of monomeric oxyanions, , is dictated by the oxidation state of the element A and its position in the periodic table. Elements of the first row are limited to a maximum coordination number of 4. However, none of the first row elements has a monomeric oxyanion with that coordination number. Instead, carbonat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Columnar structures were first studied in botany due to their diverse appearances in plants. D'Arcy Thompson analysed such arrangement of plant parts around the stem in his book "On Growth and Form" (1917). But they are also of interest in other biological areas, including bacteria, viruses, microtubules, and the notoc... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some authors refer to the grand potential as the Landau free energy or Landau potential and write its definition as:
named after Russian physicist Lev Landau, which may be a synonym for the grand potential, depending on system stipulations. For homogeneous systems, one obtains . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A "transient complex" model was first proposed by Huetz et al. to explain this competitive exchange. This transient complex exchange occurs in three distinct steps. Initially a protein embeds itself into the monolayer of an already adsorbed homogenous protein monolayer. The aggregation of this new heterogenous protein... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A prokaryote (, also spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. The word prokaryote comes from the Ancient Greek πρό () before and κάρυον () nut, kernel. In the two-empire system arising from the work of Édouard Chatton, prokaryotes were classified with... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hua-Zhong "Hogan" Yu (于化忠) is presently a professor of materials and analytical chemistry at Simon Fraser University in metro Vancouver, Canada, where he leads a research laboratory working on Surfaces and Materials for Sensing. He is also an associate editor for Analyst, the journal for Analytical and Bioanalytical S... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
M is the molar mass and G are the group contributions (different for all three properties) for functional groups of a molecule. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The lactate shuttle hypothesis describes the movement of lactate intracellularly (within a cell) and intercellularly (between cells). The hypothesis is based on the observation that lactate is formed and utilized continuously in diverse cells under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Further, lactate produced at si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Superconductor material classes include chemical elements (e.g. mercury or lead), alloys (such as niobium–titanium, germanium–niobium, and niobium nitride), ceramics (YBCO and magnesium diboride), superconducting pnictides (like fluorine-doped LaOFeAs) or organic superconductors (fullerenes and carbon nanotubes; though... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lithium aluminium germanium phosphate, typically known with the acronyms LAGP or LAGPO, is an inorganic ceramic solid material whose general formula is . LAGP belongs to the NASICON (Sodium Super Ionic Conductors) family of solid conductors and has been applied as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium-ion batt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
IIR Working Groups operate on a temporary basis, bringing together specialists, to work on projects arising from current issues.
Their aim is to promote development, provide knowledge and give recommendations in these spheres. In order to achieve these objectives, they hold conferences and workshops, write publications... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, there are two types of ideal electrode, the ideal polarizable electrode and the ideal non-polarizable electrode. Simply put, the ideal polarizable electrode is characterized by charge separation at the electrode-electrolyte boundary and is electrically equivalent to a capacitor, while the ideal non... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The GFAJ-1 bacterium was discovered by geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon, a NASA astrobiology fellow in residence at the US Geological Survey in Menlo Park, California. GFAJ stands for "Give Felisa a Job". The organism was isolated and cultured beginning in 2009 from samples she and her colleagues collected from sed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Immunological effects resulting from the cryoablation of tumors was first observed in the 1960s. Since the 1960s, Tanaka treated metastatic breast cancer patients with cryotherapy and reported cryoimmunological reaction resulting from cryotherapy. In the 1970s, systemic immunological response from local cryoablation o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One application for sodium tert-butoxide is as a non-nucleophilic base. It has been widely used in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination, as in this typical example:
Sodium tert-butoxide is used to prepare tert-butoxide complexes. For example hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III) is thus obtained by the salt metathesis reaction fr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Landes joined the University of Houston at an assistant professor in 2006, and moved to Rice University in 2009. She was appointed Kenneth S. Pitzer-Schlumberger Chair in 2021. Her early independent work considered super-resolution single molecule spectroscopy for the characterization of biomolecules using FRET with me... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Immunotherapy is a treatment used to produce immunity to a disease or enhance the resistance of the immune system to an active disease process, such as cancer
Wnt and Fz genes are frequently overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Treatment of a HNSCC cell line (SNU 1076) with anti-Wnt1 antibod... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The above problem raises the question for α > 1: if a Bose gas with a fixed number of particles is lowered down below the critical temperature, what happens?
The problem here is that the Thomas–Fermi approximation has set the degeneracy of the ground state to zero, which is wrong. There is no ground state to accept the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Also in 1989, Peko Mines, then a division of North Broken Hill Peko Limited, also engaged Jameson to undertake test work in its Warrego concentrator near Tennant Creek in Australias Northern Territory. The objective was to determine the Jameson Cells performance in cleaning copper concentrate to improve its grade by re... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Electrometallurgy is the field concerned with the processes of metal electrodeposition. There are seven categories of these processes:
*Electrolysis
*Electrowinning, the extraction of metal from ores
*Electrorefining, the purification of metals. Metal powder production by electrodeposition is included in this categor... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The unit sphere in three-dimensional space is the set of points such that . Let be the "north pole", and let be the rest of the sphere. The plane runs through the center of the sphere; the "equator" is the intersection of the sphere with this plane.
For any point on , there is a unique line through and , and th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. The bond angles are cos(−) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5° when all four substituents are the same, as in methane () as well as its heavier analogues. Methane and other perfec... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
DSSCs are currently the most efficient third-generation (2005 Basic Research Solar Energy Utilization 16) solar technology available. Other thin-film technologies are typically between 5% and 13%, and traditional low-cost commercial silicon panels operate between 14% and 17%. This makes DSSCs attractive as a replacemen... | 5 | Photochemistry |
There are different chemical families of corrosion inhibitors used in the oil industry, among them are the following:
Fatty Imidazolines: These are imidazole-based compounds, usually with a long unsaturated chain length, derived mainly from oleic acid. They are very effective in preventing acid corrosion of carbon stee... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to the assumptions of the kinetic theory of ideal gases, one can consider that there are no intermolecular attractions between the molecules, or atoms, of an ideal gas. In other words, its potential energy is zero. Hence, all the energy possessed by the gas is the kinetic energy of the molecules, or atoms, of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methylotrophs use the electron transport chain to conserve energy produced from the oxidation of compounds. An additional activation step is required in methanotrophic metabolism to allow degradation of chemically-stable methane. This oxidation to methanol is catalyzed by MMO, which incorporates one oxygen atom from ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Convection-cooling is sometimes loosely assumed to be described by Newton's law of cooling.
Newtons law states that the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body and its surroundings while under the effects of a breeze'. The constant of proportionality is the heat tr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The muons are implanted into the sample of interest where they lose energy very quickly. Fortunately, this deceleration process occurs in such a way that it does not jeopardize a μSR measurement. On one side it is very fast (much faster than 100 ps), which is much shorter than a typical μSR time window (up to 20 μs), a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Discovery of the novel antioxidant function of coenzyme A highlights its protective role during cellular stress. Mammalian and Bacterial cells subjected to oxidative and metabolic stress show significant increase in the covalent modification of protein cysteine residues by coenzyme A. This reversible modification is te... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The effective fragment potential (EFP) method is a computational approach designed to describe intermolecular interactions and environmental effects. It is a computationally inexpensive means to describe interactions in non-bonded systems. It was originally formulated to describe the solvent effects in complex chemical... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The role that plastoquinone plays in photosynthesis, more specifically in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, is that of a mobile electron carrier through the membrane of the thylakoid.
Plastoquinone is reduced when it accepts two electrons from photosystem II and two hydrogen cations (H) from the stroma o... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Leaves are normally extensively vascularized and typically have networks of vascular bundles containing xylem, which supplies water for photosynthesis, and phloem, which transports the sugars produced by photosynthesis. Many leaves are covered in trichomes (small hairs) which have diverse structures and functions. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga is considered one of Madagascars most renowned scholars. A commemorative stamp was issued in his memory in 2002, and the Institut de France minted a coin tribute to Ratsimamanga. Ratsimamangas legacy can be seen as a | 1 | Biochemistry |
Wootz steel originated in the mid-1st millennium BC in India, in present-day Tiruchirappalli, Kodumanal, Erode, Tamil Nadu. There are several ancient Tamil, North Indian, Greek, Chinese and Roman literary references to high-carbon Tamil steel. In later times, wootz steel was also made in Golconda in Telangana, Karnata... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Marshes, intertidal ecosystems dominated by herbaceous vegetation, can be found globally on coastlines from the arctic to the subtropics. In the tropics, marshes are replaced by mangroves as the dominant coastal vegetation.
Marshes have high productivity, with a large portion of primary production in belowground biomas... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Iron(II) is oxidized by hydrogen peroxide to iron(III), forming a hydroxyl radical and a hydroxide ion in the process. Iron(III) is then reduced back to iron(II) by another molecule of hydrogen peroxide, forming a hydroperoxyl radical and a proton. The net effect is a disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide to create t... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Hiyama–Denmark coupling is the modification of the Hiyama coupling that does not require a fluoride additive to utilize organosilanols and organic halides as coupling partners. The general reaction scheme is shown below, showcasing the utilization of a Brønsted base as the activating agent as opposed to fluoride, p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chibaite is a rare silicate mineral. It is a silica clathrate with formula (n = 3/17 (max)). The mineral is cubic (diploidal class, m) and the silica hosts or traps various hydrocarbon molecules, such as methane, ethane, propane and isobutane.
Chibaite was first described for specimens collected from Arakawa, Minamibō... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
One important characteristic of a crystalline structure is its atomic packing factor (APF). This is calculated by assuming that all the atoms are identical spheres, with a radius large enough that each sphere abuts on the next. The atomic packing factor is the proportion of space filled by these spheres which can be wo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Two dimensional space has the same number of crystal systems, crystal families, and lattice systems. In 2D space, there are four crystal systems: oblique, rectangular, square, and hexagonal. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Magnesium can affect muscle relaxation through direct action on cell membranes. Mg ions close certain types of calcium channels, which conduct positively charged calcium ions into neurons. With an excess of magnesium, more channels will be blocked and nerve cells activity will decrease. | 1 | Biochemistry |
1H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.59 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 7.22 (s, 1H, aromatic), 6.75 (d, J = 21.6 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 6.20 (d, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H, aromatic), 4.74 (t, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H, CH), 3.28-3.15 (m, 2H, CH2), 1.87 (s, 1H, OH), 1.37 (s, 3H, CH3), 1.24 (s, 3H, CH3) ppm. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coal analysis techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particular physical and chemical properties of coals. These methods are used primarily to determine the suitability of coal for coking, power generation or for iron ore smelting in the manufacture of steel. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thiophenes are a special class of sulfide-containing heterocyclic compounds. Because of their aromatic character, they are non-nucleophilic. The nonbonding electrons on sulfur are delocalized into the π-system. As a consequence, thiophene exhibits few properties expected for a sulfide – thiophene is non-nucleophilic at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Malonyl-CoA plays a special role in the mitochondrial clearance of toxic malonic acid in the metabolic disorder combined malonic and methylmalonic aciduria (CMAMMA). In CMAMMA due to ACSF3, malonyl-CoA synthetase is decreased, which can generate malonyl-CoA from malonic acid, which can then be converted to acetyl-CoA b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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