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A 1996 study by McPhee et al. suggested that stercobilin and other related pyrrolic pigments — including urobilin, biliverdin, and xanthobilirubic acid — has potential to function as a new class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors when delivered at low micromolar concentrations. These pigments were selected due to a similarit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM), also known as dynamic force microscopy (DFM), is a mode of atomic force microscopy, which itself is a type of scanning probe microscopy. In nc-AFM a sharp probe is moved close (order of Angstroms) to the surface under study, the probe is then raster scanned across the surfa... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Fluorogenic signaling oligonucleotide probes were reported for use to detect and isolate cells expressing one or more desired genes, including the production of multigene stable cell lines expressing heteromultimeric epithelial sodium channel (αβγ-ENaC), sodium voltage-gated ion channel 1.7 (NaV1.7-αβ1β2), four unique ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A real polymer is not freely-jointed. A -C-C- single bond has a fixed tetrahedral angle of 109.5 degrees. The value of L is well-defined for, say, a fully extended polyethylene or nylon, but it is less than N x l because of the zig-zag backbone. There is, however, free rotation about many chain bonds. The model above c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Because of the complex inter-relationship between analytical method, sample concentration, limits of detection and method precision, the management of Analytical Quality Control is undertaken using a statistical approach to determine whether the results obtained lie within an acceptable statistical envelope. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In three dimensions, it is not possible for a geometrically chiral polytope to have finitely many finite faces. For instance, the snub cube is vertex-transitive, but its flags have more than two orbits, and it is neither edge-transitive nor face-transitive, so it is not symmetric enough to meet the formal definition of... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Mono Lake is a highly alkaline lake, or soda lake. Alkalinity is a measure of how many bases are in a solution, and how well the solution can neutralize acids. Carbonate (CO) and bicarbonate (HCO) are both bases. Hence, Mono Lake has a very high content of dissolved inorganic carbon. Through supply of calcium ions (Ca)... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Exo-α-sialidase (, sialidase, neuraminidase; systematic name acetylneuraminyl hydrolase) is a glycoside hydrolase that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids:
: Hydrolysis of α-(2→3)-, α-(2→6)-, α-(2→8)- glycosidic linkages of terminal sialic acid residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Three successive generations of the same family all bearing the name Abraham Darby are renowned for their contributions to the development of the English iron industry. Their works at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire nurtured the start of improvements in metallurgy that allowed large-scale production of the iron that made t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Paper form: It is a strip of coloured paper which changes colour to red if the solution is acidic and to blue, if the solution is basic. The strip can be placed directly onto a surface of a wet substance or a few drops of the solution can be dropped onto the universal indicator using dropping equipment. If the test s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Even though amorphous materials exhibit no long-range periodic atomic ordering, there is still significant and varied local structure at inter-atomic length scales (see structure of liquids and glasses). Different local structures can produce amorphous phases of the same chemical composition with different physical pro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness of water based on light scattering by particles at a 90-degree angle to the detector. A turbidity sensor is placed in water with a light source and a detector at a 90-degree angle to one another. The light source is usually red or near-infrared light (600-900 nm). Turbidity sens... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mechanistic evidence was provided by Denham Harmans free radical theory of aging, created in the 1950s. This theory stated that organisms age over time due to the accumulation of damage from free radicals in the body. It also showed that metabolic processes, specifically the mitochondria, are prominent producers of fr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many retrosynthetic disconnections important for organic synthesis planning use carbocationic synthons. Carbon-carbon bonds, for example, exist ubiquitously in organic molecules, and are usually disconnected during a retrosynthetic analysis to yield carbocationic and carbanionic synthons. Carbon-heteroatom bonds, such ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because of their importance in cell signaling and regulation, co-receptors have been implicated in a number of diseases and disorders. Co-receptor knockout mice are often unable to develop and such knockouts generally result in embryonic or perinatal lethality. In immunology in particular, the term "co-receptor" often ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluorescence polarization was first observed by F. Weigert in 1920. He experimented with solutions of fluorescein, eosin, and other dyes at various temperatures and viscosities. Observing that polarization increased with viscosity of the solvent and the size of the dye molecule, but decreased with an increase in temper... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Stark effect is the shifting and splitting of spectral lines of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external electric field. It is the electric-field analogue of the Zeeman effect, where a spectral line is split into several components due to the presence of the magnetic field. Although initially coined f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1968, Neil Ashcroft suggested that metallic hydrogen might be a superconductor, up to room temperature (). This hypothesis is based on an expected strong coupling between conduction electrons and lattice vibrations. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the equation
K appears to have dimensions of concentration. However, since , the equilibrium constant, , cannot have a physical dimension. This apparent paradox can be resolved in various ways.
# Assume that the quotient of activity coefficients has a numerical value of 1, so that has the same numerical value as t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alkylation is the addition of alkyl groups to molecules, often by alkylating agents such as alkyl halides.
Alkylating antineoplastic agents are a class of compounds that are used to treat cancer. In such case, the term alkyl is used loosely. For example, nitrogen mustards are well-known alkylating agents, but they are... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RNA splicing is integral to eukaryotes and contributes significantly to protein regulation and diversity, occurring in >90% of human genes. There are multiple alternative splicing modes: exon skipping (most common splicing mode in humans and higher eukaryotes), mutually exclusive exons, alternative donor or acceptor si... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thermal expansion changes the space between particles of a substance, which changes the volume of the substance while negligibly changing its mass (the negligible amount comes from mass–energy equivalence), thus changing its density, which has an effect on any buoyant forces acting on it. This plays a crucial role in c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chain-melted state is a state of matter in which a substance, typically a metal, notably potassium, behaves both in the liquid and solid state at the same time. This is done by applying extreme pressure and temperature, causing the metal to become solid and molten simultaneously. It was confirmed to be a state of m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* NATO Research Award (postdoctoral fellowship, 01.1996–01.1997, The University of Cambridge, United Kingdom);
* [http://www.uic.unn.ru/new_grant/intas1.htm INTAS] grants (research visits, 08.1993 and 10.1994,The University of Cambridge, United Kingdom);
* [http://www.ifs.se/ ISF grants] (1998, research project, Taras ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The affinity of an antagonist for its binding site (K), i.e. its ability to bind to a receptor, will determine the duration of inhibition of agonist activity. The affinity of an antagonist can be determined experimentally using Schild regression or for competitive antagonists in radioligand binding studies using the Ch... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) produce hydrogen sulfide () and sulfuric acid () respectively. When the sulfur cycle is active in sewers and emanations from the effluent waters are oxidized in by atmospheric oxygen at the moist surface of tunnel walls, sulfuric acid can attack the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In thermochemistry, an exothermic reaction is a "reaction for which the overall standard enthalpy change ΔH⚬ is negative." Exothermic reactions usually release heat. The term is often confused with exergonic reaction, which IUPAC defines as "... a reaction for which the overall standard Gibbs energy change ΔG⚬ is negat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All equilibrium constants vary with temperature according to the van 't Hoff equation
is the gas constant and is the absolute temperature. Thus, for exothermic reactions, the standard enthalpy change, , is negative and K decreases with temperature. For endothermic reactions, is positive and K increases with temperat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
On 8 May 1999 the Association of Cricket Umpires Sri Lanka, in recognition of his twenty four long years of dedicated services, unstinting loyal support and unlimited contributions towards the betterment of the umpiring fraternity in Sri Lanka, at times at great personal sacrifice, unanimously elected Perera a Life Mem... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As a mitochondrial P450 system, P450c11 is dependent on two electron transfer proteins, adrenodoxin reductase and adrenodoxin that transfer 2 electrons from NADPH to the P450 for each monooxygenase reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. In most respects this process of electron transfer appears similar to that of P450scc sy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A wide variety of sphagnum, sedges, rushes and other characteristic bog species inhabit Portlethen Moss. Sometimes insectivorous plants reside in mosses, since the soils are generally nutrient poor. The heath also serves as a food source for area roe deer, while Corydalis claviculata is an attractive host for numerous ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Wang et al. proposed a novel method for [4+2] annulation via a palladium catalyzed intermolecular pathway. Derivatives are formed in moderate to good yield; acridine is essential for high reaction efficiency. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Next-generation sequencing technologies such as pyrosequencing sequence less than 250 bases in a read which limits their ability to sequence whole genomes. However, their ability to generate results in real-time and their potential to be massively scaled up makes them a viable option for sequencing small regions to per... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Figure 1 shows four isotherms of the van der Waals equation (abbreviated as vdW) on a pressure, molar volume plane. The essential character of these curves is that:
# at some critical temperature, the slope is negative, , everywhere except at a single point, the critical point, , where both the slope and curvature ar... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A specialised group of PCMs that undergo a solid/solid phase transition with the associated absorption and release of large amounts of heat. These materials change their crystalline structure from one lattice configuration to another at a fixed and well-defined temperature, and the transformation can involve latent hea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclic peroxides can be obtained by cycloaddition of singlet oxygen (generated by UV radiation) to dienes. An important example is rubrene. Six-membered cyclic peroxides are called endo peroxides. The four-membered dioxetanes can be obtained by 2+2 cycloaddition of oxygen to alkenes.
The hazards associated with sto... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DESs are fluids generally composed of two or three cheap and safe components that are capable of self-association, often through hydrogen bond interactions, to form eutectic mixtures with a melting point lower than that of each individual component. DESs are generally liquid at temperatures lower than 100 °C, and they ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Numerous synthetic chlorins with different functional groups and/or ring modifications have been examined.
Contracted chlorins can be synthesised by reduction of B(III)subporphyrin or by oxidation of corresponding B(III)subbacteriochlorin. The B(III)subchlorins were directly synthesized as meso-ester B(III)subchlorin f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several qualitative tests are used to detect the presence of reducing sugars. Two of them use solutions of copper(II) ions: Benedicts reagent (Cu in aqueous sodium citrate) and Fehlings solution (Cu in aqueous sodium tartrate). The reducing sugar reduces the copper(II) ions in these test solutions to copper(I), which t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The piezoelectrochemical transducer effect (PECT) is a coupling between the electrochemical potential and the mechanical strain in ion-insertion-based electrode materials. It is similar to the piezoelectric effect – with both exhibiting a voltage-strain coupling - although the PECT effect relies on movement of ions wit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An elementary charge transfer step can be described by the Butler–Volmer model proposed by John Alfred Valentine Butler and Max Volmer. The reaction rate is given by the Butler-Volmer equation:
In this equation is the net current density, is the exchange current density, is the charge transfer coefficient, is the n... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In Kenya, a number of cases have been reported in the 2010s of thieves selling transformer oil, stolen from electric transformers, to the operators of roadside food stalls for use in deep frying. When used for frying, it is reported that transformer oil lasts much longer than regular cooking oil. The downside of this m... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In humans, fatty acids are formed from carbohydrates predominantly in the liver and adipose tissue, as well as in the mammary glands during lactation.
The pyruvate produced by glycolysis is an important intermediary in the conversion of carbohydrates into fatty acids and cholesterol. This occurs via the conversion of p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
If the post-synaptic cell is a sensory neuron, then an increased firing rate in that neuron will transmit the signal to the central nervous system for integration. Whereas, if the post-synaptic cell is a connective pillar cell or a vascular smooth muscle cell, then the serotonin will cause vasoconstriction and previou... | 9 | Geochemistry |
As described above, PPIs and thus whole interactomes can be predicted. While the reliability of these predictions is debatable, they are providing hypotheses that can be tested experimentally. Interactomes have been predicted for a number of species, e.g.
* Human (Homo sapiens)
* Rice (Oryza sativa)
* Xanthomonas oryza... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In biochemical engineering, sparging can remove low-boiling liquids from a solution. The low-boiling components evaporate more rapidly, so the gas bubbles remove more of them from the bulk solution containing higher-boiling components. It is an alternative to distillation, and it does not require heat. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Depending upon the sampling technique and the analytical conditions, thermal desorption can be used to reliably sample analytes ranging in volatility from ethane to about tetracontane (n-CH). Incompatible compounds include:
* Many inorganic gases (although NO, HS and SF can be monitored using TD)
* Methane
* Compounds ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The occurrence of underpotential deposition is often interpreted as a result of a strong interaction between the electrodepositing metal M with the substrate S (of which the electrode is built). The M-S interaction needs to be energetically favoured to the M-M interaction in the crystal lattice of the pure metal M. Thi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aerobic respiration, in which oxygen is used as the terminal electron acceptor, is crucial to all water-breathing fish. When fish are deprived of oxygen, they require other ways to produce ATP. Thus, a switch from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism occurs at the onset of hypoxia. Glycolysis and substrate-lev... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The function of the central carbon metabolism (metabolism of glucose) has been fine-tuned to exactly meet the needs of the building blocks and Gibbs free energy in conjunction with cell growth. There is therefore tight regulation of the fluxes through the central carbon metabolism.
The flux in a reaction can be defined... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Having worked for some time from the age of fourteen in the local Rylands linoleum factory managed by his father, he studied for and successfully passed the entrance examination to the University of Manchester in 1903 to study chemistry. He made this pursuit in spite of active discouragement by his parents. He gained h... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
For a sample that consists of layers, each having its absorption, remission, and transmission (ART) fractions symbolized by , with , one may symbolize the ART fractions for the sample as and calculate their values by
where
and | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For a solid, one can ignore the effects of pressure on the material, and the volumetric (or cubical) thermal expansion coefficient can be written:
where is the volume of the material, and is the rate of change of that volume with temperature.
This means that the volume of a material changes by some fixed fractional a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Eukaryotic genes contain an upstream promoter and a core promoter also referred to as a basal promoter. A common basal promoter is the TATAAAAAA sequence known as the TATA box. The TATA box is a complex with several different proteins including transcription factor II D (TFIID) which includes the TATA-binding protein (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, thioenols (also known as alkenethiols) are alkenes with a thiol group () affixed to one of the carbon atoms composing the double bond (i.e. ). They are the sulfur analogs of enols (hence the thio- prefix). Alkenes with a thiol group on both atoms of the double bond are called enedithiols. Deproton... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Calcium carbide is sometimes used as source of acetylene, which like ethylene gas, is a ripening agent. However, this is illegal in some countries as, in the production of acetylene from calcium carbide, contamination often leads to trace production of phosphine and arsine. These impurities can be removed by passing th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ferrosilicon is used as a source of silicon to reduce metals from their oxides and to deoxidize steel and other ferrous alloys. This prevents the loss of carbon from the molten steel (so called blocking the heat); ferromanganese, spiegeleisen, calcium silicides, and many other materials are used for the same purpose. I... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Biomimicry is the imitation, or mimicry, of biological systems, models, or structures, in synthetic areas. Oftentimes, biological materials can produce structures, that have properties and qualities far exceeding what synthetic materials can achieve. Biomimicry is being used to create comparable properties in synthetic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ribosome recruitment in eukaryotes happens when eukaryote initiation factors elF4F and poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) recognize the 5' capped mRNA and recruit the 43S ribosome complex at that location.
Translation initiation happens following recruitment of the ribosome, at the start codon (underlined) found within the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Encapsulins serve many physiological functions, including catalysis, mineral storage, response to oxidative stress and secondary metabolism. There are ferritin-like encapsulins as well. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The width of the diffraction peaks are found to broaden at higher Bragg angles. This angular dependency was originally represented by
where , , and are the half-width parameters and may be refined during the fit. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As HIV uses reverse transcriptase to copy its genetic material and generate new viruses (part of a retrovirus proliferation circle), specific drugs have been designed to disrupt the process and thereby suppress its growth. Collectively, these drugs are known as reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and include the nucleosid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An autoantigen is usually a self-protein or protein complex (and sometimes DNA or RNA) that is recognized by the immune system of patients with a specific autoimmune disease. Under normal conditions, these self-proteins should not be the target of the immune system, but in autoimmune diseases, their associated T cells ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The role of glutathione(GSH) is to remove accumulated reactive oxygen species which may damage cells. During this process, its thiol side chain is oxidised and two glutathione molecules are connected by a disulphide bond to form a dimer(GSSG). In order to regenerate glutathione the disulphide bond has to be broken, In ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The classical macroscopic photoelectrochemical system consists of a semiconductor in electric contact with a counter-electrode. For N-type semiconductor particles of sufficiently small dimension, the particles polarize into anodic and cathodic regions, effectively forming microscopic photoelectrochemical cells. The ill... | 5 | Photochemistry |
For deprotection (regeneration of the alcohol)
* Aqueous base (pH >9)
* Aqueous acid (pH <2), may have to be heated
* Anhydrous base such as sodium methoxide in methanol. Very useful when a methyl ester of a carboxylic acid is also present in the molecule, as it will not hydrolyze it like an aqueous base would. (Same a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Affinity chromatography has the advantage of specific binding interactions between the analyte of interest (normally dissolved in the mobile phase), and a binding partner or ligand (immobilized on the stationary phase). In a typical affinity chromatography experiment, the ligand is attached to a solid, insoluble matri... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Each species of methylotrophic bacteria has a single dominant assimilation pathway. The three characterized pathways for carbon assimilation are the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) and serine pathways of formaldehyde assimilation as well as the ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) pathway of assimilation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alkanediazonium ions, otherwise rarely encountered in organic chemistry, are implicated as the causative agents in the carcinogens. Specifically, nitrosamines are thought to undergo metabolic activation to produce alkanediazonium species. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
NAPQI, also known as NAPBQI or N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, is a toxic byproduct produced during the xenobiotic metabolism of the analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen). It is normally produced only in small amounts, and then almost immediately detoxified in the liver.
However, under some conditions in which NAPQI is ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The red chromophore, which is generated by cleavage of the peptide backbone, has an absorption maxima at 571 nm and an emission maxima at 581 nm, in its anionic form. The break in the peptide backbone that leads to this chromophore is between His-62 Nα and Cα. The observed red fluorescence occurs due to an extension of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Langerin is expressed in LCs which are located in the epidermis and in vaginal and oral mucosa. LCs are immune cells closely related to macrophages, but by their function, they are more like conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). Langerin recognizes and binds carbohydrates, such as mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AC-IV was first reported in the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila, and the structure of the AC-IV from Yersinia pestis has been reported. These are the smallest of the AC enzyme classes; the AC-IV (CyaB) from Yersinia is a dimer of 19 kDa subunits with no known regulatory components (). AC-IV forms a superfamily with mamm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The experimental facts collected on heavy fermion (HF) metals and two dimensional Helium-3 demonstrate that the quasiparticle effective mass M* is very large, or even diverges. Topological fermion condensation quantum phase transition (FCQPT) preserves quasiparticles, and forms flat energy band at the Fermi level. The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While the elementary model described above is totally unadapted to the description of real-world polymers at the microscopic scale, it does show some relevance at the macroscopic scale in the case of a polymer in solution whose monomers form an ideal mix with the solvent (in which case, the interactions between monomer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Calthemite rimstone or gours can form beneath concrete structures on a floor with a gradual sloping surface or on the side of rounded stalagmites. When the leachate drip rate is more frequent than 1 drop per minute, most of the calcium carbonate is carried by the leachate from the underside of the concrete structure to... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The substituent parameter is now defined by field and resonance effects, F and R, which are dependent on the individual substituent. Constants r and f account for the importance of each of the two effects. These constants do not depend on the substituent but instead depend on the set of Hammett substituent parameters... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model is a model in organometallic chemistry that explains the chemical bonding in transition metal alkene complexes. The model is named after Michael J. S. Dewar, Joseph Chatt and L. A. Duncanson.
The alkene donates electron density into a π-acid metal d-orbital from a π-symmetry bonding orbi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bromocresol purple is used in medical laboratories to measure albumin. Use of BCP in this application may provide some advantage over older methods using bromocresol green. In microbiology, it is used for staining dead cells based on their acidity, and for the isolation and assaying of lactic acid bacteria.
In photogra... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone. The earliest use of the term was in an article by August Wilhelm... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ions can be non-chemically prepared using various ion sources, usually involving high voltage or temperature. These are used in a multitude of devices such as mass spectrometers, optical emission spectrometers, particle accelerators, ion implanters, and ion engines.
As reactive charged particles, they are also used in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most producers of fleur de sel also produce sel gris.
*Sel gris de Guerande
*Sel gris de l’Île de Ré
*Sel gris de l’Ile de Noirmoutier
*Grigio di Cervia
*Alcochete sal grosso | 9 | Geochemistry |
A cloudburst is an extreme form of production of liquid water from a supersaturated mixture of air and water vapour in the atmosphere. Supersaturation in the vapour phase is related to the surface tension of liquids through the Kelvin equation, the Gibbs–Thomson effect and the Poynting effect.
The International Associa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Taft equation is often employed in biological chemistry and medicinal chemistry for the development of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs). In a recent example, Sandri and co-workers have used Taft plots in studies of polar effects in the aminolysis of β-lactams. They have looked at the binding ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An important application of mosaic crystals is in monochromators for x-ray and neutron radiation. The mosaicity enhances the reflected flux, and allows for some phase-space transformation.
Pyrolitic graphite (PG) can be produced in form of mosaic crystals (HOPG: highly ordered PG) with controlled mosaicity of up to a f... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In glycol cleavage, the C−C bond in a vicinal diol is cleaved with formation of ketone or aldehyde functional groups. See Diol oxidation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The equations and their parameters are calibrated for adult humans with a body mass of 70 kg and a plasma volume of ca. 2.5 L. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In stereochemistry, topicity is the stereochemical relationship between substituents and the structure to which they are attached. Depending on the relationship, such groups can be heterotopic, homotopic, enantiotopic, or diastereotopic. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
These adenylyl cyclases are toxins secreted by pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis, Bordetella pertussis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio vulnificus during infections. These bacteria also secrete proteins that enable the AC-II to enter host cells, where the exogenous AC activity undermines normal cellular... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition, which means that as long as solid and liquid coexist, the temperature of the whole system remains very nearly equal to the melting point due to the slow removal of heat w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This term is used in chemistry contexts, e.g., for a chiral molecule lacking an asymmetric carbon atom, but possessing two non-coplanar rings that are each dissymmetric and which cannot easily rotate about the chemical bond connecting them: 2,2-dimethylbiphenyl is perhaps the simplest example of this case. Planar chira... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Theoretical descriptions of contrast formation in X-ray topography are largely based on the dynamical theory of diffraction. This framework is helpful in the description of many aspects of topographic image formation: entrance of an X-ray wavefield into a crystal, propagation of the wavefield inside the crystal, intera... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Countermeasures involve using alloys not susceptible to grain boundary depletion, using a suitable heat treatment, altering the environment (e.g. lowering oxygen content), and/or use cathodic protection. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Conjugated polymers, such as polyfluorene, can be designed and synthesized with different properties for a wide variety of applications. The color of the molecules can be designed through synthetic control over the electron donating or withdrawing character of the substituents on fluorene or the comonomers in polyfluor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Previous studies have used compatibility of trace elements to see the effect it would have on the melt structure of the peridotite solidus. In such studies, partition coefficients of specific elements were examined and the magnitude of these values gave researchers some indication about the degree of polymerization of ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Another family of carbenes is based on a cyclopropenylidene core, a three-carbon ring with a double bond between the two atoms adjacent to the carbenic one. This family is exemplified by bis(diisopropylamino)cyclopropenylidene. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dietary guidelines generally recommend limiting full-fat dairy products. This recommendation has been based on traditional hypothesis that dietary saturated fatty acids, such as those derived from milk fat, have serum LDL cholesterol raising effects. Subsequently, serum LDL cholesterol has been associated with cardiova... | 1 | Biochemistry |
# Prepare a series of standards diluted with 0.15 M NaCl to final concentrations of 0 (blank = No protein), 250, 500, 750 and 1500 µg/mL. Also prepare serial dilutions of the unknown sample to be measured.
# Add 100 µL of each of the above to a separate test tube (or spectrophotometer tube if using a Spectronic 20).
# ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For isotropic materials the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient is three times the linear coefficient:
This ratio arises because volume is composed of three mutually orthogonal directions. Thus, in an isotropic material, for small differential changes, one-third of the volumetric expansion is in a single axis. As ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Single-crystal X-ray crystallography has been used to determine its structure; as can be predicted by VSEPR theory, it adopts a T-shaped geometry about the central iodine atom. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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