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Lichens come in many colors. Coloration is usually determined by the photosynthetic component. Special pigments, such as yellow usnic acid, give lichens a variety of colors, including reds, oranges, yellows, and browns, especially in exposed, dry habitats. In the absence of special pigments, lichens are usually bright ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In crystallography, the basis and lattice are treated separately. For a perfect crystal the lattice gives the reciprocal lattice, which determines the positions (angles) of diffracted beams, and the basis gives the structure factor which determines the amplitude and phase of the diffracted beams:
where the sum is over... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The combinatorial complexity of signaling systems involving multi-state proteins poses two kinds of problems. The first problem is concerned with how such a system can be specified; i.e. how a modeler can specify all complexes, all changes those complexes undergo and all parameters and conditions governing those change... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Effectors are central to the pathogenic or symbiotic potential of microbes and microscopic plant-colonizing animals such as nematodes. Effectors typically are proteins that are delivered outside the microbe and into the host cell. These colonist-derived effectors manipulate the host's cell physiology and development. A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For incident photon energies E larger than two times the rest mass of the electron (1.022 MeV), pair production can occur. The resulting positron annihilates with one of the surrounding electrons, typically producing two photons with 511 keV. In a real detector (i.e. a detector of finite size) it is possible that after... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is conducted on an instrument referred to as a thermogravimetric analyzer. A thermogravimetric analyzer continuously measures mass while the temperature of a sample is changed over time. Mass, temperature, and time are considered base measurements in thermogravimetric analysis while man... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Solar energy production in the U.S. has doubled from 2013 to 2019. This was driven first by the falling price of quality silicon, and later simply by the globally plunging cost of photovoltaic modules. In 2018, the U.S. added 10.8GW of installed solar photovoltaic energy, an increase of 21%.
Latin America : Latin Ameri... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Henderson–Hasselbach equation gives the pH of a solution relative to the pK of the acid–base pair. However the pK is dependent on ionic strength and temperature, and as it shifts so will the pH of a solution based on that acid–base pair. Because the doubly charged [HPO] is stabilized more by high ionic strength tha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An optode requires three components to function: a chemical that responds to an analyte, a polymer to immobilise the chemical transducer and instrumentation (optical fibre, light source, detector and other electronics). Optodes usually have the polymer matrix coated onto the tip of an optical fibre, but in the case of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recent research indicates that hyperspectral imaging may be useful to detect the development of cracks in pavements which are hard to detect from images taken with visible spectrum cameras. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
To perform a pulsed EDMR experiment, the system is first initialised by placing it in a magnetic field. This orients the spins of the electrons occupying the donor and acceptor in the direction of the magnetic field. To study the donor, we apply a microwave pulse ("γ" in the diagram) at a resonant frequency of the dono... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Work from the Widom laboratory has shown that nucleosomal DNA is in equilibrium between a wrapped and unwrapped state. Measurements of these rates using time-resolved FRET revealed that DNA within the nucleosome remains fully wrapped for only 250 ms before it is unwrapped for 10-50 ms and then rapidly rewrapped. This i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amine oxides are common metabolites of medication and psychoactive drugs. Examples include nicotine, Zolmitriptan, and morphine.
Amine oxides of anti-cancer drugs have been developed as prodrugs that are metabolized in the oxygen-deficient cancer tissue to the active drug. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1955, Siekevitz and Potter demonstrated that adenine nucleotides were distributed in cells in two pools located in the mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments. Shortly thereafter, Pressman hypothesized that the two pools could exchange nucleotides. However, the existence of an ADP/ATP transporter was not postulated... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Located within the , the Institute of Analytical Sciences (UMR 5280) is a French research, training and expertise center specializing in analytical chemistry. It is a Joint Research Unit (French: Unité mixte de recherche or UMR) affiliated with the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Claude Bernard Univers... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ingram began her academic studies at Yavapai Community College in Arizona where she earned an associates degree. She subsequently studied at New Mexico State University and earned a bachelors degree in chemistry. Her Ph.D. is in chemistry from the University of Arizona. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The outcomes of manganese-mediated coupling reactions depend on both the structure of the substrate(s) and the reaction conditions. This section describes the scope and limitations of inter- and intramolecular manganese-mediated radical coupling reactions and is organized according to the carbonyl compound employed as ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Amorphous phases are important constituents of thin films. Thin films are solid layers of a few nanometres to tens of micrometres thickness that are deposited onto a substrate. So-called structure zone models were developed to describe the microstructure of thin films as a function of the homologous temperature (T), wh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Measuring the extent and kinetics of radioligand binding is important in determining information about binding sites of radioligands, and subsequent affinity to potential drugs. Three different binding assays are typically used for radioligand binding; these are saturation, competition, and kinetic binding. | 1 | Biochemistry |
High-pressure lamps are much more similar to HID lamps than fluorescent lamps.
These lamps radiate a broad-band UVC radiation, rather than a single line. They are widely used in industrial water treatment, because they are very intense radiation sources. High-pressure lamps produce very bright bluish white light. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Methionine sulfoximine (MSO, also known as MetSox) is an irreversible glutamine synthetase inhibitor. It is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine with convulsant effects.
Methionine sulfoximine is composed of two different diastereomers, which are L-S-Methionine sulfoximine and L-R-Methionine sulfoximine. These affe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Theory and instrumentation of Raman/AFM and IR/AFM combine the theory of SPR (AFM and NSOM) and Raman scattering, and this combination is based on TERS. In TERS, the electric field of excitation source induces an SPR in the tip of the probe. If the electric field vector of the incidence light is perpendicular (s-polari... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Antimonide bromides or bromide antimonides are compounds containing anions composed of bromide (Br) and antimonide (Sb). They can be considered as mixed anion compounds. They are in the category of pnictidehalides. Related compounds include the antimonide chlorides, antimonide iodides, arsenide chlorides, arsenide brom... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
4-Nitrophenol can be prepared by nitration of phenol using dilute nitric acid at room temperature. The reaction produces a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The monomers, 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-hydroxypentanoic acid, are joined by ester bonds; the back bone of the polymer is made up of carbon and oxygen atoms.
The property of the PHBV depends upon the ratio of these two monomers in it.
3-hydroxybutanoic acid provides stiffness while 3-hydroxypentanoic acid promotes ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Trifluoromethylation in organic chemistry describes any organic reaction that introduces a trifluoromethyl group in an organic compound. Trifluoromethylated compounds are of some importance in pharmaceutical industry and agrochemicals. Several notable pharmaceutical compounds have a trifluoromethyl group incorporated: ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Polysorbates are a class of emulsifiers used in some pharmaceuticals and food preparation. They are commonly used in oral and topical pharmaceutical dosage forms. They are also often used in cosmetics to solubilize essential oils into water-based products. Polysorbates are oily liquids derived from ethoxylated sorbitan... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among others, is an oral medication used to treat a number of cancers (e.g., multiple myeloma), graft-versus-host disease, and many skin disorders (e.g., complications of leprosy such as skin lesions). While thalidomide has been used in a number of HIV-ass... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The optical density is generated from equation:
:Optical density= Log (Intensity of incident light / Intensity of<br /> Transmitted light)
In practical terms, a sample that contains no DNA or RNA should not<br /> absorb any of the ultraviolet light and therefore produce an OD of 0
Optical density= Log (100/100)=0
Whe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in langerin gene may affect the stability as well as the affinity of the protein for some carbohydrates. The most common polymorphism is a replacement of alanine for valine in the 278. position (rs741326). Allelic frequency of this polymorphism is up to 48 %, but it probably does no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While the idea of non-synaptic interactions between neurons has existed since the 19th century, there has historically been considerable skepticism in the field of neuroscience. Many people believed that the micro electrical fields produced by the neurons themselves were so small that they were negligible. While many s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fischer carbenes are used with alkynes as the starting reagents for the Wulff–Dötz reaction, forming phenols. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An application of dendritic growth in directional solidification is gas turbine engine blades which are used at high temperatures and must handle high stresses along the major axes. At high temperatures, grain boundaries are weaker than grains. In order to minimize the effect on properties, grain boundaries are align... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Condensation polymers tend to be more biodegradable than addition polymers. The peptide or ester bonds between monomers can be hydrolysed, especially in the presence of catalysts or bacterial enzymes. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The I. I. Rabi Award, founded in 1983, is awarded annually by IEEE.
: "The Rabi Award is to recognize outstanding contributions related to the fields of atomic and molecular frequency standards, and time transfer and dissemination."
The award is named after Isidor Isaac Rabi, Nobel Prize winner in 1944. He was the firs... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The symbiotic relationship between the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and the marine gram-negative bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri has been well studied. The two organisms exhibit a mutualistic relationship in which bioluminescence produced by A. fischeri helps to attract pray to the squid host, which provides ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Water is particularly common solvent to be found in crystals because it is small and polar. But all solvents can be found in some host crystals. Water is noteworthy because it is reactive, whereas other solvents such as benzene are considered to be chemically innocuous. Occasionally more than one solvent is found in... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Clarification is a name for the method of separating fluid from solid particles. Often clarification is used along with flocculation to make the solid particles sink faster to the bottom of the clarification pool while fluid is obtained from the surface which is free of solid particles.
Thickening is the same as clarif... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Isolobal fragments of tetrahedral and octahedral molecules can be related. Structures with the same number of frontier orbitals are isolobal to one another. For example, the methane with two hydrogen atoms removed, CH is isolobal to a d ML complex formed from an octahedral starting complex (Figure 4). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Fowkes hypothesis (after F. M. Fowkes) is a first order approximation for surface energy. It states the surface energy is the sum of each component's forces:
γ=γ+γ+γ+...
where γ is the dispersion component, γ is the polar, γ is the dipole and so on.
The Fowkes hypothesis goes further making the approximation that t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The α-amylases () (CAS 9014-71-5) (alternative names: 1,4-α--glucan glucanohydrolase; glycogenase) are calcium metalloenzymes. By acting at random locations along the starch chain, α-amylase breaks down long-chain saccharides, ultimately yielding either maltotriose and maltose from amylose, or maltose, glucose and "li... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The 3-Hydroxypropionate bicycle, also known as 3-HP/malyl-CoA cycle, discovered only in 1989, is utilized by green non-sulfur phototrophs of Chloroflexaceae family, including the maximum exponent of this family Chloroflexus auranticus by which this way was discovered and demonstrated. The 3-Hydroxipropionate bicycle is... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Photocatalyst activity indicator ink (paii) is a substance used to identify the presence of an underlying heterogeneous photocatalyst and to measure its activity. Such inks render visible the activity of photocatalytic coatings applied to various "self-cleaning" products. The inks contain a dyestuff that reacts to ultr... | 5 | Photochemistry |
There are ten known isoforms of adenylyl cyclases in mammals:
These are also sometimes called simply AC1, AC2, etc., and, somewhat confusingly, sometimes Roman numerals are used for these isoforms that all belong to the overall AC class III. They differ mainly in how they are regulated, and are differentially expressed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* 999.999—six nines fine: The purest gold ever produced. Refined by the Perth Mint in 1957.
* 999.99—five nines fine: The purest type of gold currently produced; the Royal Canadian Mint regularly produces commemorative coins in this fineness, including the world's largest, at 100 kg.
* 999.9—four nines fine: Most popul... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The R is the functional group attached to a tertiary carbon. If the functional group was an OH group, this compound would be commonly called tert-butanol or t-butanol. When a functional group is attached to a tertiary carbon, the prefix -tert (-t) is used in the common name for the compound. An example of this is shown... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The major neurotransmitter systems are the noradrenaline (norepinephrine) system, the dopamine system, the serotonin system, and the cholinergic system. Drugs targeting the neurotransmitter of such systems affect the whole system, which explains the mode of action of many drugs.
Most other neurotransmitters, on the oth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chromosome jumping (or chromosome hopping) was first described in 1984 by Collins and Weissman.
At the time, cloning techniques allowed for generation of clones of limited size (up to 240kb), and cytogenetic techniques allowed for mapping such clones to a small region of a particular chromosome to a resolution of aroun... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, the capped trigonal prismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where seven atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom defining the vertices of an augmented triangular prism. This shape has C symmetry and is one of the three common shapes for heptacoordinate t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Some commonly used types of genetic markers are:
* RFLP (or Restriction fragment length polymorphism)
* SSLP (or Simple sequence length polymorphism)
* AFLP (or Amplified fragment length polymorphism)
* RAPD (or Random amplification of polymorphic DNA)
* VNTR (or Variable number tandem repeat)
* SSCP (or Single-strand ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Amines are the most prevalent absorbent in postcombustion carbon capture technology today. In particular, monoethanolamine (MEA) has been used in industrial scales in postcombustion carbon capture, as well as in other CO separations, such as "sweetening" of natural gas. However, amines are corrosive, degrade over time... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Surface modification makes paper hydrophobic and oleophilic. This combination allows ink oil to penetrate the paper, but prevents dampening water absorption, which increases papers printability.
Three different plasma-solid interactions are used: etching/ablation, plasma activation, and plasma coating. Etching or ablat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Though there are many methods to detect protein–protein interactions, the majority of these methods—such as co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and dual polarisation interferometry—are not screening approaches. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The BCA Micro BCA assay is a 3-component protocol which uses concentrated stocks of the Biuret reaction, BCA, and copper(II) reagents. It allows for an improved sensitivity of ~2 - 40 μg/mL vs 20 - 2000 µg/mL of the original BCA assay. However, it has a different, and generally speaking more sensitive, interference fro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A fecal coliform (British: faecal coliform) is a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium. Coliform bacteria generally originate in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. Fecal coliforms are capable of growth in the presence of bile salts or similar surface agents, are oxidase nega... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In chemistry, T-shaped molecular geometry describes the structures of some molecules where a central atom has three ligands. Ordinarily, three-coordinated compounds adopt trigonal planar or pyramidal geometries. Examples of T-shaped molecules are the halogen trifluorides, such as ClF.
According to VSEPR theory, T-shape... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In Chaetomium thermophilum, a complex of a metabolon exists between fatty acid synthase and a MDa carboxylase, and was observed using chemical cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry and visualized by cryo-electron microscopy. The Fatty acid synthesis metabolon in C. thermophilum is highly flexible, and although a h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A single water molecule can participate in a maximum of four hydrogen bonds because it can accept two bonds using the lone pairs on oxygen and donate two hydrogen atoms. Other molecules like hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, and methanol can also form hydrogen bonds. However, they do not show anomalous thermodynamic, kinetic... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The antibodies from lymphocyte secretions (ALS) assay is an immunological assay to detect active diseases like tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid etc. Recently, ALS assay nods the scientific community as it is rapidly used for diagnosis of Tuberculosis. The principle is based on the secretion of antibody from in vivo acti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A wide range of possible FCS experiments involve chemical reactions that continually fluctuate from equilibrium because of thermal motions (and then "relax"). In contrast to diffusion, which is also a relaxation process, the fluctuations cause changes between states of different energies. One very simple system showing... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An intein is a "parasitic" segment of a protein that is able to excise itself from the chain of amino acids as they emerge from the ribosome and rejoin the remaining portions with a peptide bond in such a manner that the main protein "backbone" does not fall apart. This is a case of a protein changing its own primary s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Edward Roberts pursued his undergraduate studies in biochemistry with a minor in music at the University of Sussex, Brighton, England, earning a Bachelor of Science with Honors degree in 1979. He continued his academic journey with a Ph.D. in synthetic organic chemistry at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
DnaA has the ability to bind its own promoter. When DnaA binds to its own promoter it blocks RNA polymerase from binding the promoter and inhibits initiation of transcription. In this way, DnaA is able to regulate its own expression. This process is called autoregulation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
While at Harvard, Woodward took on the directorship of the
Woodward Research Institute, based at Basel, Switzerland, in 1963. He also became a trustee of his alma mater, MIT, from 1966 to 1971, and of the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel.
Woodward died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from a heart attack in his slee... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Eötvös rule, named after the Hungarian physicist Loránd (Roland) Eötvös (1848–1919) enables the prediction of the surface tension of an arbitrary liquid pure substance at all temperatures. The density, molar mass and the critical temperature of the liquid have to be known. At the critical point the surface tension ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Other uses are assessment of tissue breakdown in general; this is possible when there are no other indicators of hemolysis. It is used to follow up cancer (especially lymphoma) patients, as cancer cells have a high rate of turnover, with destroyed cells leading to an elevated LDH activity. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photochemical reactions require a light source that emits wavelengths corresponding to an electronic transition in the reactant. In the early experiments (and in everyday life), sunlight was the light source, although it is polychromatic. Mercury-vapor lamps are more common in the laboratory. Low-pressure mercury-vapor... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The expression of genes in the operon is controlled by three differentially regulated promoters, two of which are controlled by RpoS encoded sigma factor σ.
* csiD : is σ-dependent and is activated exclusively upon carbon starvation because cAMP-CRP acts an essential activator for σ containing RNA polymerase at the cs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With other types of pans, some oil or fat is required to prevent hot food from sticking to the pan's surface. Food does not have the same tendency to stick to a non-stick surface; pans can be used with less, or no oil, and are easier to clean as residues do not stick to the surface.
According to writer Tony Polombo, pa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Light2CAT was a project funded by the European Commission from 2012 to 2015. It aimed to develop a modified that can absorb visible light and include this modified into construction concrete. The degrades harmful pollutants such as NOx into NO. The modified TiO is in use in Copenhagen and Holbæk, Denmark, and Valenc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Arrhenius equation is an elementary treatment that gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the reaction rate at which a reaction proceeds. The rate constant as a function of thermodynamic temperature is then given by:
The reaction rate is given by:
where E is the activatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Defined by flows through a system, a flow process is a steady state of flow into and out of a vessel with definite wall properties. The internal state of the vessel contents is not the primary concern. The quantities of primary concern describe the states of the inflow and the outflow materials, and, on the side, the t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In electron spectroscopy, depending on the technique, irradiating the sample with high-energy particles such as X-ray photons, electron beam electrons, or ultraviolet radiation photons, causes Auger electrons and photoelectrons to be emitted. Figure 1 illustrates this on the basis of a single particle in which, for exa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recently, CBED was applied to study graphene and other 2D monolayer crystals and van der Waals structures. For 2D crystals, the analysis of CBED patterns is simplified, because the intensity distribution in a CBED disk is directly related to the atomic arrangement in the crystal. The deformations at a nanometer resolut... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A heterogeneous mixture (e. g. liquid and solid) can be separated by mechanical separation processes like filtration or centrifugation. Homogeneous mixtures can be separated by molecular separation processes; these are either equilibrium-based or rate-controlled. Equilibrium-based processes are operating by the formati... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the United States, eszopiclone is a schedule IV controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Use of eszopiclone may lead to physical and psychological dependence. The risk of non-medical use and dependence increases with the dose and duration of usage and concomitant use of other psychoactive substances... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Nickel monosilicide can be prepared by depositing a nickel layer on silicon and subsequent annealing. In the case of Ni films with thicknesses above 4 nm, the normal phase transition is given by NiSi at 250 °C followed by NiSi at 350 °C and NiSi at approximately 800 °C. For films with an initial Ni thickness below 4 nm... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Massively parallel single molecule direct RNA-Seq has been explored as an alternative to traditional RNA-Seq, in which RNA-to-cDNA conversion, ligation, amplification, and other sample manipulation steps may introduce biases and artifacts. Technology platforms that perform single-molecule real-time RNA-Seq include Oxfo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The signal generated by probe modulation is much smaller than the original pump beam, so the two are spectrally separated within the detection path using a dichroic mirror. The probe signal can be collected with many different types of photodetectors, typically a photodiode. Then, the modulated signal is amplified usin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first nitridoiron(V) compound was synthesised and characterized by Wagner and Nakamoto (1988, 1989) using photolysis and Raman spectroscopy at low temperatures. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The euplotid nuclear code (translation table 10) is the genetic code used by Euplotidae. The euplotid code is a socalled "symmetrical code", which results from the symmetrical distribution of the codons. This symmetry allows for arythmic exploration of the codon distribution. In 2013, shCherbak and Makukov, reported th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Melt inclusions are generally small - most are less than 80 micrometres across (a micrometre is one thousandth of a millimeter, or about 0.00004 inches). They may contain a number of different constituents, including glass (which represents melt that has been quenched by rapid cooling), small crystals and a separate va... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The basic leaching chemical formula that drives this process is:
This is achieved in practice through a process called double leaching. The calcine is first leached in a neutral or slightly acidic solution (of sulfuric acid) in order to leach the zinc out of the zinc oxide. The remaining calcine is then leached in stro... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Thermosetting plastics are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to the three-dimensional network of bonds (crosslinking), and are also better suited to high-temperature applications up to the decomposition temperature since they keep their shape as strong covalent bonds between polymer chains cannot be b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ViroCap is a test announced in 2015 by researchers at Washington University in St. Louis which can detect most of the infectious viruses which affect both humans and animals. It was demonstrated to be as sensitive as the various Polymerase chain reaction assays for the viruses. It will not be available for clinical use... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The growth and development of normal cells follow a cycle in a controlled and ordered manner. When they are damaged, they will die through a process called apoptosis. However, apoptosis is disrupted in cancer cells, allowing them to divide and grow uncontrollably, potentially invading other tissues or organs. They will... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Noyori believes strongly in the power of catalysis and of green chemistry; in a 2005 article he argued for the pursuit of "practical elegance in synthesis". In this article he stated that "our ability to devise straightforward and practical chemical syntheses is indispensable to the survival of our species." Elsewhere... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
ChemPhysChem is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of Chemistry Europe. It was established in 2000 and covers all aspects of chemical physics and physical chemistry. Initially published monthly, the journal moved to 18 issues per year in 2007, and further to biweekly in 2016. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The society makes a number of merit awards, four annually and others either biennially or triennially, to acknowledge excellence and achievement in both specific and general fields of science. The annual awards comprise the Morton Lecture, the Colworth Medal, the Centenary Award and the Novartis Medal and Prize. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Perfluoroaromatic compounds contain only carbon and fluorine, like other fluorocarbons, but also contain an aromatic ring. The three most important examples are hexafluorobenzene, octafluorotoluene, and octafluoronaphthalene.
Perfluoroaromatic compounds can be manufactured via the Fowler process, like fluoroalkanes, bu... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
For xDNA to be used as a substitute structure for information storage, it requires a reliable replication mechanism. Research into xDNA replication using a Klenow fragment from DNA polymerase I shows that a natural base partner is selectively added in instances of single-nucleotide insertion. However, DNA polymerase IV... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The previously described study by Timby et al. (2015) also assessed the effects of MFGM supplementation in term infants on the risk of infectious diseases and other disease symptoms. In particular, the cumulative incidence of acute otitis media was analyzed between the two randomized feeding groups (control formula or ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In methane, carbon has a valence of 4; in ammonia, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1. Chlorine, as ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Hash rosin has recently become a top quality, highly prized product in the cannabis market. For dabbing, it is considered to be the cleanest form of concentrating cannabis, as it requires only ice, water (instead of organic solvents like butane), heat, pressure, and collection tools. Cannabis flower material is washed ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
π systems are important building blocks in supramolecular assembly because of their versatile noncovalent interactions with various functional groups.
A notable example of applying π–π interactions in supramolecular assembly is the synthesis of catenane. The major challenge for the synthesis of catenane is to interlock... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
For example, one could use a cation exchange (negatively charged) surface chemistry for ERLIC separations to reduce the influence on retention of anionic (negatively charged) groups (the phosphates of nucleotides or of phosphonyl antibiotic mixtures; or sialic acid groups of modified carbohydrates) to now allow separat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are >50 human diseases associated with SINEs. When inserted near or within the exon, SINEs can cause improper splicing, become coding regions, or change the reading frame, often leading to disease phenotypes in humans and other animals. Insertion of Alu elements in the human genome is associated with breast cance... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Beerstone is a buildup that forms when oxalate, proteins, and calcium or magnesium salts from the grains and water in the beer brewing process precipitate and form scale on kegs, barrels and tap lines. The minerals adsorb to the surface of the container first, driven by charge attractions. Proteins are often coordinat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The other context of agricultural issues involves the transport of agricultural chemicals (nitrates, phosphates, pesticides, herbicides, etc.) via surface runoff. This result occurs when chemical use is excessive or poorly timed with respect to high precipitation. The resulting contaminated runoff represents not only a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Though to a far lesser extent than estrogen, which is the major mediator of mammary ductal development (via the ERα), progesterone may be involved in ductal development of the mammary glands to some extent as well. PR knockout mice or mice treated with the PR antagonist mifepristone show delayed although otherwise norm... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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