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Reacting a silyl enol ether with PhSCl, a good and soft electrophile, provides a carbonyl compound sulfenylated at an alpha carbon. In this reaction, the trimethylsilyl group of the silyl enol ether is removed by the chloride ion released from the PhSCl upon attack of its electrophilic sulfur atom. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alexander George Ogston FAA FRS (30 January 1911 – 29 June 1996) was a British biochemist who specialised in the thermodynamics of biological systems. He was a grandson of Sir Alexander Ogston, a Scottish surgeon who discovered Staphylococcus. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Vagusstoff (literally translated from German as "Vagus Substance") refers to the substance released by stimulation of the vagus nerve which causes a reduction in the heart rate. Discovered in 1921 by physiologist Otto Loewi, vagusstoff was the first confirmation of chemical synaptic transmission and the first neurotra... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Esketamine is eliminated from the human body more quickly than arketamine (R(–)-ketamine) or racemic ketamine, although arketamine slows the elimination of esketamine. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The photons of a light beam have a characteristic energy, called photon energy, which is proportional to the frequency of the light. In the photoemission process, when an electron within some material absorbs the energy of a photon and acquires more energy than its binding energy, it is likely to be ejected. If the pho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Degradation begins inside macrophages of the spleen, which remove old and damaged erythrocytes from the circulation.
In the first step, heme is converted to biliverdin by the enzyme heme oxygenase (HO). NADPH is used as the reducing agent, molecular oxygen enters the reaction, carbon monoxide (CO) is produced and the i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The insertion of carbon monoxide and alkenes into metal-carbon bonds is a widely exploited reaction with major industrial applications.
Such reactions are subject to the usual parameters that affect other reactions in coordination chemistry, but steric effects are especially important in determining the stereochemistry... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
On March 27, 1791, Galvani published a book about his work on animal electricity. It contained comprehensive details of his 11 years of research and experimentation on the topic.
The 1797 edition of Gren’s Grundriss der Naturlehre provides the first explicit definition of galvanism as clearly reflecting Volta’s opinion... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
ECL proved to be very useful in analytical applications as a highly sensitive and selective method. It combines analytical advantages of chemiluminescent analysis (absence of background optical signal) with ease of reaction control by applying electrode potential. As an analytical technique it presents outstanding adva... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The most common way to measure surface energy is through contact angle experiments. In this method, the contact angle of the surface is measured with several liquids, usually water and diiodomethane. Based on the contact angle results and knowing the surface tension of the liquids, the surface energy can be calculated.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
2-C-Methyl--erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) is an intermediate on the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis. It is the first committed metabolite on that pathway on the route to IPP and DMAPP. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Wide-scale production is credited to Edward Goodrich Acheson in 1891. Acheson was attempting to prepare artificial diamonds when he heated a mixture of clay (aluminium silicate) and powdered coke (carbon) in an iron bowl. He called the blue crystals that formed carborundum, believing it to be a new compound of carbon... | 8 | Metallurgy |
C plants capture carbon dioxide in their mesophyll cells (using an enzyme called phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase which catalyzes the combination of carbon dioxide with a compound called phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)), forming oxaloacetate. This oxaloacetate is then converted to malate and is transported into the bundle she... | 5 | Photochemistry |
C-Nitroso compounds, such as nitrosobenzene, are typically prepared by oxidation of hydroxylamines:
:RNHOH + [O] → RNO + HO | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Following Max Planck (1914), a radiative field is often described in terms of specific radiative intensity, which is a function of each geometrical point in a space region, at an instant of time. This is slightly different from Prevosts mode of definition, which was for regions of space. It is also slightly conceptuall... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Attenuation was first observed by Charles Yanofsky in the trp operon of E. coli. The first observation was linked to two separate scientific facts. Mutations which knocked out the trp R (repressor) gene still showed some regulation of the trp operon (these mutants were not fully induced/repressed by tryptophan). The to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first transformation of metabolism of ZEN will reduce the ketone group to an alcohol via aliphatic hydroxylation and result in the formation of the two zearalenol metabolites. This process is catalyzed by 3 α- and 3 β-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase (HSD). CYP450 enzymes will then catalyze aromatic hydroxylation at t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thomas Kurtzman is an American physical chemist most notable for his research into the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to improve pharmaceutical design. According to Bioworld, Kurtzmans research "reached the devastating conclusion that the entirety" of apparent deep learning produced over the course of seve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Allelochemicals are a useful tool in sustainable farming due to their ability to control weeds. The possible application of allelopathy in agriculture is the subject of much research. Using allelochemical producing plants in agriculture results in significant suppression of weeds and various pests. Some plants will eve... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radiation embrittlement, also known as neutron embrittlement, is a phenomenon more commonly observed in reactors and nuclear plants as these materials are constantly exposed to a steady amount of radiation. When a neutron irradiates the metal, voids are created in the material, which is known as void swelling. If the m... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Petrobactin is a bis-catechol siderophore found in M. hydrocarbonoclasticus, A. macleodii, and the anthrax-producing B. anthracis. Like other siderophores petrobactin is a highly specific iron(III) transport ligand, contributing to the marine microbial uptake of environmental iron.
The iron-chelated petrobactin complex... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many columns of limestone rise above the surface of Mono Lake. These limestone towers consist primarily of calcium carbonate minerals such as calcite (CaCO). This type of limestone rock is referred to as tufa, which is a term used for limestone that forms in low to moderate temperatures. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
These polymers are commercially used in optical films, lenses, touch screens, light guide panels, reflection films, and other components for mobile devices, displays, cameras, copiers and other optical assemblies. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Boom method (Boom nucleic acid extraction method)
is a solid phase extraction method for isolating nucleic acids (NA)
from biological samples. Silica beads are a key element to this method, which are capable of binding the nucleic acids in the presence of a chaotropic substance according to the chaotropic effect.
T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Aluminium surface composites with enhanced surface properties can be fabricated using FSP. Aluminium surface composites fabricated with the optimum friction stir processing parameters show better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The processing parameters such as tool rotational speed and tool shoulder d... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When referring to the genotype (the gene) the mnemonic is italicized and not capitalised. When referring to the gene product or phenotype, the mnemonic is first-letter capitalised and not italicized (e.g. DnaA – the protein produced by the dnaA gene; LeuA – the phenotype of a leuA mutant; Amp – the ampicillin-resistanc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Qubit fluorometer method is to use fluorescent dyes to determine the concentration of either nucleic acids or proteins in a sample. Specialized fluorescent dyes bind specifically to the substances of interest. A spectrophotometer is used in this method to measure the natural absorbance of light at 260 nm (for DNA a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For all organic matter to be completely oxidized, an excess amount of potassium dichromate (or any oxidizing agent) must be present. Once oxidation is complete, the amount of excess potassium dichromate must be measured to ensure that the amount of Cr can be determined with accuracy. To do so, the excess potassium dich... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bacteriorhodopsin in the ground state absorbs a photon and the retinal changes isomerization from all-trans 15-anti to the strained 13-cis 15-anti in the K state. The isomerisation reaction is fast and occurs in less than 1 ps. The retinal adopts a less strained conformation to form the L intermediate. | 5 | Photochemistry |
As polymers approach their ceiling temperature, thermal degradation gives way to complete decomposition. Certain polymers like PTFE, polystyrene and PMMA undergo depolymerization to give their starting monomers, whereas others like polyethylene undergo pyrolysis, with random chain scission giving a mixture of volatile... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are several examples of covalently linked 2DPs which include the individual layers or sheets of graphite (called graphenes), MoS2, (BN)x and layered covalent organic frameworks. As required by the above definition, these sheets have a periodic internal structure.
A well-known example of a 2D polymer is graphene; ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quantitative microbiological risk assessments (QMRAs) combine pathogen concentrations in water with dose-response relationships and data reflecting potential exposure to estimate the risk of infection.
Data on water exposure are generally collected using questionnaires, but may also be determined from actual measuremen... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Quorum quenching is the process of preventing quorum sensing by disrupting signalling. This is achieved by inactivating signalling enzymes, by introducing molecules that mimic signalling molecules and block their receptors, by degrading signalling molecules themselves, or by a modification of the quorum sensing signals... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By oral route, phenethylamine's half-life is minutes; endogenously produced PEA in catecholamine neurons has a half-life of roughly 30 seconds. In humans, PEA is metabolized by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), monoamine oxidase A (), monoamine oxidase B (), the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidases (SSA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metal carbonyls are important precursors for the synthesis of other organometallic complexes. Common reactions are the substitution of carbon monoxide by other ligands, the oxidation or reduction reactions of the metal center, and reactions at the carbon monoxide ligand. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Gravimetric analysis usually only provides for the analysis of a single element, or a limited group of elements, at a time. Comparing modern dynamic flash combustion coupled with gas chromatography with traditional combustion analysis will show that the former is both faster and allows for simultaneous determination o... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Bellini–Tosi direction finder was a type of radio direction finder that was widely used from World War I to World War II. It used the signals from two crossed antennas, or four individual antennas simulating two crossed ones, to re-create the radio signal in a small area between two loops of wire. The operator coul... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isotopes with extremely long half-lives and their decay products can be used to study multi-million year processes, such as tectonics and extreme climate change. For example, in rubidium–strontium dating, the isotopic ratio of strontium (Sr/Sr) can be analyzed within ice cores to examine changes over the earths lifetim... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This process was the main process used in Britain from the mid-19th century until 1951. The process was very inefficient as it was designed as a small scale batch operation. Each retort only produced so companies would put them together in banks and used one large gas burner to heat all of them. The Belgian process re... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bond length is related to bond order: when more electrons participate in bond formation the bond is shorter. Bond length is also inversely related to bond strength and the bond dissociation energy: all other factors being equal, a stronger bond will be shorter. In a bond between two identical atoms, half the bond dista... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
As noted above, by transitioning from one chair conformer to another, all axial positions become equatorial and all equatorial positions become axial. Substituent groups in equatorial positions roughly follow along the equator of the cyclohexane ring and are perpendicular to the axis, while substituents in axial positi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Ted Ellis maintained a passion for art that preceded his professional art career; he painted throughout his time in the Army and as an environmental chemist, generally working out of a studio in his garage. His first commissions were produced for two co-workers at Rollins. They had wanted to purchase the piece that he ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of performing a specific chemical reaction, often but not always catalytic. This is similar to the action of other biological enzymes, such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA).
However, in cont... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The structures of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes involve several nested sequence elements. Each element has a specific function in the multi-step process of gene expression. The sequences and lengths of these elements vary, but the same general functions are present in most genes. Although DNA is a double-strand... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Cossee–Arlman mechanism in polymer chemistry is the main pathway for the formation of C–C bonds in the polymerization of alkenes. The mechanism features an intermediate coordination complex that contains both the growing polymer chain and the monomer (alkene). These ligands combine within the coordination sphere o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Swain equation relates the kinetic isotope effect for the protium/tritium combination with that of the protium/deuterium combination according to:
where k are the reaction rate constants for the protonated, deuterated and tritiated reactants respectively. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Exposure of a positive resist to radiation changes the chemical structure such that it becomes a liquid or more soluble. These changes in chemical structure are often rooted in the cleavage of specific linkers in the polymer. Once irradiated, the "decomposed" polymers can be washed away using a developer solvent leavin... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Desymmetrization in stereochemistry is the modification of a molecule that results in the loss of one or more symmetry elements. A common application of this class of reactions involves the introduction of chirality. Formally, such conversions required the loss of an improper axis of rotation (mirror plane, center of... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Spot analysis, spot test analysis, or spot test is a chemical test, a simple and efficient technique where analytic assays are executed in only one, or a few drops, of a chemical solution, preferably in a great piece of filter paper, without using any sophisticated instrumentation. The development and popularization of... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Nettle agents (named after stinging nettles) or urticants are a variety of chemical warfare agents that produce corrosive skin and tissue injury upon contact, resulting in erythema, urticaria, intense itching, and a hive-like rash.
Most nettle agents, such as the best known and studied nettle agent, phosgene oxime, are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Molecular propeller is a molecule that can propel fluids when rotated, due to its special shape that is designed in analogy to macroscopic propellers: it has several molecular-scale blades attached at a certain pitch angle around the circumference of a shaft, aligned along the rotational axis.
The molecular propellers... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Soil biota affect soil pH directly through excretion, and indirectly by acting on the physical environment. Many soil fungi, although not all of them, acidify the soil by excreting oxalic acid, a product of their respiratory metabolism. Oxalic acid precipitates calcium, forming insoluble crystals of calcium oxalate and... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Norrish type I reaction is the photochemical cleavage or homolysis of aldehydes and ketones into two free radical intermediates (α-scission). The carbonyl group accepts a photon and is excited to a photochemical singlet state. Through intersystem crossing the triplet state can be obtained. On cleavage of the α-carb... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cannabinoid binding sites exist throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. The two most relevant receptors for cannabinoids are the CB and CB receptors, which are expressed predominantly in the brain and immune system respectively. Density of expression varies based on species and correlates with the effica... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lipofuscin accumulation in the eye, is a major risk factor implicated in macular degeneration, a degenerative disease, and Stargardt disease, an inherited juvenile form of macular degeneration.
In the peripheral nervous system, abnormal accumulation of lipofuscin known as lipofuscinosis is associated with a family of n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Selection of an appropriate DNA polymerase is critical to the efficiency of the base addition step and must meet several criteria:
* Ability to efficiently incorporate FdNTP at consecutive positions
* Lack of 3–5 exonuclease and proofreading activity to prevent the removal newly incorporated FdNTP
* High fidelity to mi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Manganese is found in leafy green vegetables, fruits, nuts, cinnamon and whole grains. The nutritious kernel, called wheat germ, which contains the most minerals and vitamins of the grain, has been removed from most processed grains (such as white bread). The wheat germ is often sold as livestock feed. Many common v... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Antisense oligonucleotides were discovered in 1978 by Paul Zamecnik and Mary Stephenson. Oligonucleotides, which are short nucleic acid fragments, bind to complementary target mRNA molecules when added to the cell. These molecules can be composed of single-stranded DNA or RNA and are generally 13–25 nucleotides long. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, a guanine tetrad (also known as a G-tetrad or G-quartet) is a structure composed of four guanine bases in a square planar array. They most prominently contribute to the structure of G-quadruplexes, where their hydrogen bonding stabilizes the structure. Usually, there are at least two guanine tetr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The chemical properties of RNA make large RNA molecules inherently fragile, and they can easily be broken down into their constituent nucleotides through hydrolysis. These limitations do not make use of RNA as an information storage system impossible, simply energy intensive (to repair or replace damaged RNA molecules)... | 9 | Geochemistry |
TLR3 does not use the MyD88 dependent pathway. Its ligand is retroviral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which activates the TRIF dependent signalling pathway. To explore the role of this pathway in retroviral reprograming, knock down techniques of TLR3 or TRIF were prepared, and results showed that only the TLR3 pathway i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reactions of the glutaminolytic pathway take place partly in the mitochondria and to some extent in the cytosol (compare the metabolic scheme of the glutaminolytic pathway). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Boronic esters are oxidized to the corresponding alcohols with base and hydrogen peroxide (for an example see: carbenoid) | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In geometric phase analysis, crystallographic quantities are not determined at one particular point of the input image. Instead, they are quantified across the whole image resulting in a two-dimensional map of given quantity. Quantities which can be mapped with geometric phase analysis include interplanar distances (d-... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Browning is the process of food turning brown due to the chemical reactions that take place within. The process of browning is one of the chemical reactions that take place in food chemistry and represents an interesting research topic regarding health, nutrition, and food technology. Though there are many different wa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phosphonates are one of the three sources of phosphate intake in biological cells. The other two are inorganic phosphate and organophosphates.
The naturally occurring phosphonate 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid was first identified in 1959 in plants and many animals, where it is localized in membranes. Phosphonates are qui... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The propagation of radiation in a medium that is assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and at rest takes place in straight lines and has the same velocity in all directions. Unless if propagating through a vacuum, thermal radiation does decay over time as energy is scattered.
Scattering occurs due to the presence of d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The mechanism involves the addition of amine to dichlorocarbene, a reactive intermediate generated by the dehydrohalogenation of chloroform. Two successive base-mediated dehydrochlorination steps result in formation of the isocyanide. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For small spots of vitiligo, it is possible to use psoralen as drops, applied only on the spots. This method does not have side effects since the amount is very low.
For larger area, the psoralen is taken as a pill, and the amount is high (10 mg); some patients experience nausea and itching after ingesting the psoralen... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Monitoring the biological pump is critical to understanding how the Earth's carbon cycle is changing. A variety of techniques are used to monitor the biological pump, which can be deployed from various platforms such as ships, autonomous vehicles, and satellites. At present, satellite remote sensing is the only tool av... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This term refers to the apparent preference of positively charged nitrogen substituents for the equatorial conformation beyond what normal steric interactions would predict in rings containing an electronegative atom, such as oxygen. Substituents containing carbons with partial positive charges are not seen to exhibit ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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The P promoter allows for tight regulation and control of a target gene in vivo. As explained above, P is regulated by the addition and absence of arabinose. As tested, the promoter can be further repressed with reduced levels of cAMP through the addition of glucose. Plasmid vectors have been constructed and te... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Darken's first equation is:
where:
* is the marker velocity of inert markers showing the diffusive flux.
* and are the diffusion coefficients of the two components.
* and are the atomic fractions of the two components.
* represents the direction in which the diffusion is measured.
It is important to note that thi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1954 and 1958 Krishna Bahadur and co-workers published the successful synthesis of amino acids from a mixture of paraformaldehyde, colloidal molybdenum oxide or potassium nitrate and ferric chloride under sunlight. It appears that this experimental approach was seminal for the assays to produce Jeewanu, which he fir... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In organometallic chemistry, the activation of cyclopropanes by transition metals is a research theme with implications for organic synthesis and homogeneous catalysis. Being highly strained, cyclopropanes are prone to oxidative addition to transition metal complexes. The resulting metallacycles are susceptible to a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) techniques have been in use since 1984 to detect protein-DNA interactions. There have been many variations on ChIP to improve the quality of results. One such improvement, ChIP-on-chip (ChIP-chip), combines ChIP with microarray technology. This technique has limited sensitivity and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Frequency modulation atomic force microscopy, introduced by Albrecht, Grütter, Horne and Rugar in 1991,
is a mode of nc-AFM where the change in resonant frequency of the sensor is tracked directly, by always exciting the sensor on resonance. To maintain excitation on resonance the electronics must keep a 90° phase dif... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Sigma-2 receptors have been found to be highly expressed in proliferating cells, including tumor cells, and to play a role in the differentiation, morphology, and survival of those cells. By interacting with EGFR membrane proteins sigma-2 receptors play a role in the regulation of signals further downstream such as PKC... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Peripheral node addressin, often referred to as PNAd, are glycoprotein ligands. More formally, the term includes "lymph" to specify the node: peripheral lymph node addressin.
PNAd is a critical component of the immune system, enabling the targeted migration of lymphocytes to the lymph nodes and facilitating an effectiv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Changes to the surface of the planet, such as an absence of volcanoes or higher sea levels, which would reduce the amount of land surface exposed to weathering can change the rates at which different processes in this cycle take place. Over tens to hundreds of millions of years, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Chloroeremomycin is a member of the glycopeptide family of antibiotics, such as vancomycin. The molecule is a non-ribosomal polypeptide that has been glycosylated. It is composed of seven amino acids and three saccharide units. Although chloroeremomycin has never been in clinical phases, oritavancin, a semi-synthetic ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Only 20.35% of the catchment of the lake is covered by forest.
Demographic growth and lack of employment are some of the factors that have promoted conversion of forested areas into subsistence agriculture, especially following the coffee price crisis.
The loss of forest cover is particularly critical on steep terrains... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Diethyl azodicarboxylate, conventionally abbreviated as DEAD and sometimes as DEADCAT, is an organic compound with the structural formula . Its molecular structure consists of a central azo functional group, RN=NR, flanked by two ethyl ester groups. This orange-red liquid is a valuable reagent but also quite dangerous ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Andreas Hierlemann (17 August 1964) is a German chemist and professor of Biosystems Engineering at ETH Zurich. He is known for his work in the field of CMOS-based chemical and biomicrosensors and high-density microelectrode arrays. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Born in Nantes in Brittany, France, Dauphas received a B.Sc. degree from in 1998. The same year, he obtained an M.Sc. from , at the National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine (; INPL). In 2002, also from INPL, he was awarded a Ph.D. in geochemistry and cosmochemistry, working with Bernard Marty and Laurie Reisberg. He... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In nature bacteria play a major role in the degradation of phosphonates. Due to the presence of natural phosphonates in the environment, bacteria have evolved the ability to metabolize phosphonates as nutrient sources. Some bacteria use phosphonates as a phosphorus source for growth. Aminophosphonates can also be used ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of a liquid and a solid mixture such as a suspension. The layer closer to the top of the container—the less dense of the two liquids, or the liquid from which the precipitate or sediment has settled out—is poured off, leaving denser liquid... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An early model for the role of substituents in pi stacking interactions was proposed by Hunter and Sanders. They used a simple mathematical model based on sigma and pi atomic charges, relative orientations, and van der Waals interactions to qualitatively determine that electrostatics are dominant in substituent effects... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Modern two-dimensional chromatographic techniques are based on the results of the early developments of paper chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) which involved liquid mobile phases and solid stationary phases. These techniques would later generate modern gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There is evidence that use during pregnancy may result in harm to the baby. Teratogenic and embryotoxic effects were shown on four animal species. In one case report, a 6-month old infant developed benign bright blue discolouration of the cornea after treatment with favipiravir which resolved after treatment cessation. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Supplemental potassium decreases the risk of experiencing a life-threatening heart rhythm problem from arsenic trioxide. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Harold Scott MacDonald "Donald" Coxeter (9 February 1907 – 31 March 2003) was a British-Canadian geometer and mathematician. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The pillar carries a number of inscriptions of different dates, some of which have not been studied systematically despite the pillar's prominent location and easy access. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The convention for a polypeptide is to list its constituent amino acid residues as they occur from the amino terminus to the carboxylic acid terminus. The amino acid residues are always joined by peptide bonds. Protein, though used colloquially to refer to any polypeptide, refers to larger or fully functional forms and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first structure of a creatine kinase solved by X-ray protein crystallography was that of the octameric, sarcomeric muscle-type mitochondrial CK (s-mtCK) in 1996., followed by the structure of ubiquitous mitochondrial CK (u-mtCK) in 2000. Both mt-CK isoforms form octameric structures (built of 4 banana-like dimers) ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both the structure of ATP synthase and its underlying gene are remarkably similar in all known forms of life. ATP synthase is powered by a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, usually in the form of a proton gradient. In all living organisms, a series of redox reactions is used to produce a transmembrane e... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Phosphine gas is denser than air and hence may collect in low-lying areas. It can form explosive mixtures with air, and may also self-ignite. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In DNA, the coding region is flanked by the promoter sequence on the 5 end of the template strand and the termination sequence on the 3 end. During transcription, the RNA Polymerase (RNAP) binds to the promoter sequence and moves along the template strand to the coding region. RNAP then adds RNA nucleotides complementa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ion vibration current (IVI) and the associated ion vibration potential is an electric signal that arises when an acoustic wave propagates through a homogeneous fluid.
Historically, the IVI was the first known electroacoustic phenomenon. It was predicted by Peter Debye in 1933.
When a longitudinal sound wave travels... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MEGAN analysis starts with collecting reads from any shotgun platform. Then, the reads are compared with sequence databases using BLAST or similar. Third, MEGAN assigns a taxon ID to processed read results based on NCBI taxonomy which creates a MEGAN file that contains required information for statistical and graphical... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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