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In figure at left, the various segments that form the epitope have been shown to be continuously collinear, meaning that they have been shown as sequential; however, for the situation being discussed here (i.e., the antigen recognition by the B cell), this explanation is too simplistic. Such epitopes are known as seque... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Retinaldehyde is a retinol (vitamin A) derivative responsible for vision. It binds rhodopsin, a well-characterized GPCR that binds all-cis retinal in its inactive state. Upon photoisomerization by a photon the cis-retinal is converted to trans-retinal causing activation of rhodopsin which ultimately leads to depolari... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While magnets can be used to localize magnetic nanoparticles to desired cells, this mechanism may be difficult to maintain in practice. The nanoparticles can be concentrated in 2D space such as on a culture plate or at the surface of the body, but it can be more difficult to localize them in the 3D space of the body. M... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The function of protein paucimannosylation remains largely unexplored in vertebrates. Recent literature however has emerged demonstrating that paucimannosylation play roles in mediating pathophysiological processes such as in inflammation, pathogen infection, cancer and in the development of stem cells and in normal ho... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many other industries take into account distribution coefficients, for example in the formulation of make-up, topical ointments, dyes, hair colors and many other consumer products. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although the glyoxalase pathway is the main metabolic system that reduces methylglyoxal levels in the cell, other enzymes have also been found to convert methylglyoxal into non-AGE producing species: specifically, 99% of MG is processed by glyoxalase metabolism, while less than 1% is metabolized into hydroxyacetone by ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Methanesulfonic anhydride (MsO) is the acid anhydride of methanesulfonic acid. Like methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl), it may be used to generate mesylates (methanesulfonyl esters). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The ratio of activities of a solute, A in an aqueous/organic system will remain constant and independent of the total quantity of A (hence ), so at any given temperature:
Distribution constants are useful as they allow the calculation of the concentration of remaining analyte in the solution, even after a number of sol... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Knowledge base annotation is done based on the information of gene attribute, protein function and its metabolism. In this type of annotation more emphasis is given to genetic variation that disrupts the protein function domain, protein-protein interaction and biological pathway. The non-coding region of genome contain... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When iron is in contact with water and oxygen, it rusts. If salt is present, for example in seawater or salt spray, the iron tends to rust more quickly, as a result of chemical reactions. Iron metal is relatively unaffected by pure water or by dry oxygen. As with other metals, like aluminium, a tightly adhering oxide c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Calvin cycle, also known as the dark reactions, is a series of biochemical reactions that fixes CO into G3P sugar molecules and uses the energy and electrons from the ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
While named "the dark reactions", in most p... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na, K, Ca, and/or Cl to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.
... | 1 | Biochemistry |
HRI (encoded in humans by the gene EIF2AK1) also dimerizes in order to autophosphorylate and activate. This activation is dependent on the presence of heme. HRI has two domains that heme may bind to, including one on the N-terminus and one on the kinase insertion domain. The presence of heme causes a disulfide bond to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pseudoephedrine amides undergo deprotonation by a strong base such as lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) to give the corresponding (Z)-enolates. Alkylation of these lithium enolates proceeds with high facial selectivity.
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The diastereoselectivity is believed to result from a configuration wherein one face of the lith... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The initial and rate limiting step involving the electrophilic activation of RHC-H by a Pt center to produce a Pt-CHR species and a proton. The mechanism of this activation is debated. One possibility is the oxidative addition of a sigma coordinated C-H bond followed by the reductive removal of the proton. Another is a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The thermal effective mass of electrons in a metal is the apparent mass due to interactions with the periodic potential of the crystal lattice, with phonons (e.g. phonon drag), and interaction with other electrons. The resulting effective mass of electrons contributes to the electronic heat capacity of the metal, leadi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
It has been uncertain for a long time whether metal carbonyl hydrides contain a direct metal-hydrogen bond, although this has been suspected by Hieber for HFe(CO). The precise structure cannot be identified by X-ray diffraction, particularly the length of a possible metal-hydrogen bond remained uncertain. The exact str... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The complete mathematical model describing electromigration consists of several partial differential equations (PDEs) which need to be solved for three-dimensional geometrical domains representing segments of an interconnect structure. Such a mathematical model forms the basis for simulation of electromigration in mod... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Once quantitative counts of each transcript are available, differential gene expression is measured by normalising, modelling, and statistically analysing the data. Most tools will read a table of genes and read counts as their input, but some programs, such as cuffdiff, will accept binary alignment map format read ali... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Simultaneous use of the one- and two-hybrid methods (that is, simultaneous protein–protein and protein–DNA interaction) is known as a one-two-hybrid approach and expected to increase the stringency of the screen. | 1 | Biochemistry |
On a per molecule basis, it is considered to be the most potent greenhouse gas present in Earth's atmosphere, having a global warming potential of about 18,000 times that of carbon dioxide. The chemical is predicted to have a lifetime of 800 years in the atmosphere. However, the current concentration of trifluoromethyl... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Signatures of mass-anomalous sulfur isotope fractionation preserved in the rock record have been an important piece of evidence for understanding the Great Oxidation Event, the sudden rise of oxygen on the ancient Earth. Nonzero values of ΔS and ΔS are present in the sulfur-bearing minerals of Precambrian rock formed g... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Tanning facilities are ubiquitous in the US, although the figures are in decline. In a study in the US published in 2002, there was a higher density in colder areas with a lower median income and higher proportion of whites. A study in 1997 found an average of 50.3 indoor-tanning facilities in 20 US cities (13.89 facil... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Oligosaprobes include some green and diatomaceous algae, flowering plants (for example, European white water lilies), some rotifers, Bryozoa, sponges, mollusks of the genus Dreissena, cladocerans (daphnids, bithotrephes), dragonfly and mayfly larvae, sterlets, trout, minnows, and newts.
Oligosaprobes also embrace a fe... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Vuilleumier cycle was patented by a Swiss-American engineer named Rudolph Vuilleumier in 1918. The purpose of Vuilleumier's machine was to create a heat pump that would use heat at high temperature as energy input. The Vuilleumier cycle...The Vuilleumier cycle is a thermodynamic cycle with applications in low-tempe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Jostel's TSH index can be calculated with
from equilibrium serum concentrations of thyrotropin (TSH), free T4 (FT4) and a correction coefficient derived from the logarithmic standard model (β = 0.1345).
An alternative standardised form (standardised TSH index or sTSHI) is calculated with.
as a z-transformed value incor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Discontinuous recrystallization is heterogeneous; there are distinct nucleation and growth stages. It is common in materials with low stacking-fault energy. Nucleation then occurs, generating new strain-free grains which absorb the pre-existing strained grains. It occurs more easily at grain boundaries, decreasing the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
How chitin interacts with the immune system of plants and animals has been an active area of research, including the identity of key receptors with which chitin interacts, whether the size of chitin particles is relevant to the kind of immune response triggered, and mechanisms by which immune systems respond. Chitin is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radon-222 has been classified by International Agency for Research on Cancer as being carcinogenic to humans. In September 2009, the World Health Organization released a comprehensive global initiative on radon that recommended a reference level of 100 Bq/m for radon, urging establishment or strengthening of radon meas... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Human chorionic gonadotropin can be used as a tumor marker, as its β subunit is secreted by some cancers including seminoma, choriocarcinoma, teratoma with elements of choriocarcinoma, other germ cell tumors, hydatidiform mole, and islet cell tumor. For this reason, a positive result in males can be a test for testicul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gravitational work is defined by the force on a body measured in a gravitational field. It may cause a generalized displacement in the form of change of the spatial distribution of the matter within the system. The system gains internal energy (or other relevant cardinal quantity of energy, such as enthalpy) through in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the process causes silica particles to aggregate into a macroporous continuous block, allowing access to a monolithic morphology. PEG polymers with allyl or silyl end groups with a molecular weight of greater than 2000 g mol are required. The Stöber process is initiated unde... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organosulfur chemistry, thioacetals are the sulfur (thio-) analogues of acetals (). There are two classes: the less-common monothioacetals, with the formula , and the dithioacetals, with the formula (symmetric dithioacetals) or (asymmetric dithioacetals).
The symmetric dithioacetals are relatively common. They ar... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The dual tiling is called an order-7-3 floret pentagonal tiling, and is related to the floret pentagonal tiling. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The "push" in the intercropping scheme is provided by the plants that emit volatile chemicals (kairomones) which repel stemborer moths and drive them away from the main crop (maize or sorghum). The most commonly used species of push plants are legumes of the genus Desmodium (e.g. silverleaf Desmodium, D. uncinatum, and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cadet's fuming liquid was a red-brown oily liquid prepared in 1760 by the French chemist Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt (1731-1799) by the reaction of potassium acetate with arsenic trioxide. It consisted mostly of dicacodyl (((CH)As)) and cacodyl oxide (((CH)As)O).
The global reaction (mass balance) corresponding t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) has several applications in the field of biophysics and biochemistry. Fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) is a powerful technique that enables the investigation of interactions between various types of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Evekeo is an FDA-approved medication that contains racemic amphetamine sulfate (i.e., 50% levoamphetamine sulfate and 50% dextroamphetamine sulfate). It is approved for the treatment of narcolepsy, ADHD, and exogenous obesity. The orally disintegrating tablets are approved for the treatment of attention deficit hyperac... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There are two main types of inorganic carbon that are found in the oceans. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is made up of bicarbonate (HCO), carbonate (CO) and carbon dioxide (including both dissolved CO and carbonic acid HCO). DIC can be converted to particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) through precipitation of CaCO (b... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Joback method is an extension of the Lydersen method and uses very similar groups, formulas, and parameters for the three properties the Lydersen already supported (critical temperature, critical pressure, critical volume).
Joback extended the range of supported properties, created new parameters and modified slig... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The human trace amine-associated receptors are a group of six G protein-coupled receptors (i.e., TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9) that – with exception for TAAR1 – are expressed in the human olfactory epithelium. In humans and other animals, TAARs in the olfactory epithelium function as olfactory receptors... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The development of facile chemical glycosylation protocols is essential to synthesizing complex oligosaccharides. Among many diverse type of glycosidic linkages, the 1,2-cis-β-glycoside, which exists in many biologically relevant glycoconjugates and oligosaccharides, is arguably one of the most difficult to synthesize.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
From the start Fulmer was a commercial enterprise aiming to make a surplus for investment in its own development. It received no grant or membership fees. Its income was solely from projects, each with defined objectives and time and cost limits agreed with individual sponsors from Government or Industry. Normally, t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
MDCs are utilized in seawater desalination by primarily acting as a precursor treatment for electrodialysis (ED) due to the inefficiency in salinity removal due to biofouling and membrane scaling by the complex ion composition. Studies show that efficacy of MDC systems diminish over 5000 hours due to membrane scaling s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Regarding the volume-temperature relationship, Gay-Lussac attributed his findings to Jacques Charles because he used much of Charless unpublished data from 1787 – hence, the law became known as Charless law or the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac.
Amontonss, Charles, and Boyles law form the combined gas law. These three g... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In metallurgical processes tank leaching is a hydrometallurgical method of extracting valuable material (usually metals) from ore. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Minigastrin (also mini gastrin) is a form of gastrin. Its sequence is H-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2.
Minigastrin is a potential therapeutic agent for thyroid carcinoma by targeting cancer-promoting cholecystokinin receptors. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The PHLPP isoforms (PH domain and Leucine rich repeat Protein Phosphatases) are a pair of protein phosphatases, PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, that are important regulators of Akt serine-threonine kinases (Akt1, Akt2, Akt3) and conventional/novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. PHLPP may act as a tumor suppressor in several t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the specific case of antibodies (Ab) binding to antigen (Ag), usually the term affinity constant refers to the association constant.
This chemical equilibrium is also the ratio of the on-rate (k or k) and off-rate (k or k) constants. Two antibodies can have the same affinity, but one may have both a high on- and off... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tris(tert-butoxy)silanethiol is a silicon compound containing three tert-butoxy groups and a rare Si–S–H functional group. This colourless compound serves as an hydrogen donor in radical chain reactions. It was first prepared by alcoholysis of silicon disulfide and purified by distillation:
:3 (CH)COH + SiS → ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A crystallization adjutant is a material used to promote crystallization, normally in a context where a material does not crystallize naturally from a pure solution. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Electropolishing, also known as electrochemical polishing, anodic polishing, or electrolytic polishing (especially in the metallography field), is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece, reducing the surface roughness by levelling micro-peaks and valleys, improving the surface finish... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The control of enzymatic browning has always been a challenge for the food industry. A variety of approaches are used to prevent or slow down enzymatic browning of foods, each method aimed at targeting specific steps of the chemical reaction. The different types of enzymatic browning control can be classified into two ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Schöllkopf method or Schöllkopf Bis-Lactim Amino Acid Synthesis is a method in organic chemistry for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral amino acids. The method was established in 1981 by Ulrich Schöllkopf. In it glycine is a substrate, valine a chiral auxiliary and the reaction taking place an alkylation. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pro-oxidants are chemicals that induce oxidative stress, either by generating reactive oxygen species or by inhibiting antioxidant systems. The oxidative stress produced by these chemicals can damage cells and tissues, for example, an overdose of the analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen) can fatally damage the liver, p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The major benefits of ion semiconductor sequencing are rapid sequencing speed and low upfront and operating costs. This has been enabled by the avoidance of modified nucleotides and optical measurements.
Because the system records natural polymerase-mediated nucleotide incorporation events, sequencing can occur in real... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common side effects are fine tremor, anxiety, headache, muscle cramps, dry mouth, and palpitation. Other symptoms may include tachycardia, arrhythmia, flushing of the skin, myocardial ischemia (rare), and disturbances of sleep and behaviour. Rarely occurring, but of importance, are allergic reactions of parado... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Peters served as the chemistry departments graduate student advisor from 1969 to 1971 where he recruited the departments largest incoming class. His research has focused on the mechanistic and synthetic properties of the oxidation and reduction of halogenated organic compounds and electrocatalysis in organic synthesis.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Due to the high energy of C−F bonds, hexafluoroethane is nearly inert and thus acts as an extremely stable greenhouse gas, with an atmospheric lifetime of 10,000 years (other sources: 500 years). It has a global warming potential (GWP) of 9200 and an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0. Hexafluoroethane is inc... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The third piece has a fractured top surface, which indicates that a fourth piece of the original pillar is missing. Klaus Roessler (1995) estimated the length of this piece at . Henry Cousens hypothesized that the fourth piece had a garuda figure (the Paramara royal emblem) or a trishula (trident) at the top. As Bhoja ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The zinc–bromine flow battery (Zn-Br2) is the oldest flow battery chemistry, with John Doyle's patent US224404 filed on September 29, 1879. Zn-Br2 batteries have relatively high specific energy, and they were demonstrated as power sources for electric cars in the 1970s.
Walther Kangro, an Estonian chemist working in Ge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Grignard reagents or Grignard compounds are chemical compounds with the general formula , where X is a halogen and R is an organic group, normally an alkyl or aryl. Two typical examples are methylmagnesium chloride and phenylmagnesium bromide . They are a subclass of the organomagnesium compounds.
Grignard compounds... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This photosystem is known as PSI because it was discovered before Photosystem II, although future experiments showed that Photosystem II is actually the first enzyme of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Aspects of PSI were discovered in the 1950s, but the significance of these discoveries was not yet recogni... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Phosgene oxime can be prepared by reduction of chloropicrin using a combination of tin metal and hydrochloric acid as the source of the active hydrogen reducing agent:
The observation of a transient violet color in the reaction suggests intermediate formation of trichloronitrosomethane (ClCNO). Early preparations, usin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
# Removal of the smear layer and etching of dentine
# Priming of the dentine surface
# Bonding of the primed dentine surface to the restorative material | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
pComb3H, a derivative of pComb3 optimized for expression of human fragments, is a phagemid used to express proteins such as zinc finger proteins and antibody fragments on phage pili for the purpose of phage display selection.
For the purpose of phage production, it contains the bacterial ampicillin resistance gene (for... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reaction steps are reversible reactions and the reaction is driven to completion by removal of water e.g. by azeotropic distillation, molecular sieves or titanium tetrachloride. Primary amines react through an unstable hemiaminal intermediate which then splits off water.
Secondary amines do not lose water easily b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A beam of electrons is fired at a sample. The beam causes each element in the sample to emit X-rays at a characteristic frequency; the X-rays can then be detected by the electron microprobe. The size and current density of the electron beam determines the trade-off between resolution and scan time and/or analysis time. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A Piper diagram is a graphic procedure proposed by Arthur M. Piper in 1944 for presenting water chemistry data to help in understanding the sources of the dissolved constituent salts in water. This procedure is based on the premise that cations and anions in water are in such amounts to assure the electroneutrality of ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An mRNA molecule is said to be monocistronic when it contains the genetic information to translate only a single protein chain (polypeptide). This is the case for most of the eukaryotic mRNAs. On the other hand, polycistronic mRNA carries several open reading frames (ORFs), each of which is translated into a polypeptid... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Single reversible solid oxide cells can be arranged in series to form stacks. Single stacks can be then arranged in modules to reach power capabilities in the order of kilowatts or megawatts.
One of the most challenging aspects in designing large rSOC systems for energy storage purposes is the thermal integration. When... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The water balances are calculated for each reservoir separately as shown in the article Hydrology (agriculture). The excess water leaving one reservoir is converted into incoming water for the next reservoir.<br>
The three soil reservoirs can be assigned a different thickness and storage coefficients, to be given as in... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The gradient of the line between any two points on a Frost diagram gives the potential for the reaction. A species that lies in a peak, above the gradient of the two points on either side, denotes a species unstable with respect to disproportionation, and a point that falls below the gradient of the line joining its tw... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Immersed in water, extremely water repellent (super-hydrophobic), structured surfaces trap air between the structures and this air-layer is maintained for a period of time. A silvery shine, due to the reflection of light at the interface of air and water, is visible on the submerged surfaces.
Long lasting air layers al... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, hydrocyanation is a process for conversion of alkenes to nitriles. The reaction involves the addition of hydrogen cyanide and requires a catalyst. This conversion is conducted on an industrial scale for the production of precursors to nylon. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Caesium acetate or cesium acetate is an ionic caesium compound with the molecular formula CHCOOCs. It is a white solid that may be formed by the reaction of caesium hydroxide or caesium carbonate with acetic acid. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
During plant photosynthesis, 2 equivalents of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP; also known as 3-phosphoglycerate) are produced by the first step of the light-independent reactions when ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) and carbon dioxide are catalysed by the rubisco enzyme. The GP is converted to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (... | 5 | Photochemistry |
If two systems, and , have identical intensive variables, a thermodynamic operation of wall removal can compose them into a single system, , with the same intensive variables. If, for example, their internal energies are in the ratio , then the composed system, , has internal energy in the ratio of to that of the sy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Alkylation in biology causes DNA damage. It is the transfer of alkyl groups to the nitrogenous bases. It is caused by alkylating agents such as EMS (Ethyl Methyl Sulphonate). Bifunctional alkyl groups which have two alkyl groups in them cause cross linking in DNA. Alkylation damaged ring nitrogen bases are repaired via... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Tulkun is a whale-like creature native to Pandoras ocean. They are similar to Earths whales and possess a form of sentience with their own language, laws, and philosophy which makes them capable of bonding with Navi in a more spiritual way than other animals. Each member of the Metkayina Clan forms a life-long bond... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Certain household materials and substances can be seen to exhibit the property:
* Ordinary pressure-sensitive tape ("Scotch tape") displays a glowing line where the end of the tape is being pulled away from the roll. Soviet scientists observed in 1953 that unpeeling a roll of tape in a vacuum produced X-rays. The mech... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Apamin is the smallest neurotoxin polypeptide known, and the only one that passes the blood-brain barrier. Apamin thus reaches its target organ, the central nervous system. Here it inhibits small-conductance Ca-activated K channels (SK channels) in neurons. These channels are responsible for the afterhyperpolarizations... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Common components of a phase diagram are lines of equilibrium or phase boundaries, which refer to lines that mark conditions under which multiple phases can coexist at equilibrium. Phase transitions occur along lines of equilibrium. Metastable phases are not shown in phase diagrams as, despite their common occurrence,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plant roots acidify soil by releasing protons and organic acids so as to chemically weather soil minerals. Decaying remains of dead plants on soil may also form organic acids which contribute to soil acidification. Acidification from leaf litter on the O-horizon is more pronounced under coniferous trees such as pine, s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
This enzyme is encoded by MTHFD1L and reversibly interconverts ADP + phosphate + 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to ATP + formate + tetrahydrofolate. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An organogel is a non-crystalline, non-glassy thermoreversible (thermoplastic) solid material composed of a liquid organic phase entrapped in a three-dimensionally cross-linked network. The liquid can be, for example, an organic solvent, mineral oil, or vegetable oil. The solubility and particle dimensions of the struc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Agmatine hypoglycemic effects are the result of simultaneous modulation of several molecular mechanisms involved in blood glucose regulation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Toxicity/Residue Database is maintained by the U.S. EPA and is a database for the prediction of toxicity of organic and inorganic chemicals to aquatic organisms. This data base was developed by the EPA Duluth office and became operational in 1999. The data base is derived from more than 500 peer-reviewed references... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process of separating mixtures of chemical compounds by passing them through a column that contains a solid stationary phase that was eluted with a mobile phase (column chromatography) was well known at that time. Chromatographic separation was considered to occur by an adsorption process whereby compounds adhered ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Within statistical mechanics, the LCST may be modeled theoretically via the lattice fluid model, an extension of Flory–Huggins solution theory, that incorporates vacancies, and thus accounts for variable density and compressibility effects. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Carbaminohemoglobin (carbaminohaemoglobin BrE) (COHb, also known as carbhemoglobin and carbohemoglobin) is a compound of hemoglobin and carbon dioxide, and is one of the forms in which carbon dioxide exists in the blood. Twenty-three percent of carbon dioxide is carried in blood this way (70% is converted into bicarb... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ants typically use trail pheromones to coordinate roles like nest defense and foraging. Ants can produce a trail of defensive secretions that trigger an alarm response within their nestmates. In regards to foraging, an ant can communicate the quality of a food source to its colony; the more rewarding a food source is, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred from an electron donor such as NADH to an acceptor such as O through an electron transport chain, releasing energy. In photophosphorylation, the energy of sunlight is used to create a high-energy electron donor which can subsequently reduce oxidized components and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Depurination is caused by hydrolysis and results in loss if the purine base of a nucleic acid. DNA is more prone to this, as the transition state in the depurination reaction has much greater energy in RNA.
* Tautomerization is a chemical reaction that is primarily relevant in the behavior of amino acids and nucleic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chitin is a good inducer of plant defense mechanisms for controlling diseases. It has potential for use as a soil fertilizer or conditioner to improve fertility and plant resilience that may enhance crop yields. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Deepening of the voice
* Growth of facial and body hair
* Male-pattern baldness
* Enlargement of the clitoris
* Breast atrophy – possible shrinking and/or softening of breasts | 1 | Biochemistry |
In operating batteries and fuel cells, charge transfer coefficient is the parameter that signifies the fraction of overpotential that affects the current density. This parameter has had a mysterious significance in electrochemical kinetics for over three quarters of the previous century. It can also be said that charge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The earliest polymerizations of fluorene were oxidative polymerization with AlCl or FeCl, and more commonly electropolymerization. Electropolymerization is an easy route to obtain thin, insoluble conducting polymer films. However, this technique has a few disadvantages in that it does not provide controlled chain growt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pseudocopulation is achieved when a flower successfully mimics the appearance and the pheromones emitted by the female of an insect species. The chemicals emitted by the mimicking species work to draw these pollinators to the plant and increase the number of visits to and time spent on the flower. This increases the ch... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This method is designed to be robust where the other methods don't even provide any results in particular. As such, it is indispensable, since it is the only way to use the sessile drop technique on very high surface energy solids. Its major drawback is the fact that it is far more complex, both in its mathematics and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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