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A bicyclic molecule () is a molecule that features two joined rings. Bicyclic structures occur widely, for example in many biologically important molecules like α-thujene and camphor. A bicyclic compound can be carbocyclic (all of the ring atoms are carbons), or heterocyclic (the rings atoms consist of at least two ele... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Zinc is one of the most common metal ions in biological systems. Small molecule sensors for it include:
*ZX1, a compound comprizing a dipicolylamine (DPA) Zinc binding subunit that has greater affinity for Zinc than other species found in solution such as Ca and Mg.
*Zinpyr-1 (ZP1), a compound containing a dichloroflu... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Numerous genes and/or proteins as well as other molecules have been identified that mediate plant defense signal transduction. Cytoskeleton and vesicle trafficking dynamics help to orient plant defense responses toward the point of pathogen attack. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Technically a perfect crystal must be infinite, so a finite size is an imperfection. Real crystals always exhibit imperfections of their order besides their finite size, and these imperfections can have profound effects on the properties of the material. André Guinier proposed a widely employed distinction between impe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Austenite is only stable above in bulk metal form. However, fcc transition metals can be grown on a face-centered cubic (fcc) or diamond cubic. The epitaxial growth of austenite on the diamond (100) face is feasible because of the close lattice match and the symmetry of the diamond (100) face is fcc. More than a monol... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The first use of diazonium salts was to produce water-fast dyed fabrics by immersing the fabric in an aqueous solution of the diazonium compound, followed by immersion in a solution of the coupler (the electron-rich ring that undergoes electrophilic substitution). The major applications of diazonium compounds remains i... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Suppose that trans-cis-trans-2,4,6-octatriene is converted to under thermal conditions. Since the substrate octatriene is a "4n + 2" molecule, the Woodward–Hoffmann rules predict that the reaction happens in a disrotatory mechanism.
Since thermal electrocyclic reactions occur in the HOMO, it is first necessary to dra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synthesis of morphine-like alkaloids in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the natural morphinan class of alkaloids that includes codeine, morphine, oripavine, and thebaine and the closely related semisynthetic analogs methorphan, buprenorphine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, isocodeine, naltrexone, nalbuphine, ox... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826, or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Faraday devised the laws of chemical electrodeposition of metals from solutions in 1857. He formulated the second law of electrolysis stating "the amounts of bodies which are equivalent to each other in their ordinary chemical action have equal quantities of electricity naturally associated with them." In other words, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The protein complex nitrogenase is responsible for catalyzing the reduction of nitrogen gas (N) to ammonia (NH). In cyanobacteria, this enzyme system is housed in a specialized cell called the heterocyst. The production of the nitrogenase complex is genetically regulated, and the activity of the protein complex is depe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As there are for genes, bioinformatics databases exist for SNPs.
* dbSNP is a SNP database from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). , dbSNP listed 149,735,377 SNPs in humans.
* [http://db.systemsbiology.net/kaviar/ Kaviar] is a compendium of SNPs from multiple data sources including dbSNP.
* SNPed... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Specifically, in the basal state Perilipin A allows a low level of basal lipolysis by reducing the access of cytosolic lipases to stored triacylglycerol in LDs. It is found at their surface in a complex with CGI-58, the co-activator of ATGL. ATGL might also be in this complex but it is quiescent.
Under lipolytically st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cis-action or cis-acting is a vague term that, in general, means "an action on the same" in contrast to trans-action "an action on a different". In other words, the initiator of the action is affected by it. Cis-actions occur wherever circular dependencies are present. Most notably in:
* biology, where it refers to lif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
To perform immunofluorescence staining, a fluorophore must be conjugated (“tagged”) to an antibody. Staining procedures can be applied to both retained intracellular expressed antibodies, or to cell surface antigens on living cells. There are two general classes of immunofluorescence techniques: primary (direct) and se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Besides inhibiting human acetylcholinesterase (although to a lesser degree than the insect enzyme), carbamate insecticides also target human melatonin receptors. The human health effects of carbamates are well documented in the list of known endocrine disruptor compounds. Clinical effects of carbamate exposure can vary... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After graduating, Smolková-Keulemansová joined the Faculty of Sciences at Charles University and focused on analytical chemistry. In the early 1950s, she built a team focused on modern analytical separation methods such as gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and electromigration. At this same tim... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This identification of the 's as asymptotic states is the justification for the in the denominator of the Lippmann–Schwinger equations. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The reactions between oxides in the solid or liquid state are excluded in Brønsted–Lowry theory. For example, the reaction
is not covered in the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases. On the other hand, magnesium oxide acts as a base when it reacts with an aqueous solution of an acid.
Dissolved SiO,silicon diox... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Given the above definitions the interaction Hamiltonian is
as stated. The next step is to find the Hamiltonian in the interaction picture, . The required unitary transformation is
where the 3rd step can be proved by using a Taylor series expansion, and using the orthogonality of the states and . Note that a multiplic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bracken is known to have various biological effects, such as carcinogenicity and its well-defined syndromes in livestock and laboratory animals. Ptaquiloside is proved to be responsible for several of these biological effects, some of which are species specific. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Egap was born in Athens, Ohio, and went to school in New York City. She started her academic career at Stony Brook University as a philosophy major, but was inspired by her chemistry professor and switched to chemistry. She graduated from Stony Brook University in 2005. She completed her postgraduate studies in 2011 at... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
R/S and E/Z descriptors are assigned by using a system for ranking priority of the groups attached to each stereocenter. This procedure, often known as the sequence rules, is the heart of the CIP system. The overview in this section omits some rules that are needed only in rare cases.
#Compare the atomic number (Z) of ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In organic chemistry, the term "reagent" denotes a chemical ingredient (a compound or mixture, typically of inorganic or small organic molecules) introduced to cause the desired transformation of an organic substance. Examples include the Collins reagent, Fenton's reagent, and Grignard reagents. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The original Bürgi-Dunitz measurements were of a series of intramolecular amine-ketone carbonyl interactions, in crystals of compounds bearing both functionalities—e.g., methadone and protopine. These gave a narrow range of BD angle values (105 ± 5°); corresponding computations—molecular orbital calculations of the SCF... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Crystal chemistry is the study of the principles of chemistry behind crystals and their use in describing structure-property relations in solids, as well as the chemical properties of periodic structures. The principles that govern the assembly of crystal and glass structures are described, models of many of the techno... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dye-ligand affinity chromatography is one of the Affinity chromatography techniques used for protein purification of a complex mixture. Like general chromatography, but using dyes to apply on a support matrix of a column as the stationary phase that will allow a range of proteins with similar active sites to bind to, r... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thiourea per se has few applications. It is mainly consumed as a precursor to thiourea dioxide, which is a common reducing agent in textile processing. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In spite of the second law of thermodynamics, crystallization of pure liquids usually begins at a lower temperature than the melting point, due to high activation energy of homogeneous nucleation. The creation of a nucleus implies the formation of an interface at the boundaries of the new phase. Some energy is expended... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A fixed bed of porous materials (e.g. activated carbons and zeolites) is pressurized and purged with a carrier gas. After becoming stationary one or more adsorptives are added to the carrier gas, resulting in a step-wise change of the inlet concentration. This is in contrast to chromatographic separation processes, whe... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polymers, especially conductive ones, have been widely researched to coat electrode surfaces. Conductive polymers are organic materials that have properties similar to metals and semiconductors in their ability conduct electricity and attractive optical properties. These materials have rough surfaces, resulting in larg... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transforming C-H bonds into C-B bonds through borylation has been thoroughly investigated due to their utility in synthesis (i.e. for cross-coupling reactions). John F. Hartwig reported a highly regioselective arene and alkane borylation catalyzed by a rhodium complex. In the case of alkanes, exclusive terminal functi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The sea hare A californica is a model organism in neurobiology to study among others the molecular mechanisms of long-term memory. To study interactions, important in neurology, in a more native environment a two-hybrid system has been developed in A californica neurons. A GAL4 AD and BD are used in this system. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reductive elimination is often seen in higher oxidation states, and can involve a two-electron change at a single metal center (mononuclear) or a one-electron change at each of two metal centers (binuclear, dinuclear, or bimetallic).
For mononuclear reductive elimination, the oxidation state of the metal decreases by t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Because of their wide needs, the overall chelating agents growth was 4 % annually during 2009-2014 and the trend is likely to increase. Aminopolycarboxylic acids chelators are the most widely consumed chelating agents; however, the percentage of the greener alternative chelators in this category continues to grow. The ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Distribution of stop codons within the genome of an organism is non-random and can correlate with GC-content. For example, the E. coli K-12 genome contains 2705 TAA (63%), 1257 TGA (29%), and 326 TAG (8%) stop codons (GC content 50.8%). Also the substrates for the stop codons release factor 1 or release factor 2 are st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The system equation can be analyzed by looking at the linear response of the equation around the steady-state with respect to the parameter . At steady-state, the system equation is set to zero and given by:
Differentiating the equation with respect to and rearranging gives:
This derivation assumes that the stoichiom... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The slow processing speed of a DNA computer (the response time is measured in minutes, hours or days, rather than milliseconds) is compensated by its potential to make a high amount of multiple parallel computations. This allows the system to take a similar amount of time for a complex calculation as for a simple one. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Berlin is a member of the New York Academy of Science, the American Chemical Society, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. He is a member of the International Society for the Study of the Origin of Life, an honor Member of the European Molecular Liquids Group, a fellow of the Mendeleev Chemical Society and the Russian P... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Both Kohlrausch's law and the Debye–Hückel–Onsager equation break down as the concentration of the electrolyte increases above a certain value. The reason for this is that as concentration increases the average distance between cation and anion decreases, so that there is more interactions between close ions. Whether t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Binding of targeting sequence elements by CTCF can block the interaction between enhancers and promoters, therefore limiting the activity of enhancers to certain functional domains. Besides acting as enhancer blocking, CTCF can also act as a chromatin barrier by preventing the spread of heterochromatin structures. | 1 | Biochemistry |
It appears that growth factors, amino acids, ATP, and oxygen levels regulate mTOR signaling. Several downstream pathways that regulate cell-cycle progression, translation, initiation, transcriptional stress responses, protein stability, and survival of cells are signaling through mTOR.
The serine/threonine kinase mTOR ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The company was founded on June 15, 1917, with Spanish-French financial support, with a capital stock of 25 million pesetas. It was born in the context of a boom in Spanish industry, in the heat of the First World War. Two foreign capital companies were involved in its creation, the Sociedad Minera y Metalúrgica de Peñ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Glyceroneogenesis can be regulated at two reaction pathways. First, it can be held at the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Secondly, the TCA cycle can affect glyceroneogenesis when the glutamate or substrates in the TCA cycle are being used as a precursor.
Decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Possible reactivity at aldehydes include nucleophilic attack and addition of allylmetals. The stereoselectivity of nucleophilic attack at alpha-chiral aldehydes may be described by the Felkin–Anh or polar Felkin Anh models and addition of achiral allylmetals may be described by Cram’s rule. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Sequence-based classifications are one of the most powerful predictive methods for suggesting function for newly sequenced enzymes for which function has not been biochemically demonstrated. A classification system for glycosyl hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of more than 100 differe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
AGEs have been implicated in Alzheimer's Disease, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. The mechanism by which AGEs induce damage is through a process called cross-linking that causes intracellular damage and apoptosis. They form photosensitizers in the crystalline lens, which has implications for cataract development.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Calcareous is used as an adjectival term applied to anatomical structures which are made primarily of calcium carbonate, in animals such as gastropods, i.e., snails, specifically in relation to such structures as the operculum, the clausilium, and the love dart. The term also applies to the calcium carbonate tests of, ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The roles of regulatory agencies also continue to evolve with respect to the development of chiral switches. An interesting concept brought up in the FDA policy is that of "bridging studies". When a sponsor/innovator seeks to develop a single enantiomer from a racemic drug, the regulatory agencies demand them to conduc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Robert S. Mulliken proposed that the arithmetic mean of the first ionization energy (E) and the electron affinity (E) should be a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons:
As this definition is not dependent on an arbitrary relative scale, it has also been termed absolute electronegativity, with the unit... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In science, a representative liquid sample taken from a larger amount of liquid is sometimes called an aliquot or aliquot part where the sample is an exact divisor of the whole. For example, 10mL would be an aliquot part of a 100mL sample. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Compactin and lovastatin, natural products with a powerful inhibitory effect on HMG-CoA reductase, were discovered in the 1970s, and taken into clinical development as potential drugs for lowering LDL cholesterol.
In 1982, some small-scale clinical investigations of lovastatin, a polyketide-derived natural product isol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Since its introduction in 1977, Northern blot has been used extensively for RNA quantification despite its shortcomings: (a) time-consuming technique, (b) requires a large quantity of RNA for detection, and (c) quantitatively inaccurate in the low abundance of RNA content. However, since PCR was invented by Kary Mullis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Royal Commission on River Pollution, established in 1865, and the formation of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal in 1898 led to the selection in 1908 of BOD as the definitive test for organic pollution of rivers. Five days was chosen as an appropriate test period because this is supposedly the longest time th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A phosphoramidite (RO)PNR is a monoamide of a phosphite diester. The key feature of phosphoramidites is their markedly high reactivity towards nucleophiles catalyzed by weak acids e.c., triethylammonium chloride or 1H-tetrazole. In these reactions, the incoming nucleophile replaces the NR moiety. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In LS AAS background absorption can only be corrected using instrumental techniques, and all of them are based on two sequential measurements: firstly, total absorption (atomic plus background), secondly, background absorption only. The difference of the two measurements gives the net atomic absorption. Because of this... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Investment casting (known as lost-wax casting in art) is a process that has been practiced for thousands of years, with the lost-wax process being one of the oldest known metal forming techniques. From 5000 years ago, when beeswax formed the pattern, to today's high technology waxes, refractory materials, and specialis... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts, Chemical Citation Index, Current Contents/Physics, Chemistry & Engineering, Engineering Index, Metals Abstracts, PASCAL, Physics Abstracts, Physikalische Berichte, Polymer Contents, Science Cita... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Parasitoids have successfully been incorporated into biological pest control programs for many years. Plants can influence the effect of parasitoids on herbivores by releasing chemical cues that attract parasitoids and by providing food sources or domatia. Certain parasitoids may be dependent on this plant relationship... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Source: [http://www.asbmb.org/awards/cohn/ American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology]
*2020 - Carol Fierke
*2019 - Angela Gronenborn
*2018 – Leemor Joshua-Tor
*2017 – Wei Yang
*2016 – Eva Nogales
*2015 – Judith P. Klinman
*2014 – Lila M. Gierasch
*2013 – Jennifer A. Doudna | 1 | Biochemistry |
At the neurological level, behavior can be inferred based on hormone concentration, which in turn are influenced by hormone-release patterns; the numbers and locations of hormone receptors; and the efficiency of hormone receptors for those involved in gene transcription. Hormone concentration does not incite behavior, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An expression vector must have elements necessary for gene expression. These may include a promoter, the correct translation initiation sequence such as a ribosomal binding site and start codon, a termination codon, and a transcription termination sequence. There are differences in the machinery for protein synthesis b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chloropolymers are macromolecules synthesized from alkenes in which one or more hydrogens of the polymer were replaced by chlorine. A common example of a chloropolymer is polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and poly(dichlorophosphazene) which has a polymer formula of (PNCl), the precursor of which is hexachlorophosphazene, which ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution. It is an anaerobic fermentation reaction that occurs in some ba... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For species A:
For species B:
:Here the first (positive) term represents the formation of B by the first step , whose rate depends on the initial reactant A. The second (negative) term represents the consumption of B by the second step , whose rate depends on B as the reactant in that step.
For species C: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several Bioconductor packages, for the R software, provide the facility for creating MA plots. These include affy (ma.plot, mva.pairs), limma (plotMA), marray (maPlot), and edgeR(maPlot)
Similar "RA" plots can be generated using the raPlot function in the caroline [https://cran.r-project.org/ CRAN] R package.
An intera... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Office of the Administrator (also CDC Director)
* Office of the Director (also NCEH (National Center for Environmental Health) head)
** Office of Communications
** Office of Science
** Office of Management and Analytics
** Office of Policy, Partnerships, and Planning
* Office of the Associate Director
** Office of In... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although lichens had been recognized as organisms for quite some time, it was not until 1867, when Swiss botanist Simon Schwendener proposed his dual theory of lichens, that lichens are a combination of fungi with algae or cyanobacteria, whereby the true nature of the lichen association began to emerge. Schwendeners hy... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Photoelectrochemistry is a subfield of study within physical chemistry concerned with the interaction of light with electrochemical systems. It is an active domain of investigation. One of the pioneers of this field of electrochemistry was the German electrochemist Heinz Gerischer. The interest in this domain is high i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In a highly basic solution, phenolphthalein's slow change from pink to colorless as it is converted to its Ph(OH) form is used in chemistry classes for the study of reaction kinetics. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Evaluating an individuals rate of bone turnover, termed bone remodeling, directly may be important in assessing his or her potential nonsurgical treatment response as well as evaluating his or her risk of developing complications during healing following surgical intervention. To determine an individuals rate of bone ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Downdraft skimmer is both a proprietary skimmer design and a style of protein skimmer that injects water under high pressure into tubes that have a foam or bubble generating mechanism and carry the air/water mixture down into the skimmer and into a separate chamber. The proprietary design is protected in the United... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Major changes in comparison to the previous GOSAT are:
* Improved measurement precision.
* FTS-2 can also monitor carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO).
* FTS-2 can select cloud-free point automatically for observation.
* While GOSATs CAI was observing nadir view, GOSAT-2s CAI-2 observes forward (20 degree) an... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Much effort has been placed on understanding iron–carbon alloy system, which includes steels and cast irons. Plain carbon steels (those that contain essentially only carbon as an alloying element) are used in low-cost, high-strength applications, where neither weight nor corrosion are a major concern. Cast irons, inclu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A heavily deformed metal contains a huge number of dislocations predominantly caught up in tangles or forests. Dislocation motion is relatively difficult in a metal with a low stacking fault energy and so the dislocation distribution after deformation is largely random. In contrast, metals with moderate to high stackin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The typical composition of KREEP includes about one percent, by mass, of potassium and phosphorus oxides, 20 to 25 parts per million of rubidium, and a concentration of the element lanthanum that is 300 to 350 times the concentrations found in carbonaceous chondrites. Most of potassium, phosphorus and rare-earth elemen... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid containing the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The chemical DNA was discovered in 1869, but its role in genetic inheritance was not demonstrated until 1943. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The simplest polymetallic system, the [FeS] cluster, is constituted by two iron ions bridged by two sulfide ions and coordinated by four cysteinyl ligands (in FeS ferredoxins) or by two cysteines and two histidines (in Rieske proteins). The oxidized proteins contain two Fe ions, whereas the reduced proteins contain one... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*5.B.1 The Phagocyte (gp91phox) NADPH Oxidase Family
*5.B.2 The Eukaryotic Cytochrome b561 (Cytb561) Family
*5.B.3 The Geobacter Nanowire Electron Transfer (G-NET) Family
*5.B.4 The Plant Photosystem I Supercomplex (PSI) Family
*5.B.5 The Extracellular Metal Oxido-Reductase (EMOR) Family
*5.B.6 The Transmembrane Epithe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pedocal is a subdivision of the zonal soil order. It is a class of soil which forms in semiarid and arid regions. It is rich in calcium carbonate and has low soil organic matter. With only a thin A horizon (topsoil), and intermittent precipitation calcite, other soluble minerals ordinarily removed by water may build u... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Boyle's law states that:
The concept can be represented with these formulae:
*, meaning "Volume is inversely proportional to Pressure", or
*, meaning "Pressure is inversely proportional to Volume", or
*, or
where is the pressure, is the volume of a gas, and is the constant in this equation (and is not the same as t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When laser cooling of atoms was first proposed in 1975, the only cooling mechanism considered was Doppler cooling. As such the limit on the temperature was predicted to be the Doppler limit:
Here k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature of the atoms, and Γ is the inverse of the excited state's radiative lifeti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a two-dimensional chromatography technique that combines the separation technique of gas chromatography with the identification technique of mass spectrometry. GC-MS is the single most important analytical tool for the analysis of volatile and semi-volatile organic compou... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The absorbance pattern responsible for the red color of anthocyanins may be complementary to that of green chlorophyll in photosynthetically active tissues such as young Quercus coccifera leaves. It may protect the leaves from attacks by herbivores that may be attracted by green color. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ty5 is a relative of the Retroviridae family of retroviruses, which includes the human pathogen HIV. Ty5 is a tractable system in which to study the biology of retrovirus integration. | 1 | Biochemistry |
• DIN EN ISO 6988 Metallic and other inorganic coatings - Test with sulfur dioxide with general moisture condensation, March 1997.
• DIN 50018 testing in an alternating condensation climate with an atmosphere containing sulfur dioxide, June 1997.
• The importance of corrosion test procedures with special consideratio... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Miraculin was first sequenced in 1989 and was found to be a 24.6 kilodalton glycoprotein consisting of 191 amino acids and 13.9% by weight of various sugars.
The sugars consist of a total of 3.4 kDa, composed of a molar ratio of glucosamine (31%), mannose (30%), fucose (22%), xylose (10%), and galactose (7%).
The nativ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The classical acetoacetatic ester synthesis utilizes the 1:1 conjugate base. Ethyl acetoacetate is however diprotic:
:CHC(O)CHCOEt + NaH → CHC(O)CH(Na)COEt + H
:CHC(O)CH(Na)COEt + BuLi → LiCHC(O)CH(Na)COEt + BuH
The dianion (i.e., LiCHC(O)CH(Na)COEt) adds electrophile to the terminal carbon as depicted in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The trematode mitochondrial code (translation table 21) is a genetic code found in the mitochondria of Trematoda. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Numerous desorber types are available today. Some of the more common types are listed below.
* Indirect fired rotary
* Direct fired rotary
* Heated screw (hot oil, molten salt, electric)
* Infrared
* Microwave
Most indirect fired rotary systems use an inclined rotating metallic cylinder to heat the feed material. The h... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Adhesion GPCRs are found in fungi. They are believed to have evolved from the cAMP receptor family, arising approximately 1275 million years ago before the split of Unikonts from a common ancestor. Several fungi have novel adhesion GPCRs that have both short, 2–66 amino acid residues, and long, 312–4202 amino acid re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Johannes Wislicenus (; 24 June 18355 December 1902) was a German chemist, most famous for his work in early stereochemistry. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Normal modes are generated in the Earth from long wavelength seismic waves from large earthquakes interfering to form standing waves.
For an elastic, isotropic, homogeneous sphere, spheroidal, toroidal and radial (or breathing) modes arise. Spheroidal modes only involve P and SV waves (like Rayleigh waves) and depend o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sperm banks make information available about the sperm donors whose donations they hold to enable customers to select the donor whose sperm they wish to use. This information is often available by way of an online catalog. Subscription fees to be able to view the sperm donor through California Cryobank, for example, st... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flakes and shatter cracks are internal fissures seen in large forgings. Hydrogen picked up during melting and casting segregates at internal voids and discontinuities and produces these defects during forging. Fish-eyes are bright patches named for their appearance seen on fracture surfaces, generally of weldments. Hyd... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phytomining, sometimes called agromining, is the concept of extracting heavy metals from the soil using plants. Specifically, phytomining is for the purpose of economic gain. The approach exploits the existence of hyperaccumulators, proteins or compounds secreted by plants to bind certain metal ions. These extracted o... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Niyazi Serdar Sarıçiftçi (born 1961 in Konya, Turkey) is a Turkish-Austrian physicist. He is professor for physical chemistry at the Johannes Kepler University (JKU) Linz. There, he leads the Institut for Physical Chemistry as well as the Institut for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS). | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A solar hydrogen panel is a device for artificial photosynthesis that produces photohydrogen directly from sunlight and water vapor utilizing photocatalytic water splitting and thus bypasses the conversion losses of the classical solar–hydrogen energy cycle where solar power is first harvested with solar panels and onl... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Literature references (chronological) to case studies after 2000:
Older examples of application can be found in:
#Salinity in the Nile Delta
#Integration of irrigation and drainage management | 9 | Geochemistry |
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