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TCF7L2 is downstream of the WNT/β-catenin pathways. The activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathways have been associated demyelination in multiple sclerosis. TCF7L2 is unregulated during early remyelination, leading scientists to believe that it is involved in remyelination. TCF7L2 could act in dependence or independent o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While traditional nucleic acid synthesis only uses 4 base pairs - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine, oligonucleotide synthesis in the future could incorporate the use of unnatural base pairs, which are artificially designed and synthesized nucleobases that do not occur in nature.
In 2012, a group of American scien... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, Vapochromism strongly overlaps with solvatochromism since vapochromic systems are ones in which dyes change colour in response to the vapour of an organic compound or gas. Vapochromic devices are the optical branch of electronic noses. The main applications are in sensors for detecting volatile organic co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several techniques are currently employed to assess average telomere length in eukaryotic cells. One method is the Terminal Restriction Fragment (TRF) southern blot. There is a Web-based Analyser of the Length of Telomeres ([https://www.ceitec.eu/chromatin-molecular-complexes/rg51/tab?tabId=125 WALTER]), software proce... | 1 | Biochemistry |
As with all gene therapies, a number of safety and toxicity issues need to be evaluated during the development of DDRNAI therapeutics.
Oncogene activation by viral insertion: Some gene therapy vectors integrate into the host genome, thereby acting as insertional mutagens. This was a particular issue with early retrovir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Smart hydrogels are sensitive to stimuli such as changes in temperature or pH. Changes in the environment alter the swelling properties of the hydrogels and can cause them to increase or decrease the release of the drug impregnated into the fibers. An example of this would be hydrogels that release insulin in the prese... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in 1932 to explain why the covalent bond between two different atoms (A–B) is stronger than the average of the A–A and the B–B bonds. According to valence bond theory, of which Pauling was a notable proponent, this "additional stabilization" of the heteronuclear b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Organoperoxides can be reduced to alcohols with lithium aluminium hydride, as described in this idealized equation:
The phosphite esters and tertiary phosphines also effect reduction:
Cleavage to ketones and alcohols occurs in the base-catalyzed Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement, which involves the breaking of bonds with... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The amino acid is not genetically coded, but it arises by post-translational methylation of cysteine. One pathway involves methyl transfer from alkylated DNA by zinc-cysteinate-containing repair enzymes.
Beyond its biological context, it has been examined as a chelating agent. | 1 | Biochemistry |
MITF is phosphorylated on several serine and tyrosine residues. Serine phosphorylation is regulated by several signaling pathways including MAPK/BRAF/ERK, receptor tyrosine kinase KIT, GSK-3 and mTOR. In addition, several kinases including PI3K, AKT, SRC and P38 are also critical activators of MITF phosphorylation. In ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alpha-aminoadipic and alpha-ketoadipic aciduria is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by an increased urinary excretion of alpha-ketoadipic acid and alpha-aminoadipic acid. It is caused by mutations in DHTKD1, which encodes the E1 subunit of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (alpha-ketoglutara... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dextromethorphan was once thought to cause Olney's lesions when administered intravenously; however, this was later proven inconclusive, due to lack of research on humans. Tests were performed on rats, giving them 50 mg or more every day for as long as a month. Neurotoxic changes, including vacuolation, have been obser... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In 2001, Nakai et al. reported the development of GCaMP1 as a Ca probe with improved signal-to-noise ratio compared to previously developed fluorescent Ca probes. The first transgenic mouse expressing GCaMP1 was reported in 2004. However, at 37 ˚C (physiological temperature in mammals), GCaMP1 did not fold stably or fl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following is a list of consumer medicines that either contain pseudoephedrine or have switched to a less-regulated alternative such as phenylephrine.
*Actifed (made by GlaxoSmithKline) — contains 60 mg pseudoephedrine and 2.5 mg triprolidine in certain countries.
*Advil Cold & Sinus (made by Pfizer Canada Inc.) — c... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The second rule holds that both Α% ≈ Τ% and G% ≈ C% are valid for each of the two DNA strands. This describes only a global feature of the base composition in a single DNA strand. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Metabolites produced by marine algae have been found to have many antimicrobial properties. This is because they are produced by the marine organisms as chemical deterrents and as such contain bioactive compounds. The principal classes of marine algae that produce these types of secondary metabolites are Cyanophyceae, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Three out of 10 advanced colorectal tumors had mutations leading to premature termination of the SFRP1 translation product. The mutations were two single-base deletions (26delG and 67delG) and a single-base change (G450A), which generates an in-frame stop codon. These three mutations were found within the first exon,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Inosine monophosphate is synthesized on a pre-existing ribose-phosphate through a complex pathway (as shown in the figure on the right). The source of the carbon and nitrogen atoms of the purine ring, 5 and 4 respectively, come from multiple sources. The amino acid glycine contributes all its carbon (2) and nitrogen (1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In rare cases, carbido ligands are terminal. One example is with a Ru-C distance of 163 pm, typical for a triple bond. The complex can be obtained by metathesis of vinyl acetate to give results in a metastable complex, which eliminates acetic acid.
Such transition metal, one coordinate-carbon bonded complexes are co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Natural products chemist Udo Gräfe collected a sample of P. rudis HKI 0254 from a dead log in Siberia from which hexacyclinol was isolated. His group's 2002 paper showed that the compound behaved as an antiproliferative drug against cancer cell lines and proposed a structure (2) for the compound.
An initial total synth... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Iodolactonization (or, more generally, halolactonization) is an organic reaction that forms a ring (the lactone) by the addition of an oxygen and iodine across a carbon-carbon double bond. It is an intramolecular variant of the halohydrin synthesis reaction. The reaction was first reported by M. J. Bougalt in 1904 and ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are three types of glycosylation disorders sorted by the type of alterations that are made to the glycosylation process: congenital alterations, acquired alterations and non-enzymatic acquired alterations.
* Congenital alterations: Over 40 congenital disorders of glycosylation (CGDs) have been reported in humans.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Similar mechanism of action for enhancer-blocking insulators; chromatin loop domains are formed in the nucleus that separates the enhancer and the promoter of a target gene. Loop domains are formed through the interaction between enhancer-blocking elements interacting with each other or securing chromatin fibre to stru... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is delocalized into the carbonyl group, thus forming a partial double bond between nitrogen and carbon. In fact the O, C and N atoms have molecular orbitals occupied by delocalized electrons, forming a conjugated system. Consequently, the three bonds of the nitrogen in am... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Other examples of non-Kekulé molecules are the biradicaloid quinodimethanes, that have a six-membered ring with methylene substituents.
Non-Kekulé polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are composed of several fused six-membered rings. The simplest member of this class is triangulene. After unsuccessful attempts by Erich Cl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Although ribozymes are quite rare in most cells, their roles are sometimes essential to life. For example, the functional part of the ribosome, the biological machine that translates RNA into proteins, is fundamentally a ribozyme, composed of RNA tertiary structural motifs that are often coordinated to metal ions such ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rubisco also catalyzes RuBP with oxygen () in an interaction called photorespiration, a process that is more prevalent at high temperatures. During photorespiration RuBP combines with to become 3-PGA and . Like the Calvin-Benson Cycle, the photorespiratory pathway has been noted for its enzymatic inefficiency although... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Phosphonates are also used as concrete retarder. They delay the cement setting time, allowing a longer time to place the concrete or to spread the cement hydration heat on a longer period of time to avoid too high temperature and resulting cracks. They also have favourable dispersing properties and so are investigated ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
1,2-Indandione is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH(CO)CH. A yellow solid, it is classified as a vicinal diketone on an indane framework.
1,2-Indandione is used in the first stage of forensic identification of latent fingerprints. It is particularly useful for paper, and for items printed with thermal... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The electronic properties of ordered, crystalline solids are determined by the distribution of the electronic states with respect to energy and momentum—the electronic band structure of the solid. Theoretical models of photoemission from solids show that this distribution is, for the most part, preserved in the photoel... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some cryoprotectants function by lowering the glass transition temperature of a solution or of a material. In this way, the cryoprotectant prevents actual freezing, and the solution maintains some flexibility in a glassy phase. Many cryoprotectants also function by forming hydrogen bonds with biological molecules as wa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Satyam et al. from National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway) proposed macromolecular crowding as means to create ECM-rich tissue equivalents. The principle of macromolecular crowding is derived from the notion that in vivo cells reside in a highly crowded/dense extracellular space and therefore the conversio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Recalescence is an increase in temperature that occurs while cooling metal when a change in structure with an increase in entropy occurs. The heat responsible for the change in temperature is due to the change in entropy. When a structure transformation occurs the Gibbs free energy of both structures are more or less t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Glucuronidation consists of transfer of the glucuronic acid component of uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid to a substrate by any of several types of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.
UDP-glucuronic acid (glucuronic acid linked via a glycosidic bond to uridine diphosphate) is an intermediate in the process and is formed in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ortho-, pyro-, and tripolyphosphate compounds have been commonly used in detergents (i. e. cleaners) formulations. For example, see Sodium tripolyphosphate. Sometimes pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate, etc. are called diphosphate, triphosphate, tetraphosphate, etc., especially when they are part of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An ideal chain (or freely-jointed chain) is the simplest model in polymer chemistry to describe polymers, such as nucleic acids and proteins. It assumes that the monomers in a polymer are located at the steps of a hypothetical random walker that does not remember its previous steps. By neglecting interactions among mo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Advantages cited for the IsaKidd technology include:
* long life – the operational life of the permanent cathodes without repair is said to be over seven years under correct operating conditions for electrowinning applications and over 15 years for electrorefining applications
* reduced labour costs – due to the elimi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Green algae have been taken up by the euglenids, chlorarachniophytes, a lineage of dinoflagellates, and possibly the ancestor of the CASH lineage (cryptomonads, alveolates, stramenopiles and haptophytes) in three or four separate engulfments. Many green algal derived chloroplasts contain pyrenoids, but unlike chloropla... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Similar to mineralization processes that take place within rocks, mineralization can also occur under the sea. The rate of dissolution of carbon dioxide from atmosphere to oceanic regions is determined by the circulation period of the ocean and buffering ability of subducting surface water. Researchers have demonstrate... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Rare-earth borides REBCN, REBCN and REBC are homologous, i.e. have a similar crystal structure, to BC. The latter has a structure typical of icosahedron-based borides, as shown in figure 11a. There, B icosahedra form a rhombohedral lattice unit (space group: Rm (No. 166), lattice constants: a = 0.56 nm and c = 1.212 nm... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The law of combining volumes states that when gases chemically react together, they do so in amounts by volume which bear small whole-number ratios (the volumes calculated at the same temperature and pressure).
The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the gaseous products can be expressed in simple whole... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The types of hydrogen-bond donors used in catalysis vary widely from reaction to reaction, even among similar catalytic strategies. While specific systems are often studied and optimized extensively, a general understanding of the optimal donor for a reaction or the relationship between catalyst structure and reactivit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Due to bonds breaking and forming during various processes (changes in state, chemical reactions), there is usually a change in energy. If the energy of the forming bonds is greater than the energy of the breaking bonds, then energy is released. This is known as an exothermic reaction. However, if more energy is needed... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lichens have been shown to deteriorate polyester resins, as can be seen in archaeological sites in the Roman city of Baelo Claudia Spain. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A plasma arc furnace (PAF) uses plasma torches instead of graphite electrodes. Each of these torches has a casing with a nozzle and axial tubing for feeding a plasma-forming gas (either nitrogen or argon) and a burnable cylindrical graphite electrode within the tubing. Such furnaces can be called plasma arc melt (PAM) ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When polymers are oxidized, unstable alkyl radicals are formed which react further with oxygen to form peroxy bonds. The excitation and stabilization of the peroxy radical causes chemiluminescence. The light produced by this reaction is typically low wavelength infrared light. The amount of light emitted is used to det... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The first issue with using concretes in perfumery is that their extracts can become rancid after several months, especially if the containers are exposed to strong light.
The second issue is regarding residual pesticides in concretes. Cultivation of natural raw materials for producing concretes is often done by using m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dexrazoxane hydrochloride (Zinecard, Cardioxane) is a cardioprotective agent. It was discovered by Eugene Herman in 1972. The IV administration of dexrazoxane is in acidic condition with HCl adjusting the pH. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Since these drugs may cause paralysis of the diaphragm, mechanical ventilation should be at hand to provide respiration.
In addition, these drugs may exhibit cardiovascular effects, since they are not fully selective for the nicotinic receptor and hence may have effects on muscarinic receptors. If nicotinic receptors ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The typical current density at which electromigration occurs in Cu or Al interconnects is 10 to 10 A/cm. For solder joints (SnPb or SnAgCu lead-free) used in IC chips, however, electromigration occurs at much lower current densities, e.g. 10 A/cm.
It causes a net atom transport along the direction of electron flow. The... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Normal phase elution is achieved by pumping the non-aqueous or phase of a biphasic solvent system through the column as the mobile phase, with a more polar stationary phase being retained in the column. The cause of original nomenclature of is relevant. As original stationary phases of paper chromatography were superse... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In inorganic chemistry, it is common to consider a single value of electronegativity to be valid for most "normal" situations. While this approach has the advantage of simplicity, it is clear that the electronegativity of an element is not an invariable atomic property and, in particular, increases with the oxidation s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The color reaction between borates and curcumin is used for the spectrophotometric determination and quantification of boron present in food or materials. Curcumin is a yellow coloring natural pigment found in the root stocks of some Curcuma species, especially Curcuma longa (turmeric), in concentrations up to 3%. In t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Adverse effects of captopril include cough due to increase in the plasma levels of bradykinin, angioedema, agranulocytosis, proteinuria, hyperkalemia, taste alteration, teratogenicity, postural hypotension, acute renal failure, and leukopenia.
Except for postural hypotension, which occurs due to the short and fast mode... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In one variation the mechanism is thought to be as follows:
The dichromate oxidizes the mercury, forming a layer of mercury oxide. In the process the dichromate is reduced to the chromium(III) ion. The oxidized layer on the mercury reduces the surface tension of the blob and the blob flattens out coming in contact w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*[http://www.isallaboutmath.com/proof.aspx Proof about Stereographic Projection taking circles in the sphere to circles in the plane] | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Gene guns have also been used to deliver DNA vaccines.
The delivery of plasmids into rat neurons through the use of a gene gun, specifically DRG neurons, is also used as a pharmacological precursor in studying the effects of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
The gene gun has become a common tool f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thomson scattering is a model for the effect of electromagnetic fields on electrons when the field energy is much less than the rest mass of the electron . In the model the electric field of the incident wave accelerates the charged particle, causing it, in turn, to emit radiation at the same frequency as the incident... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Strictly speaking, this reaction results in the formation of a rhodium carbonyl complex rather than free carbon monoxide.
The catalytic cycle is assumed to involve oxidative addition of the aldehyde (or acid chloride) to gives a 16e acyl Rh(III)-hydride intermediate, which undergoes migratory extrusion of CO proceed to... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Many marine-derived polyketides that are often found in sponges cannot be cultured out of their natural environment. Finding the genes responsible for the biosynthesis of a sponge derived polyketides is a difficult task to accomplish because of the sponges’ colonial nature Scientists are not yet able to culture the sp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sumner is the author of a widely used anti-harassment statement that she made public so that other universities and institutes could use it as a model. A leader in helping institutions develop anti-harassment plans, Sumner presented to a workshop at the 2016 American Geophysical Union on “Addressing harassment and impr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The glyoxylate cycle is a variant of the citric acid cycle. It is an anabolic pathway occurring in plants and bacteria utilizing the enzymes isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Some intermediate steps of the cycle are slightly different from the citric acid cycle; nevertheless oxaloacetate has the same function in bo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The general mechanism is shown below. The resonating arrow (1) shows a resonance contributor of the diazo compound with a lone pair of electrons on the carbon adjacent to the nitrogen. The diazo compound then does a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl-containing compound (nucleophilic addition), producing a tetrahedral... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
SIR proteins have been identified in many screens, and have historically been known as SIR (silent information regulator), MAR (mating-type regulator), STE (sterile), CMT (change of mating type) or SSP (sterile suppressor) according to which screen led to their identification. Ultimately, the name SIR had the most... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the mid 2010s several techniques combined with Next Generation Sequencing were developed that employ the "tag" principle for "digital gene expression profiling" but without the use of the tagging enzyme. The "MACE" approach, (=Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends) generates tags somewhere in the last 1500 bps of a transcri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thiosemicarbazides are precursors to thiosemicarbazones. They are precursors to heterocycles. Formylation of thiosemicarbazide provides access to triazole. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Drug checking has been shown to be an effective way to reduce the harm from drug use through informing safer use, limiting use, and helping users avoid the most dangerous substances. The services also provide monitoring and detection of new psychoactive substances to inform public health interventions. The Loop have st... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases commonly catalyze the addition of ADP-ribose to arginine side chains using a highly conserved R-S-EXE motif of the enzyme. The reaction proceeds by breaking the bond between nicotinamide and ribose to form an oxonium ion. Next, the arginine side chain of the target protein then acts a nucl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoconductive atomic force microscopy (PC-AFM) is a variant of atomic force microscopy that measures photoconductivity in addition to surface forces. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
One way to identify the expression pattern of a particular gene is to place a reporter gene downstream of its promoter. In this configuration, the promoter gene will cause the reporter gene to be expressed only where and when the gene of interest is expressed. The expression distribution of the reporter gene can be det... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A crystallographic database is a database specifically designed to store information about the structure of molecules and crystals. Crystals are solids having, in all three dimensions of space, a regularly repeating arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules. They are characterized by symmetry, morphology, and directiona... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, thioesters are organosulfur compounds with the molecular structure . They are analogous to carboxylate esters () with the sulfur in the thioester replacing oxygen in the carboxylate ester, as implied by the thio- prefix. They are the product of esterification of a carboxylic acid () with a thiol ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Terahertz transitions in solids can be systematically approached by generalizing the semiconductor Bloch equations and the related many-body correlation dynamics. At this level, one realizes the THz field are directly absorbed by two-particle correlations that modify the quantum kinetics of electron and hole distributi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Restlessness, apprehension, and anxiety were reported effects after the use of various beta-agonists, particularly after oral or parenteral treatment. In pilot clinical trials with ractopamine, four patients showed little evidence for central nervous system stimulation. Whether long-term treatment with these drugs resu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the laboratory, it is used to detect the presence of alkaline phosphatase activity by hydrolysis of PNPP. In basic conditions, presence of hydrolytic enzymes will turn reaction vessel yellow.
4-Nitrophenol is a product of the enzymatic cleavage of several synthetic substrates such as 4-nitrophenyl phosphate (used as... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Silicon thin-film cells are mainly deposited by chemical vapor deposition (typically plasma-enhanced, PE-CVD) from silane gas and hydrogen gas. Depending on the deposition parameters, this can yield amorphous silicon (a-Si or a-Si:H), protocrystalline silicon or nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si or nc-Si:H), also called m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ninhydrin may cause allergic, IgE-mediated rhinitis and asthma. A case has been described in which a 41 year old forensic laboratory worker working with Ninhydrin developed rhinitis and respiratory difficulty. Her specific IgE levels were found almost doubled. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For some polyprotic acids, dissociation (or association) occurs at more than one nonequivalent site, and the observed macroscopic equilibrium constant, or macro-constant, is a combination of micro-constants involving distinct species. When one reactant forms two products in parallel, the macro-constant is a sum of two ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Semicarbazide is used in preparing pharmaceuticals including nitrofuran antibacterials (furazolidone, nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin) and related compounds. It is also a product of degradations of the blowing agent azodicarbonamide (ADC). Semicarbazide forms in heat-treated flour containing ADC as well as breads made ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For explanatory purposes consider an electrophoretic particle moving (driven) in an electric field. Let:
and
denote an electric field and the velocity of the particle in such a field. If is constant the time average of .
If is not constant as a function of time and if has a frequency component proportional to the t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PAFPs) is a type of fluorescent protein that exhibit fluorescence that can be modified by a light-induced chemical reaction. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alarm signalling varies depending on the receiver's knowledge of a certain threat. Chimpanzees are significantly more likely to produce an alarm call when conspecifics are unaware of a potential threat or were not nearby when a previous alarm call was emitted. When judging if conspecifics are unaware of potential dange... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In forensic science, hybridization probes are used, for example, for detection of short tandem repeats (microsatellite) regions and in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods, all of which are widely used as part of DNA profiling analysis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The HTL process differs from pyrolysis as it can process wet biomass and produce a bio-oil that contains approximately twice the energy density of pyrolysis oil. Pyrolysis is a related process to HTL, but biomass must be processed and dried in order to increase the yield. The presence of water in pyrolysis drastically ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The PDE nomenclature signifies the PDE family with an Arabic numeral, then a capital letter denotes the gene in that family, and a second and final Arabic numeral then indicates the splice variant derived from a single gene (e.g., PDE1C3: family 1, gene C, splicing variant 3).
The superfamily of PDE enzymes is classifi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology is published monthly. The editors are Robert Carpentier and Dominic J. Robinson. Carpentier covers the fields of biophysics, biomolecular spectroscopy, photosynthesis, environmental photobiology, oxygen radicals, DNA repair, and UV-/VIS effects. Robinson covers ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
EAB sensors possess the potential to significantly advance our comprehension of metabolism, endocrinology, pharmacokinetics, and neurochemistry as valuable research tools. Specifically, these sensors offer improved resolution and more quantitative measurements of phenomena such as drug delivery, clearance, and the main... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When a virus transforms a cell it often causes cancer by either altering the cells' existing genome or introducing additional genetic material which causes cells to uncontrollably replicate. It is rarely considered that what causes so much harm also has the capability of reversing the process and slowing the cancer gro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
LD uses linearly polarized light, which is light that has been polarized in one direction only. This produces a wave, the electric field vector, which oscillates in only one plane, giving rise to a classic sinusoidal wave shape as the light travels through space. By using light parallel and perpendicular to the orien... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Assemblies of solar cells are used to make solar modules that generate electrical power from sunlight, as distinguished from a "solar thermal module" or "solar hot water panel". A solar array generates solar power using solar energy. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Sullivan reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of cysteine or cystine in proteins. A red colour appears when a protein with cysteine or cystine is heated with sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate (Folin's reagent) and sodium dithionite under alkaline conditions. This was pioneered by the Amer... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
CSI is prepared by treating cyanogen chloride with sulfur trioxide, the product being distilled directly from the reaction mixture.
::SO + ClCN → ClSONCO
In this transformation, both the carbon and the nitrogen termini of CN are functionalized.
The structure of CSI is represented as ClS(O)-N=C=O. It consists of tw... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In addition to both surfaces' being practically conformal (in practice often completely flat), the surfaces must also be extremely clean and free from any small contamination that would prevent or weaken the bond—including grease films and specks of dust. For bonding to occur, the surfaces need only to be brought toget... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria (), also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via photosynthesis. The name cyanobacteria refers to their color (), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blue-green algae, although they are not s... | 5 | Photochemistry |
After the explanation of van der Waals forces by Fritz London, several scientists soon realised that his definition could be extended from the interaction of two molecules with induced dipoles to macro-scale objects by summing all of the forces between the molecules in each of the bodies involved. The theory is named a... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Photoresists are coatings, or oligomers, that are deposited on a surface and are designed to change properties upon irradiation of light. These changes either polymerize the liquid oligomers into insoluble cross-linked network polymers or decompose the already solid polymers into liquid products. Polymers that form net... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Luciferase can function in two different pathways: a bioluminescence pathway and a CoA-ligase pathway. In both pathways, luciferase initially catalyzes an adenylation reaction with MgATP. However, in the CoA-ligase pathway, CoA can displace AMP to form luciferyl CoA.
Fatty acyl-CoA synthetase similarly activates fatty ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The development has been undertaken from a project on modern diffraction methods for the investigation of thermo-mechanical processeses, and started with cold deformation of a copper specimen at the ESRF in 2007, followed by hot deformation of zirconium alloy at APS in 2008. Soon afterwards, a series of other materials... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metallacrowns are most widely studied for their potential use as SMMs (single-molecule magnets). Notably, the first mixed manganese-lanthanide SMM was a metallacrown. Metallacrowns with gadolinium as the central metal are potential MRI contrast agents. A lot of attention is focused on metallacrown molecular recognition... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Anisomycin is used as a component of Martin Lewis agar, an in vitro diagnostic product which is used extensively in the United States for the selective isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis. The antimicrobial can also be used in buffered charcoal yeast extract media for the selective isolation o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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