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The cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses (CPVs) form the genus Cypovirus of the family Reoviridae. CPVs are classified into 14 species based on the electrophoretic migration profiles of their genome segments. Cypovirus has only a single capsid shell, which is similar to the orthoreovirus inner core. CPV exhibits striking c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bioretrosynthesis is a technique for synthesizing organic chemicals from inexpensive precursors and evolved enzymes. The technique builds on the retro-evolution hypothesis proposed in 1945 by geneticist Norman Horowitz. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
At first, the PDE3s were purified and described as enzymes that hydrolyse both cGMP and cAMP with K values of 0.1–0.8 μM. However the V for cAMP hydrolysis is 4–10 times higher than V for cGMP hydrolysis.
When different PDEs were first identified, two types of PDEs (PDE3 and PDE4) that exhibited high affinities for cAM... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two types mannose-6-phosphate can recognize phosphorylated saccharide. One is cation-dependent and the other does not require cation to activate. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aromatic nitriles are often prepared in the laboratory from the aniline via diazonium compounds. This is the Sandmeyer reaction. It requires transition metal cyanides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The grain size, shape and distribution of the foundry sand, the type and quantity of bonding materials, the density to which the sand is rammed, and the percentage of moisture used for tempering the sand are important factors in regulating the degree of permeability. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In heap leaching processes, crushed (and sometimes agglomerated) ore is piled in a heap which is lined with an impervious layer. Leach solution is sprayed over the top of the heap, and allowed to percolate downward through the heap. The heap design usually incorporates collection sumps, which allow the "pregnant" leach... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T) or uracil (U).
Amino acids: Alanine (Ala, A), Arginine (Arg, R), Asparagine (Asn, N), Aspartic acid (Asp, D), Cysteine (Cys, C), Glutamic acid (Glu, E), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Glycine (Gly, G), Histidine (His, H), Isoleucine (Ile, I), Leucine (Leu, L), Lysine (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The behavior of quantum dots (QDs) in solution and their interaction with other surfaces is of great importance to biological and industrial applications, such as optical displays, animal tagging, anti-counterfeiting dyes and paints, chemical sensing, and fluorescent tagging. However, unmodified quantum dots tend to be... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One major complications to the use of herbicides for weed control is the ability of plants to evolve herbicide resistance, rendering the herbicides ineffective against target plants. Out of 31 known herbicide modes of action, weeds have evolved resistance to 21. 268 plant species are known to have evolved herbicide res... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Some common analytes that clinical chemistry tests analyze include:
;Electrolytes
*Sodium
*Potassium
*Chloride
*Bicarbonate
;Renal (kidney) function tests
*Creatinine
*Blood urea nitrogen
;Liver function tests
*Total protein (serum)
**Albumin
**Globulins
**A/G ratio (albumin-globulin)
**Protein electrophoresis
**Urine ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A ninhydrin solution is commonly used by forensic investigators in the analysis of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces such as paper. The amino acids present in the minute sweat secretions that gather on the finger's unique ridges transfer to surfaces that are touched. Exposure of the surface to ninhydrin converts t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An equilibrium constant is related to the standard Gibbs free energy of reaction change, , for the reaction by the expression
Therefore, K, must be a dimensionless number from which a logarithm can be derived. In the case of a simple equilibrium
the thermodynamic equilibrium constant is defined in terms of the activiti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prime editors may be used in gene drives. A prime editor may be incorporated into the Cleaver half of a Cleave and Rescue/ClvR system. In this case it is not meant to perform a precise alteration but instead to merely disrupt.
PE is among recently introduced technologies which allow the transfer of single-nucleotide po... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proteins that are to be targeted to a particular organelle or for secretion have an N-terminal signal peptide that directs the protein to its final destination. This signal peptide is removed by proteolysis after their transport through a membrane. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The theory is a powerful theoretical framework used to predict and analyze the intensities of electronic transitions within the 4f electron shell of rare-earth ions in solid-state materials. The transitions, which are parity forbidden in free ions, are made partially allowed in a solid matrix due to the effects of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Quantification of analytes (e.g. proteins, peptides, DNA, nanoparticles) in complex solutions (e.g. plasma and fermentation broth )
* Determination of
** affinity constants
** binding kinetics
** molecular size (hydrodynamic radius)
**oligomeric state
** diffusion coefficient | 1 | Biochemistry |
After the expression of the gene product, it may be necessary to purify the expressed protein; however, separating the protein of interest from the great majority of proteins of the host cell can be a protracted process. To make this purification process easier, a purification tag may be added to the cloned gene. This ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Geneva rules for nomenclature were described in 62 paragraphs. Some of these rules were:
* Saturated hydrocarbons would have names ending in -ane.
* The traditional names of the first 4 in the series was to be kept (methane, ethane, propane and butane)
* Longer chains were to have their names derived from the appr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The protein CTCF plays a heavy role in repressing the insulin-like growth factor 2 gene, by binding to the H-19 imprinting control region (ICR) along with differentially-methylated region-1 (DMR1) and MAR3. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Peter Bernard David de la Mare (3 September 1920 – 13 December 1989) was a New Zealand physical organic chemist.
Born in Hamilton in 1920, he was the son of Sophia Ruth de la Mare (née Child), a medical practitioner, and Frederick Archibald de la Mare, a lawyer. He was educated at Hamilton High School, and then attende... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are two Dutch assay offices located in the city of Gouda and Joure. The Dutch recognize platinum, gold, silver and palladium as precious metals. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the Atlantic Ocean, intermediate and deep waters are characterized by a lower content in DSi, compared to the modern Pacific and Southern Ocean. This lower interbasin difference in DSi has the effect of decreasing the preservation potential of opal in the Atlantic compared to its Pacific and Southern ocean counterpa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Generally, the Koenigs–Knorr reaction refers to the use of glycosyl chlorides, bromides and more recently iodides as glycosyl donors. The Koenigs–Knorr reaction can be performed with alternative promoters such as various heavy metal salts including mercuric bromide/mercuric oxide, mercuric cyanide and silver triflate. ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In stereochemistry, a stereocenter of a molecule is an atom (center), axis or plane that is the focus of stereoisomerism; that is, when having at least three different groups bound to the stereocenter, interchanging any two different groups creates a new stereoisomer. Stereocenters are also referred to as stereogenic c... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In 1971, just after what a later study would identify as the point when the lakes eutrophication began in earnest, M.C. Healey and W.L. Woodall, two researchers from the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, considered Frame in a limnological study of seven lakes in and around Yellowknife that their agency was considerin... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A hybridization assay comprises any form of quantifiable hybridization i.e. the quantitative annealing of two complementary strands of nucleic acids, known as nucleic acid hybridization. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl protecting group (Fmoc) is a base-labile protecting group used in organic synthesis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dopplerite is a naturally occurring organic substance found in amorphous, elastic or jelly-like masses, of brownish-black color, in peat beds in Styria and in Switzerland. It is tasteless, insoluble in alcohol and ether, and is described by James Dwight Dana as an acid substance, or mixture of different acids, related ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Identification, sampling and analysis of acid sulfate soils should be conducted in line with:
* the National acid sulfate soils sampling and identification methods manual;
* the National acid sulfate soils identification and laboratory methods manual; and
* the National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Cont... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Baeyer–Drewsen indigo synthesis (1882) is an organic reaction in which indigo is prepared from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone The reaction was developed by von Baeyer in 1880 to produce the first synthetic indigo at laboratory scale. This procedure is not used at industrial scale.
The reaction is clas... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex assembly factor 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFAF6 gene. The protein is involved in the assembly of complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Mutations in the NDUFAF6 gene have been shown to cause Complex I deficiency, Leigh syndrome, and Acadia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Depending upon the desired product, either the solvent or solute stream of RO will be waste. For food concentration applications, the concentrated solute stream is the product and the solvent stream is waste. For water treatment applications, the solvent stream is purified water and the solute stream is concentrated wa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The potential difference at each pole of the BPE (which may or may not be enough for electrochemical reactions).
Note that the solution potential is not directly controlled by a power source (e.g. potentiostat) because it depends also on the solution composition. Therefore, for electrons to transfer to reduce species i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Before August 1993, LAAM was classified as a schedule I drug in the United States. LAAM is not approved for use in Australia and Canada. At present, it is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States with a DEA ACSCN of 9648 and a national aggregate annual manufacturing quota of 4 grammes as of 2013... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Salt hydrates (MN·nHO)
*Advantages
** High volumetric latent heat storage capacity
** Availability and low cost
** Sharp melting point
** High thermal conductivity
** High heat of fusion
** Non-flammable
** Sustainability
* Disadvantages
** Difficult to prevent incongruent melting and phase separation upon cycling, whi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The final strategy focuses not on the deposition or removal of SAMS, but the modification of terminal groups. In the first case the terminal group can be modified to remove functionality so that SAM molecule will be inert. In the same regards the terminal group can be modified to add functionality so it can accept diff... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Flaviviruses constitute a family of linear, single-stranded RNA(+) viruses. Flaviviruses include the West Nile virus, dengue virus, Tick-borne Encephalitis Virus, Yellow Fever Virus, and several other viruses. Many flavivirus species can replicate in both mammalian and insect cells. Most flaviviruses are arthropod born... | 1 | Biochemistry |
DCCC has been employed to separate a wide variety of phytochemicals from their crude extracts. The long list of natural product separations includes: saponins, alkaloids, senna glycosides, monosaccarides, triterpene glycosides, flavone glycosides, xanthones, iridoid glycosides, vitamin B, lignans, imbricatolic acid, ga... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Several pseudo-response regulators have been found in Selaginella, but their function has not yet been explored. | 1 | Biochemistry |
UV/Vis spectroscopy is widely used as a technique in chemistry to analyze chemical structure, the most notable one being conjugated systems. UV radiation is often used to excite a given sample where the fluorescent emission is measured with a spectrofluorometer. In biological research, UV radiation is used for quantifi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, is also increased in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). CRP and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly higher in patients with OSA compared to obese control subjects. Patients with OSA have higher plasma CRP concentrations that increased corresponding to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
QuEChERS is a solid phase extraction method for detection of biocide residues in food. The name is a portmanteau word formed from "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe".
__TOC__ | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
RNA-targeting small molecules represent a class of small molecules, organic compounds with traditional drug properties (e.g., Lipinski's rule of five) that can bind to RNA secondary or tertiary structures and alter translation patterns, localization, and degradation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The mitochondrial targeting signal also known as presequence is a 10-70 amino acid long peptide that directs a newly synthesized protein to the mitochondria. It is found at the N-terminus end consists of an alternating pattern of hydrophobic and positively charged amino acids to form what is called an amphipathic helix... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hypothesized existence of an RNA world does not exclude a "Pre-RNA world", where a metabolic system based on a different nucleic acid is proposed to pre-date RNA. A candidate nucleic acid is peptide nucleic acid (PNA), which uses simple peptide bonds to link nucleobases. PNA is more stable than RNA, but its ability... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Drospirenone was patented in 1976 and introduced for medical use in 2000. Schering AG of Germany has been granted several patents on the production of drospirenone, including WIPO and US patents, granted in 1998 and 2000, respectively. It was introduced for medical use in combination with ethinylestradiol as a combined... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Another idea proposed was that ERVs from the same family played a role in recruiting multiple genes into the same network of regulation. It was found that MER41 elements provided addition redundant regulatory enhancement to the genes located near STAT1 binding sites. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Grasselli Brown has over ninety publications, nine books, and a patent in the field of infrared and Raman spectroscopy.
In 1985, she was selected as one of the Foremost Women of the 20th Century. She is the first woman to be inducted into the Hungarian and Austrian Chemical Societies.
In 2002, Grasselli Brown receive... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A creamed emulsion increases the likelihood of coalescence due to the close proximity of the globules in the cream. Factors that influence the rate of creaming are similar to those involved in the sedimentation rate of suspension particles. Stokes Law is inadequate to predict creaming but can be used to identify these ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
β-Fe and the A critical temperature are important in induction heating of steel, such as for surface-hardening heat treatments. Steel is typically austenitized at 900–1000 °C before it is quenched and tempered. The high-frequency alternating magnetic field of induction heating heats the steel by two mechanisms below th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As a chiral derivatizing agent, it reacts with an alcohol or amine of unknown stereochemistry to form an ester or amide. The absolute configuration of the ester or amide is then determined by proton and/or F NMR spectroscopy.
Mosher's acid chloride, the acid chloride form, is sometimes used because it has better reacti... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In response to decreasing dissolved oxygen level in the environment, fish swim up to the surface of the water column and ventilate at the top layer of the water where it contains relatively higher level of dissolved oxygen, a behavior called aquatic surface respiration (ASR). Oxygen diffuses into water from air and the... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Some may use the terms biogeochemical cycle and geochemical cycle interchangeably because both cycles deal with Earth's reservoirs. However, a biogeochemical cycle refers to the chemical interactions in surface reservoirs such as the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere whereas a geochemical cycle refers... | 9 | Geochemistry |
While the anomeric effect is a general explanation for this type of stabilization for a molecule, the type and amount of stabilization can be affected by the substituents being examined as well as the solvent being studied. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Let be the effective absorption cross-section be effective emission cross-sections at frequency , and let be the effective temperature of the medium. The McCumber relation is
where
is thermal steady-state ratio of populations; frequency is called "zero-line" frequency;
is the Planck constant and
is the Boltzma... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1926, Raymond Pearl proposed that longevity varies inversely with basal metabolic rate (the "rate of living hypothesis"). Support for this hypothesis comes from the fact that mammals with larger body size have longer maximum life spans (large animals do have higher total metabolic rates, but the metabolic rate at th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
EPA issued a drinking water health advisory for MTBE, a guidance document for water utilities and the public, in 1997. The Agency first listed MTBE in 1998 as a candidate for development of a national Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) standard in drinking water. As of 2020 EPA has not announced whether it will develop an... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Understanding the interfacial energy of materials with different types of interphase boundaries (IPBs) provides valuable insights into several aspects of their behavior, including thermodynamic stability, deformation behavior, and phase evolution. | 8 | Metallurgy |
# Substrate for deubiquitinylating enzyme activity assays.
# Identification/confirmation of enzyme deubiquitinylation activity.
# Investigation of deconjugating enzyme substrate specificity in comparison with alternative UBL-AMC substrates (e.g. NEDD8-AMC) | 1 | Biochemistry |
Large temperature gradients exist in the electrofusion joint during the fusion cycle. The low thermal conductivity of polymers is the main cause of these large gradients. Recent efforts to model the thermal history at various locations using finite element modeling have been successful. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
AFPs create a difference between the melting point and freezing point (busting temperature of AFP bound ice crystal) known as thermal hysteresis. The addition of AFPs at the interface between solid ice and liquid water inhibits the thermodynamically favored growth of the ice crystal. Ice growth is kinetically inhibit... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1980s, the company began piping wastewater up to 14 miles to evaporation ponds on or near Ivanpah Dry Lake, east of Interstate 15 near Nevada. This pipeline repeatedly ruptured during cleaning operations to remove mineral deposits called scale. The scale is radioactive because of the presence of thorium and radi... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For GPCRs generally, each mechanism of homologous desensitization begins with receptor phosphorylation by an associated G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK). GRKs selectively modify activated receptors such that no heterogeneous desensitization will occur. This phosphorylation then acts to recruit other proteins, su... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, a carbyne is a general term for any compound whose structure consists of an electrically neutral carbon atom connected by a single covalent bond and has three non-bonded electrons. The carbon atom has either one or three unpaired electrons, depending on its excitation state; making it a radical. T... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Imine hydrogenation provides a practical route to chiral amines.
Metolachlor is the active ingredient in the widely used herbicide Dual Magnum. A key step in its industrial production involves the enantioselective reduction of an N-aryl imine. This reduction is achieved with extremely high turnover number (albeit moder... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Naomi Chayen is a biochemist and structural biologist. She is a professor of Biomedical Sciences at Imperial College London, where she leads the Crystallization Group in Computational and Systems Medicine. She is best known for developing the microbatch method and inventing novel nucleants for protein crystallization w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Medical uses include:
* High blood pressure
* Congestive heart failure
* Following heart attack in people with evidence of heart failure
* People over 55 years at high risk: prevention of heart attack, stroke, cardiovascular death, or in need of revascularization procedures
* Prevent the onset and/or delay the progress... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In photo reduction the promoted electron of the metal oxide is accepted by an acceptor species. In the case of CO reduction, shown in the table below, the absence of dissolved oxygen in the aqueous system favors reduction of protons to form hydrogen radicals which then go on to reduce CO to HCOOH. HCOOH can then be fur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Yttrium is a chemical element; it has symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a "rare-earth element". Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in rare-earth minerals and is never found i... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Like other β-lactam antibiotics, dicloxacillin acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls. It inhibits cross-linkage between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that make up a major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The majority of synthetic ion channels follow an Eisenman I sequence (Cs > Rb > K > Na >> Li) in their selectivity for alkali metal cations, suggesting that the origin of the selectivity is governed by the difference in energy required to remove water from a fully hydrated cation. A few synthetic channels show other p... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Preoperative administration of Lugols solution decreases intraoperative blood loss during thyroidectomy in patients with Graves disease. However, it appears ineffective in patients who are already euthyroid on anti-thyroid drugs and levothyroxine.
* During colposcopy, Lugols iodine is applied to the vagina and cervix. ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Water continuous (oil-in-water) emulsified fuels are exemplified by the Orimulsion system and bitumen emulsions. These are often described as a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) because the continuous phase is around 30% of the composition of the fuel, whereas it is more usual for the dispersed phase to be the minor ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, the Randles–Ševčík equation describes the effect of scan rate on the peak current for a cyclic voltammetry experiment. For simple redox events such as the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple, depends not only on the concentration and diffusional properties of the electroactive species but also on scan ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The PI3K pathway is a major source of drug resistance in prostate cancer. This is particularly true in castration-resistant prostate cancer, where tumours become resistant to androgen-deprivation therapy, which block the tumours ability to utilise the hormone androgen to grow. This is due to a complex feedback mechanis... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Volume Bragg gratings (VBG) or volume holographic gratings (VHG) consist of a volume where there is a periodic change in the refractive index. Depending on the orientation of the refractive index modulation, VBG can be used either to transmit or reflect a small bandwidth of wavelengths. Bragg's law (adapted for volume ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ring-opening polymerization that involves β-alkyl elimination can be catalyzed by Ti, Zr, Pd-based catalyst, and some Lanthanide-based metallocene catalyst, where different polymerization patterns vary when catalysts are different. Examples of copolymerization with alkene or carbon monoxide were also reported. The key... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The museum is also home to a large number of old tractors. Two D8 Caterpillars, a D9, a few large 1930s Caterpillars, some Best crawlers and many other examples of tracked tractors can be seen at the museum. The typical tractors such as Farmall, John Deere, Oliver, and Allis-Chalmers can be seen out at the museum, but ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Most transcription factors function in cooperation with other factors by protein–protein interactions. Association of MITF with other proteins is a critical step in the regulation of MITF-mediated transcriptional activity. Some commonly studied MITF interactions include those with MAZR, PIAS3, Tfe3, hUBC9, PKC1, and LE... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chemokine-like factor (CKLF) is a member of the CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family of proteins that in humans is encoded by the CKLF gene. This gene is located on band 22.1 in the long (i.e. "q") arm of chromosome 16. | 1 | Biochemistry |
An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or mobility shift electrophoresis, also referred as a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common affinity electrophoresis technique used to study protein–DNA or protein–RNA interactions. This procedure can determine ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lipid droplets bud off the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Initially, a lens is formed by accumulation of TAGs between the two layers of its phospholipid membrane. Nascent lipid droplets may grow by diffusion of fatty acids, endocytosis of sterols, or fusion of smaller lipid droplets through the aid of SNARE pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Grieco three-component condensation is an organic chemistry reaction that produces nitrogen-containing six-member heterocycles via a multi-component reaction of an aldehyde, a nitrogen component, such as aniline, and an electron-rich alkene. The reaction is catalyzed by trifluoroacetic acid or Lewis acids such as y... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have evolved from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar endosymbiosis event, where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian bio... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Although histones are remarkably conserved throughout evolution, several variant forms have been identified. This diversification of histone function is restricted to H2A and H3, with H2B and H4 being mostly invariant. H2A can be replaced by H2AZ (which leads to reduced nucleosome stability) or H2AX (which is associate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On September 11, 2007, Sepracor signed a marketing deal with British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline for the rights to sell eszopiclone (under the name Lunivia rather than Lunesta) in Europe. Sepracor was expected to receive approximately $155 million if the deal went through. In 2008 Sepracor submitted an appli... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A chromatin variant corresponds to a section of the genome that differs in chromatin states across cell types/states within an individual (intra-individual) or between individuals for a given cell type/state (inter-individual). Chromatin variants distinguish DNA sequences that differ in their function in one cell type/... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RPB3 is involved in RNA polymerase II assembly. A subcomplex of RPB2 and RPB3 appears soon after subunit synthesis. This complex subsequently interacts with RPB1. RPB3, RPB5, and RPB7 interact with themselves to form homodimers, and RPB3 and RPB5 together are able to contact all of the other RPB subunits, except RPB9. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hydrogen ion, or hydronium ion, is a Brønsted–Lowry acid when dissolved in HO and the hydroxide ion is a base because of the self-separating reaction
An analogous reaction occurs in liquid ammonia
Thus, the ammonium ion, , in liquid ammonia corresponds to the hydronium ion in water and the amide ion, in ammonia, t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
MP Materials is 51.8%-owned by US hedge funds JHL Capital Group (and its CEO James Litinsky) and QVT Financial LP, while Shenghe Resources Holding Co. Ltd., a partially state-owned enterprise of the Government of China, holds an 8.0% stake. Apart from institutions, the public owns 18%. | 8 | Metallurgy |
This area of study has recently gained more importance due to the increasing evidence that post-transcriptional regulation plays a larger role than previously expected. Even though protein with DNA binding domains are more abundant than protein with RNA binding domains, a recent study by Cheadle et al. (2005) showed th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In deep mutational scanning every possible amino acid change in a given protein is first synthesized. The activity of each of these protein variants is assayed in parallel using barcodes for each variant. By comparing the activity to the wild-type protein, the effect of each mutation is identified. While it is possible... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the growth of a crack in a corrosive environment. It requires three conditions to take place: 1)corrosive environment 2)stress 3)susceptible material. SCC can lead to unexpected sudden and hence catastrophic failure of normally ductile metals under tensile stress. This is usually exac... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Conditional mutations can be produced in mice which affect only specific cells or tissues at specific times, so that the mouse can develop to adulthood and the adult phenotype can be studied. In one case, MED1 was found to participate in controlling the timing of events of meiosis in male mice. Conditional mutants in k... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Simultaneous measurement of and for 1:1 adducts is routinely carried out using isothermal titration calorimetry. Extension to more complex systems is limited by the availability of suitable software. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At and below, pure tin transforms from the silvery, ductile metallic allotrope of β-form white tin to the brittle, nonmetallic, α-form grey tin with a diamond cubic structure. The transformation is slow to initiate due to a high activation energy but the presence of germanium (or crystal structures of similar form a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
AGEs are the subject of ongoing research. There are three therapeutic approaches: preventing the formation of AGEs, breaking crosslinks after they are formed and preventing their negative effects.
Compounds that have been found to inhibit AGE formation in the laboratory include Vitamin C, Agmatine, benfotiamine, pyrido... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With few exceptions, most chloroplasts have their entire chloroplast genome combined into a single large circular DNA molecule, typically 120,000–170,000 base pairs long. They can have a contour length of around 30–60 micrometers, and have a mass of about 80–130 million daltons.
While usually thought of as a circular m... | 5 | Photochemistry |
There are several models used to predict liquidus and solidus curves for various systems.
Detailed measurements of solidus and liquidus can be made using techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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