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Like liquid crystals, plastic crystals can be considered a transitional stage between real solids and real liquids and can be considered soft matter. Another common denominator is the simultaneous presence of order and disorder. Both types of phases are usually observed between the true solid and liquid phases on the t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fig. 3 shows an AFM, which typically consists of the following features. Numbers in parentheses correspond to numbered features in Fig. 3. Coordinate directions are defined by the coordinate system (0).
The small spring-like cantilever (1) is carried by the support (2). Optionally, a piezoelectric element (typically ma... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Apart from uses in coatings and adhesives they are also used to enhance the performance of polyester tire cord. Other uses include Powder coatings, Coil Coatings, Cationic Electrocoating and primers. Blocked isocyanates have also been used in tertiary oilfield recovery techniques. A blocked isocyanate is pumped into th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are six operational steam traction engines on the grounds, with a 1913 Buffalo-Pitts steamroller and a 1909 20 horsepower Case undergoing restoration. The operational steam tractors are an 1895 Russell & Co. 15-30 steam tractor, a 1902 Advance 16-30 steam tractor, a 1912 J.I. Case steam tractor, a 1920 Minneapol... | 8 | Metallurgy |
For sum-frequency generation to occur efficiently, phase-matching conditions must be satisfied:
where are the angular wavenumbers of the three waves as they travel through the medium. (Note that the equation resembles the equation for conservation of momentum.) As this condition is satisfied more and more accurately, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Combination therapy with paricalcitol and trandolapril has been found to reduce fibrosis in obstructive uropathy. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Coal-tar creosote is greenish-brown liquid, with different degrees of darkness, viscosity, and fluorescence depending on how it is made. When freshly made, the creosote is a yellow oil with a greenish cast and highly fluorescent, and the fluorescence is increased by exposure to air and light. After settling, the oil is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In many supramolecular catalytic systems designed to work with bimolecular addition reactions like the Diels-Alder, the product of the reaction binds more strongly to the supramolecular host than the two substrates do, consequently leading to inhibition by the product. As a result, these catalysts has a turnover numbe... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Trifluoroacetic acid, often used in these reductions, is a strong, corrosive acid. Some hydrosilanes are pyrophoric. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Molten salt is salt which is solid at standard temperature and pressure but liquified due to elevated temperature. A salt that is liquid even at standard temperature and pressure is usually called a room-temperature ionic liquid, and molten salts are technically a class of ionic liquids. | 8 | Metallurgy |
In viruses this phenomenon may be programmed to occur at particular sites and allows the virus to encode multiple types of proteins from the same mRNA. Notable examples include HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus), RSV (Rous sarcoma virus) and the influenza virus (flu), which all rely on frameshifting to create a prope... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Two Soviet scientists, B. R. Lazarenko and N. I. Lazarenko, were tasked in 1943 to investigate ways of preventing the erosion of tungsten electrical contacts due to sparking. They failed in this task but found that the erosion was more precisely controlled if the electrodes were immersed in a dielectric fluid. This led... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The construction of more complex molecular machines is an active area of theoretical and experimental research. Though a diverse variety of AMMs are known today, experimental studies of these molecules are inhibited by the lack of methods to construct these molecules. In this context, theoretical modeling has emerged ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In chemistry, the square antiprismatic molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where eight atoms, groups of atoms, or ligands are arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of a square antiprism. This shape has D symmetry and is one of the three common shapes for octacoordinate transition metal c... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In a chemical structural formula, an organic substituent such as methyl, ethyl, or aryl can be written as R (or R, R, etc.) It is a generic placeholder, the R derived from radical or rest, which may replace any portion of the formula as the author finds convenient. The first to use this symbol was Charles Frédéric Gerh... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The configuration index consists of two segments separated by a hyphen. The first segment consists of two digits which are the priority numbers of the ligands on the five, six or sevenfold rotation axis. The lowest numerical value is cited first.
The second segment consists of 5, 6 or 7 digits respectively. The lowest ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Moreover, because the assembly of the full-length gene product relies on the efficient and specific alignment of long single stranded oligonucleotides, critical parameters for synthesis success include extended sequence regions comprising secondary structures caused by inverted repeats, extraordinary high or low GC-con... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The selectivity in the reaction is due to the stronger electron withdrawing power of the esters compared to the ethers. A stronger electron withdrawing substituent leads to a greater destabilization of the oxocarbenium ion. This slows this reaction pathway, and allows for disaccharide formation to occur with the benzyl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In chemistry, a sample's oxygen–argon ratio (or oxygen/argon ratio) is a comparison between the concentrations of oxygen (O) and the noble gas argon (Ar), either in air or dissolved in a liquid such as seawater. The two gases have very similar physical properties such as solubility and diffusivity, as well as a similar... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ortho lithiation followed by methylation with methyl iodide is a convenient method for the synthesis of starting materials for lateral lithiations. Elaboration of the benzylic carbon through lateral lithiation and treatment with an electrophile provides a powerful synthetic alternative to direct electrophilic aromatic ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In cellular biology, proteins act as intracellular signaling molecules by activating another protein in a signaling pathway. In order to do this, proteins can switch between active and inactive states, thus acting as molecular switches in response to another signal. For example, phosphorylation of proteins can be used ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
It is a common observation that when oil and water are poured into the same container, they separate into two phases or layers, because they are immiscible. In general, aqueous (or water-based) solutions, being polar, are immiscible with non-polar organic solvents (cooking oil, chloroform, toluene, hexane etc.) and fo... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are 3 types of tumor suppressor genes:
* Genes that affect cell growth
* Genes that limit the cell cycle and induce apoptosis
* Genes that repair damaged DNA
SFRP1 appears to fall in the first category of genes, those that affect cell growth.
The role of SFRP1 as a tumor suppressor has been proposed in many ca... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Prokaryotic cells have various shapes; the four basic shapes of bacteria are:
* Cocci – A bacterium that is spherical or ovoid is called a coccus (Plural, cocci). e.g. Streptococcus, Staphylococcus.
* Bacilli – A bacterium with cylindrical shape called rod or a bacillus (Plural, bacilli).
* Spiral bacteria – Some rods ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
KAP1 can regulate genomic transcription through a variety of mechanisms, many of which remain somewhat unclear. Studies have shown that KAP1 can repress transcription by binding directly to the genome (which can be sufficient in and of itself) or through the induction of heterochromatin formation via the Mi2α-SETB1-HP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first high-volume product (> 5Mio actuators / year) is an automotive valve used to control low pressure pneumatic bladders in a car seat that adjust the contour of the lumbar support / bolsters. The overall benefits of SMA over traditionally-used solenoids in this application (lower noise/EMC/weight/form factor/pow... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The C metabolic pathway is a valuable recent evolutionary innovation in plants, involving a complex set of adaptive changes to physiology and gene expression patterns. About 7600 species of plants use carbon fixation, which represents about 3% of all terrestrial species of plants. All these 7600 species are angiosper... | 5 | Photochemistry |
5-guanosyl-methylene-triphosphate (GDPCP) and 5-adenosyl-methylene-triphosphate (ADPCP) are analogues of guanosine 5-triphosphate (GTP) and adenosine 5-triphosphate (ATP), which store chemical energy from metabolism in the cell. Hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) such as ATP and GTP yields energy, inorganic ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first attempt for the total synthesis of hydrastine was reported by Sir Robert Robinson and co-workers in 1931. Following studies where the synthesis of the key lactonic amide intermediate (structure 4 in figure) was the most troublesome, the major breakthrough was achieved in 1981 when J. R. Falck and co-workers r... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sonoporation is performed with a dedicated sonoporator. Sonoporation may also be performed with custom-built piezoelectric transducers connected to bench-top function generators and acoustic amplifiers. Standard ultrasound medical devices may also be used in some applications.
Measurement of the acoustics used in sonop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The nucleosome contains over 120 direct protein-DNA interactions and several hundred water-mediated ones. Direct protein - DNA interactions are not spread evenly about the octamer surface but rather located at discrete sites. These are due to the formation of two types of DNA binding sites within the octamer; the α1α1 ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another approach is low-pressure high-recovery multistage RO (LPHR). It produces concentrated brine and freshwater by cycling the output repeatedly through a relatively porous membrane at relatively low pressure. Each cycle removes additional impurities. Once the output is relatively pure, it is sent through a conventi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Water vapor is a greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere, responsible for 70% of the known absorption of incoming sunlight, particularly in the infrared region, and about 60% of the atmospheric absorption of thermal radiation by the Earth known as the greenhouse effect. It is also an important factor in multispectral ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In molecular biology, SNP array is a type of DNA microarray which is used to detect polymorphisms within a population. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), a variation at a single site in DNA, is the most frequent type of variation in the genome. Around 335 million SNPs have been identified in the human genome, 15 m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pulse electrolysis is an alternate electrolysis method that utilises a pulsed direct current to initiate non-spontaneous chemical reactions. Also known as pulsed direct current (PDC) electrolysis, the increased number of variables that it introduces to the electrolysis method can change the application of the current t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Nocturnal passive radiative cooling has been recognized for thousands of years, with records showing awareness by the ancient Iranians, demonstrated through the construction of Yakhchāls, since 400 B.C.E.
Passive daytime radiative cooling was hypothesized by Félix Trombe in 1967. The first experimental setup was create... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The conformation assumed by a polymer chain in dilute solution can be modeled as a random walk of monomer subunits using a freely jointed chain model. However, this model does not account for steric effects. Real polymer coils are more closely represented by a self-avoiding walk because conformations in which different... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Surface diffusion kinetics can be thought of in terms of adatoms residing at adsorption sites on a 2D lattice, moving between adjacent (nearest-neighbor) adsorption sites by a jumping process. The jump rate is characterized by an attempt frequency and a thermodynamic factor that dictates the probability of an attempt r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chalconatronite is a carbonate mineral and rare secondary copper mineral that contains copper, sodium, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, its chemical formula is NaCu(CO)•3(HO). Chalconatronite is partially soluble in water, and only decomposes, although chalconatronite is soluble while cold, in dilute acids. The name comes... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The most common radical in the lower atmosphere is molecular dioxygen. Photodissociation of source molecules produces other radicals. In the lower atmosphere, important radical are produced by the photodissociation of nitrogen dioxide to an oxygen atom and nitric oxide (see below), which plays a key role in smog forma... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
and other lanthanide phthalocyanines are of interest in the development of organic thin-film field-effect transistors.
derivatives can be selected to change color in the presence of certain molecules, such as in gas detectors; for example, the thioether derivative changes from green to brownish-purple in the presence... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A persistent carbene (also known as stable carbene) is an organic molecule whose natural resonance structure has a carbon atom with incomplete octet (a carbene), but does not exhibit the tremendous instability typically associated with such moieties. The best-known examples and by far largest subgroup are the N-hetero... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPES) is a surface science technique used to study the unoccupied electronic structure of surfaces, thin films, and adsorbates. A well-collimated beam of electrons of a well defined energy (< 20 eV) is directed at the sample. These electrons couple to high-lying unoccupied electronic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Methyl chloroformate hydrolyzes in water to form methanol, hydrochloric acid, and carbon dioxide. This decomposition happens violently in the presence of steam, causing foaming. The compound decomposes in heat, which can liberate hydrogen chloride, phosgene, chlorine, or other toxic gases. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Disphenoidal or seesaw (also known as sawhorse) is a type of molecular geometry where there are four bonds to a central atom with overall C molecular symmetry. The name "seesaw" comes from the observation that it looks like a playground seesaw. Most commonly, four bonds to a central atom result in tetrahedral or, less ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In chronic toxicity, people have primarily neurological symptoms which include nystagmus, tremor, hyperreflexia, ataxia, and change in mental status. During chronic toxicity, the gastrointestinal symptoms seen in acute toxicity are less prominent. The symptoms are often vague and nonspecific. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the brain, cholesterol is synthesized in astrocytes and transported to neurons with the cholesterol transport protein apolipoprotein E (apoE). The cholesterol controls the clustering of amyloid precursor protein with gamma secretase in GM1 lipid domains. High cholesterol induces APP hydrolysis and the eventual accum... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flutamide has been found to be effective in the treatment of hirsutism (excessive body/facial hair growth) in numerous studies. It possesses moderate effectiveness for this indication, and the overall quality of the evidence is considered to be moderate. The medication shows equivalent or superior effectiveness to othe... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Meixner test (also known as the Wieland test) uses concentrated hydrochloric acid and newspaper to test for the deadly amatoxins found in some species of Amanita, Lepiota, and Galerina. The test yields false positives for some compounds, such as psilocin. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The BioCyc database collection is an assortment of organism specific Pathway/Genome Databases (PGDBs) that provide reference to genome and metabolic pathway information for thousands of organisms. As of July 2023, there were over 20,040 databases within BioCyc. SRI International, based in Menlo Park, California, mainta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most species have a negligible vapour pressure at such low temperatures, and this means that they quickly condense on the sides of the apparatus. Essentially, the CRESU technique provides a "wall-less flow tube", which allows the kinetics of gas-phase reactions to be investigated at much lower temperatures than otherwi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One use of PIDA is in the preparation of similar reagents by substitution of the acetate groups. For example, it can be used to prepare (bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene (phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate), PIFA) by heating in trifluoroacetic acid:
PIFA can be used to carry out the Hofmann rearrangement under mil... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first pass through the hepatic portal vein results in some of the drug being metabolized by O-demethylation into an active metabolite of dextromethorphan called dextrorphan, the 3-hydroxy derivative of dextromethorphan. The therapeutic activity of dextromethorphan is believed to be caused by both the drug and this ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In the Black Sea, sapropels are distributed at a depth of 500 to 2200 m, and in different morpholithological zones they have different thicknesses. Deep sea sediments are called the sediments formed outside the zone of influence of hydrogenic factors such as wind-driven waves and internal waves as well as of the transg... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In the 1960s it was headquartered at 17 Belgrave Square in the City of Westminster. In the 1970s it moved to Northway House on the A1000 (High Road) in north London. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Typical dispersities vary based on the mechanism of polymerization and can be affected by a variety of reaction conditions. In synthetic polymers, it can vary greatly due to reactant ratio, how close the polymerization went to completion, etc. For typical addition polymerization, Đ can range around 5 to 20. For typical... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Via the process of hydrogenation, unsaturated N-containing functional groups are reduced to amines using hydrogen in the presence of a nickel catalyst. Suitable groups include nitriles, azides, imines including oximes, amides, and nitro. In the case of nitriles, reactions are sensitive to acidic or alkaline conditions,... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Energy transmission with a rotating shaft is very common in engineering practice. Often the torque T applied to the shaft is constant which means that the force F applied is constant. For a specified constant torque, the work done during n revolutions is determined as follows: A force F acting through a moment arm r ge... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio or C:N ratio) is a ratio of the mass of carbon to the mass of nitrogen in organic residues. It can, amongst other things, be used in analysing sediments and soil including soil organic matter and soil amendments such as compost. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Phenols represent a kind of enol. For some phenols and related compounds, the keto tautomer plays an important role. Many of the reactions of resorcinol involve the keto tautomer, for example. Naphthalene-1,4-diol exists in observable equilibrium with the diketone tetrahydronaphthalene-1,4-dione. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071209060605/http://cus.cam.ac.uk/~jld1/lists/ Cambridge University Officers] | 8 | Metallurgy |
Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor (a state of substance below critical temperature) that occurs at temperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure. Evaporation occurs on the surface. Evaporation only occurs when the partial pressure of vapor of a substance is less than the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the United States, Valeant raised the cost of the medication from about US$500 to US$24,000 per month in 2016. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
CDI can be prepared straightforwardly by the reaction of phosgene with four equivalents of imidazole under anhydrous conditions. Removal of the side product, imidazolium chloride, and solvent results in the crystalline product in ~90% yield.
:4 CHN + C(O)Cl → (CHN)CO + 2 [CHNH]Cl
In this conversion, the imidazo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Drospirenone is available in the following formulations, brand names, and indications:
* Drospirenone 4 mg (Slynd) – progestogen-only birth control pill
* Drospirenone 3 mg and estetrol 14.2 mg (Nextstellis (US)) – combined birth control pill
* Ethinylestradiol 30 μg and drospirenone 3 mg (Ocella, Syeda, Yasmin, Zarah,... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Lichens cover about 7% of the planet's surface and grow on and in a wide range of substrates and habitats, including some of the most extreme conditions on earth. They are abundant growing on bark, leaves, and hanging from epiphyte branches in rain forests and in temperate woodland. They grow on bare rock, walls, grave... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Appointed to a teaching position at Birkbeck College, University of London, Ferrier's focus turned from polysaccharides to monosaccharides. New laboratory tools and methods enabled their reactions and mechanisms to be studied like normal organic compounds, rather than a separate field, and he pioneered this approach. I... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Volatilization methods can be either direct or indirect. Water eliminated in a quantitative manner from many inorganic substances by ignition is an example of a direct determination. It is collected on a solid desiccant and its mass determined by the gain in mass of the desiccant.
Another direct volatilization method i... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When a photon hits a piece of semiconductor, one of three things can happen:
# The photon can pass straight through the semiconductor — this (generally) happens for lower energy photons.
# The photon can reflect off the surface.
# The photon can be absorbed by the semiconductor if the photon energy is higher than the b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bitumen was used starting in the 1960s as a hydrophobic matrix aiming to encapsulate radioactive waste such as medium-activity salts (mainly soluble sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate) produced by the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuels or radioactive sludges from sedimentation ponds. Bituminised radioactive waste conta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In humans, L-2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria was the first disease linked to a missing metabolite repair enzyme. Mutations in the L2HGDH gene cause accumulation of L-2-hydroxyglutarate, which is a structural analog to glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate and presumably inhibits other enzymes or transporters. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In E2 elimination reactions, a base abstracts a proton that is beta to a leaving group, such as a halide. The removal of the proton and the loss of the leaving group occur in a single, concerted step to form a new double bond. When a small, unhindered base – such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, or sodium ethoxid... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The ancestry of each present day cell presumably traces back, in an unbroken lineage for over 3 billion years to the origin of life. It is not actually cells that are immortal but multi-generational cell lineages. The immortality of a cell lineage depends on the maintenance of cell division potential. This potential ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Collision in diluted gas or liquid solution is regulated by diffusion instead of direct collisions, which can be calculated from Fick's laws of diffusion. Theoretical models to calculate the collision frequency in solutions have been proposed by Marian Smoluchowski in a seminal 1916 publication at the infinite time lim... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Measurement of VOCs from the indoor air is done with sorption tubes e. g. Tenax (for VOCs and SVOCs) or DNPH-cartridges (for carbonyl-compounds) or air detector. The VOCs adsorb on these materials and are afterwards desorbed either thermally (Tenax) or by elution (DNPH) and then analyzed by GC-MS/FID or HPLC. Reference... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As one of the primary segments of the guidelines, there are several essential parts on the checklist for the qPCR process itself. This includes the full set of conditions used for the reaction, the volume of both the reaction and the cDNA, the concentrations for the probes, magnesium ions, and dNTPs, what kind of polym... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, an enantiomer (/ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər; from Ancient Greek ἐναντίος (enantíos) opposite, and μέρος (méros) part) – also called optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode – is one of two stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable onto their own mirror image. Enantiomers are much like one's... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Release of other organisms that fight the pest is another example of an alternative to pesticide use. These organisms can include natural predators or parasites of the pests. Biological pesticides based on entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses causing disease in the pest species can also be used. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The overall process of corrosion can be represented by a bimodal function, where the type of corrosion varies with time, including both oxygen-driven and anaerobic mechanisms. The dominant process will depend on the given conditions. During oxygen-driven corrosion, layers of rust form, creating various non-homogenous a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In ecology, base-richness is the level of chemical bases in water or soil, such as calcium or magnesium ions. Many organisms<nowiki/> prefer base-rich environments. Chemical bases are alkalis, hence base-rich environments are either neutral or alkaline. Because acid-rich environments have few bases, they are dominate... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The problem of close-packing of spheres was first mathematically analyzed by Thomas Harriot around 1587, after a question on piling cannonballs on ships was posed to him by Sir Walter Raleigh on their expedition to America.
Cannonballs were usually piled in a rectangular or triangular wooden frame, forming a three-sid... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
ZMPSTE24 is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a metallopeptidase. It is involved in the processing of lamin A. Defects in the ZMPSTE24 gene lead to similar laminopathies as defects in lamin A, because the latter is a substrate for the former. In humans, a mutation abolishing the ZMPSTE24 cleavage site ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jiří Drahoš was born on 20 February 1949 in Český Těšín to a Czech father originally from Skuteč in Vysočina, and a Polish mother from Jablunkov. He spent most of his childhood in Jablunkov, where his mother Anna lived and worked as a nurse. His father, also named Jiří, was a teacher in a local Czech school.
Drahoš stu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The capacity of some compounds to change in function of the pH was known since the sixteenth century. This effect was even known before the development of acid-base theory. Those are found in a wide range of plants like roses, cornflowers, primroses and violets. Robert Boyle was the first person to describe this effect... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Virokines are proteins encoded by some large DNA viruses that are secreted by the host cell and serve to evade the host's immune system. Such proteins are referred to as virokines if they resemble cytokines, growth factors, or complement regulators; the term viroceptor is sometimes used if the proteins resemble cellula... | 1 | Biochemistry |
K. C. Nicolaou has received numerous awards and honors including:
* 2021 Robert Koch Gold Medal (Germany)
* 2016 Wolf Prize in Chemistry (Israel)
* 2011 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry (Franklin Institute USA)
* 2005 Arthur C. Cope Award (USA)
* 2003 Nobel Laureate Signature Award in Graduate Education (with Phil ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the United States, modafinil is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance under US federal law. This means that the drug has a low potential for abuse and dependence compared to other controlled substances. However, it still requires a prescription from a licensed healthcare provider to obtain.
It is illegal ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Competing with the generation of electrons is the downconversion of optical phonons into multiple acoustic phonons. The coupling arises from the crystal Hamiltonian (H) expanded in terms of the ionic displacement () from the equilibrium position () of atom i in direction in direction, i.e.,
where is the ground-state... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The human gastrointestinal tract is around long. Food digestion physiology varies between individuals and upon other factors such as the characteristics of the food and size of the meal, and the process of digestion normally takes between 24 and 72 hours.
Digestion begins in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The officers of the IDDRG are the current President, Vice-Presidents, General Secretary, Treasurer, and active Past-Presidents. The officers of the IDDRG comprise the Executive Committee. The vice-presidents are selected for their expertise and to represent, as far as possible, the geographic distribution of the member... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A number of methods exist in the literature for the preparation of diazirines, which begin from a variety of reagents. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of SFRP1 occurs frequently during the pathogenesis of human cancers and has been found to be one of the primary mechanisms in SFRP1 down-regulation. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) is able to detect this epigenetic change and could be used for cancer detection. Detection and quantifi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, aminobenzal is a functional group which is composed of a cyclic ketal of a diol with 4-dimethylaminobenzylidene. It is seen in triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The screw axis is noted by a number, n, where the angle of rotation is . The degree of translation is then added as a subscript showing how far along the axis the translation is, as a portion of the parallel lattice vector. For example, 2 is a 180° (twofold) rotation followed by a translation of of the lattice vector... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cytokines are somnogenic and are likely key mediators of sleep responses to infection and food. Some proinflammatory cytokines correlate with daytime sleepiness. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many specialized methods also yield amides. A variety of reagents, e.g. tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) borate have been developed for specialized applications. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In phase-II metabolizing includes glucuronidation and sulfation of the mycoestrogen compound. Glucuronidation is the major phase II metabolic pathway. The transferase UGT (5-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase) adds a glucuronic acid group sourced from uridine 5-diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glycosylation reactions are very important reactions in carbohydrate chemistry, leading to the synthesis of oligosaccharides, preferably in a stereoselective manner. The stereoselectivity of these reactions has been shown to be affected by both the nature and the configuration of the protecting group at C-2 on the glyc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ATP is a molecule found only in and around living cells, and as such it gives a direct measure of biological concentration and health. ATP is quantified by measuring the light produced through its reaction with the naturally-occurring firefly enzyme luciferase using a luminometer. The amount of light produced is direct... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Depending on the field of literature being surveyed, one might encounter the same compound referred to with different chemical formulas. An example of the most common difference is XYZ versus XYZ, where the labels of the two transition metals X and Y in the compound are swapped. The traditional convention XYZ arises f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
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