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Friedrich Wöhler discovered that an organic substance, urea, could be produced from inorganic starting materials in 1828. That was an important conceptual milestone in chemistry by being the first example of a synthesis of a substance that had been known only as a byproduct of living processes. Wöhler obtained urea by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Trimethyl orthoformate and triethylorthoacetate are reagents. Another example is the bicyclic OBO protecting group (4-methyl-2,6,7-trioxa-bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl) which is formed by the action of (3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methanol on activated carboxylic acids in the presence of Lewis acids. The group is base stable and ca... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lead(II) fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula PbF. It is a white solid. The compound is polymorphic, at ambient temperatures it exists in orthorhombic (PbCl type) form, while at high temperatures it is cubic (Fluorite type). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first step in understanding the chemistry of freshwater is to establish the relevant concentrations of the parameters of interest. Conventionally this is done by taking representative samples of the water for subsequent analysis in a laboratory. However, in-situ monitoring using hand-held analytical equipment or us... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Vis viva (from the Latin for "living force") is a historical term used to describe a quantity similar to kinetic energy in an early formulation of the principle of conservation of energy. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Human intestinal microbiota contribute to the etiology of colorectal cancer via their metabolome. In particular, the conversion of primary bile acids to secondary bile acids as a consequence of bacterial metabolism in the colon promotes carcinogenesis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Recent research suggests that cAMP affects the function of higher-order thinking in the prefrontal cortex through its regulation of ion channels called hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (HCN). When cAMP stimulates the HCN, the channels open, This research, especially the cognitive deficits in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a proposed "carbon dioxide removal (CDR) method that involves deposition of alkaline minerals or their dissociation products at the ocean surface". The process would increase surface total alkalinity. It would work to increase ocean absorption of . The process involves increasing t... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In geometry and crystallography, a Bravais lattice, named after , is an infinite array of discrete points generated by a set of discrete translation operations described in three dimensional space by
where the n are any integers, and a are primitive translation vectors, or primitive vectors, which lie in different dire... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Two examples of natural phosphoramidates are phosphocreatine and the phosphoramidate formed when histidine residues in histidine kinases are phosphorylated.
An example of a phosphorodiamidate is morpholino which is used in molecular biology. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Besides having adequate dentinal moisture, agitation of the primers during application of two-step etch-and-rinse adhesives may be critical for optimal penetration into the demineralized collagen fibres. It also may aid the evaporation of residual water in the adhesive and hybrid layers, thus preventing nano leakage.
I... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Kagome () is a traditional Japanese woven bamboo pattern; its name is composed from the words kago, meaning "basket", and me, meaning "eye(s)", referring to the pattern of holes in a woven basket.
The kagome pattern is common in bamboo weaving in East Asia. In 2022, archaeologists found bamboo weaving remains at the Do... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the context of coding theory, can be constructed by measuring the expected number of extra bits required to code samples from using a code optimized for rather than the code optimized for . | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A portable, advanced sensor based on infrared spectroscopy in a hollow fiber matched to a silicon-micromachined fast gas chromatography column can analyze illegal stimulants and precursors with nanogram-level sensitivity.
Raman spectroscopy has been successfully tested to detect explosives and their precursors.
Technol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several aspects of FAIRE-seq that require attention when analysing and interpreting the data. For one, it has been stated that FAIRE-seq will have a higher coverage at enhancer regions over promoter regions. This is in contrast to the alternative method of DNase-seq who is known to show a higher sensitivity t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Beridze was awarded the Order of Honour of Georgia in 1999. He was awarded the Serge Durmishidze prize in Biochemistry in 2009. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ORNL conducted FACE experiments where levels were increased above ambient levels in forest stands. These experiments showed:
* Increased root production stimulated by increased , resulting in more soil carbon.
* An initial increase of net primary productivity, which was not sustained.
* Faster decline in nitrogen ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Fluxing salt, like chlorides are also liquid inclusions. They come from flux treatments added to the melt for cleaning. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Peters four-step chemistry is a systematically reduced mechanism for methane combustion, named after Norbert Peters, who derived it in 1985. The mechanism reads as
The mechanism predicted four different regimes where each reaction takes place. The third reaction, known as radical consumption layer, where most of the he... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A study was conducted to define the pharmacological response of humans to ractopamine. A single oral dose of 40 mg of ractopamine hydrochloride was given to human volunteers. The drug was rapidly absorbed; the mean blood plasma half-life was around 4 hrs and it was not detected in plasma 24 hrs after dosing. Less than ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Targeted gene knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 requires the use of a delivery system to introduce the sgRNA and Cas9 into the cell. Although a number of different delivery systems are potentially available for CRISPR, genome-wide loss-of-function screens are predominantly carried out using third generation lentiviral vectors... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Middle-of-house testing is a new development, started by The Loop in the UK. Testing happens on-site, but without face-to-face interaction with the public. Samples from medical incidents are tested and alerts can be issued after multiple incidents with a trend are identified. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An enzyme modulator is a type of drug which modulates enzymes. They include enzyme inhibitors and enzyme inducers. In an homogeneous assay, "an enzyme modulator ... is covalently linked to the ligand which competes with free ligand from the test sample for the available antibodies." | 1 | Biochemistry |
HPLC detectors fall into two main categories: universal or selective. Universal detectors typically measure a bulk property (e.g., refractive index) by measuring a difference of a physical property between the mobile phase and mobile phase with solute while selective detectors measure a solute property (e.g., UV-Vis ab... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Devapamil is a calcium channel blocker. It is also known as desmethoxyverapamil, which is a phenylalkylamine (PAA) derivative. Devapamil not only inhibits by blocking the calcium gated channels, but also by depolarizing the membrane during the sodium-potassium exchanges. | 1 | Biochemistry |
*McGannon, Harold E. editor (1971). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Ninth Edition. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: United States Steel Corporation.
*Smil, Vaclav (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tl23A0mCPLUC Transforming the twentieth century: technical innovations and their consequences, Volume 2]. Oxfo... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Crick, Brenner, Barnett and Watts-Tobin experiment first demonstrated that codons consist of three DNA bases.
Marshall Nirenberg and J. Heinrich Matthaei were the first to reveal the nature of a codon in 1961. They used a cell-free system to translate a poly-uracil RNA sequence (i.e., UUUUU...) and discovered that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Iron is also potentially toxic. Its ability to donate and accept electrons means that it can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures, and ultimately kill the cell.
Iron bound to proteins or cofactors such as heme is safe. A... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The tool has a crucial part to creation of the final product. The tool consists of two main functions:
# Localized heating
# Material flow
The tool at its most simplest form consist of a shoulder, a small cylinder with a diameter of 50 mm, and a pin, a small threaded cylinder similar to a drill. The tool itself has b... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A superconductor can be Type I, meaning it has a single critical field, above which all superconductivity is lost and below which the magnetic field is completely expelled from the superconductor; or Type II, meaning it has two critical fields, between which it allows partial penetration of the magnetic field through i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Exposure to pyridine would normally lead to its inhalation and absorption in the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, where it either remains unchanged or is metabolized. The major products of pyridine metabolism are N-methylpyridiniumhydroxide, which are formed by N-methyltransferases (e.g., pyridine N-methyltransferase)... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Caspases cleave keratin 18 at two sites during apoptosis. Cleavage at Asp396 generates a neo-epitope recognized by the monoclonal antibody M30®. This antibody does not recognize uncleaved K18 and is therefore specific for apoptotic epithelial cells. M30 Apoptosense® ELISA utilizes a second monoclonal antibody (M5) whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gene therapy utilizes the delivery of DNA into cells, which can be accomplished by several methods, summarized below. The two major classes of methods are those that use recombinant viruses (sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viral vectors) and those that use naked DNA or DNA complexes (non-viral methods). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Preparation of McIlvaine buffer requires disodium phosphate and citric acid. One liter of 0.2M stock solution of disodium hydroxyphosphate can be prepared by dissolving 28.38g of disodium phosphate in water, and adding a quantity of water sufficient to make one liter. One liter of 0.1M stock solution of citric acid can... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A cloning vector need not contain suitable elements for the expression of a cloned target gene, such as a promoter and ribosomal binding site (RBS), many however do, and may then work as an expression vector. The target DNA may be inserted into a site that is under the control of a particular promoter necessary for t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Levonorgestrel acetate (LNG-A), or levonorgestrel 17β-acetate, also known as 3-ketonorgestimate, is a progestin which was never marketed. It is a progestogen ester and is the C17β acetate ester and a prodrug of levonorgestrel. Norgestimate is the C3 oxime of LNG-A. The drug is a minor active metabolite of norgestimate,... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Along adiabatic and isentropic processes, such as those theoretically associated with pumping processes in transcritical cycles, the enthalpy difference across both a compression and an expansion is computed as:
Consequently, a working fluid with a lower specific volume (hence higher density) can inevitably be compress... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Extraction in chemistry is a separation process consisting of the separation of a substance from a matrix. The distribution of a solute between two phases is an equilibrium condition described by partition theory. This is based on exactly how the analyte moves from the initial solvent into the extracting solvent. The t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
* The recA1 mutation is a single point mutation that replaces glycine 160 of the recA polypeptide with an aspartic acid residue in order to disable the activity of the recombinases and inactivate homologous recombination.
* The endA1 mutation inactivates an intracellular endonuclease to prevent it from degrading the in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Muon spin spectroscopy, also known as µSR, is an experimental technique based on the implantation of spin-polarized muons in matter and on the detection of the influence of the atomic, molecular or crystalline surroundings on their spin motion. The motion of the muon spin is due to the magnetic field experienced by the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gustavo R. Paz-Pujalt (born 1954) is a Peruvian American scientist and inventor. He holds 45 US patents and 59 international patents mainly in the areas of remote sensing, thin films, sensors, and upconversion materials. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aerobic fermentation is essential for multiple industries, resulting in human domestication of several yeast strains. Beer and other alcoholic beverages, throughout human history, have played a significant role in society through drinking rituals, providing nutrition, medicine, and uncontaminated water. During the do... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Various techniques are available for strengthening concrete structures, to increase the load-carrying capacity or else to improve the in-service performance. These include increasing the concrete cross-section and adding material such as steel plate or fiber composites to enhance the tensile capacity or increase the co... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The involvement of toll signalling in immunity was first demonstrated in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Fruit flies have only innate immune responses allowing studies to avoid interference of adaptive immune mechanisms on signal transduction. The fly response to fungal or bacterial infection occurs through two... | 1 | Biochemistry |
LaNi has a calcium pentacopper (CaCu) type crystal structure, with a hexagonal lattice, space group is P6/mmm (No. 191), with lanthanum atom is located at coordinate origin 1a (0,0,0), two nickel atoms are located at 2c (1/ 3,2/3,0) and (2/3,1/3,0), the other three at 3g (1/2,0,1/2), (0,1/2,1/2), (1/2,1/2,1/2), with a=... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Numerous ion channels undergo palmitoylation, a lipid modification process. Moreover, a significant subset of ion channels demonstrate a direct affinity for cholesterol binding. The regulation of ion channels by cholesterol can stem from both direct binding interactions and an indirect influence, facilitated by the loc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alessandro Volta, a contemporary physicist, believed that the effect was explicable not by any vital force but rather it was the presence of two different metals that was generating the electricity. Volta demonstrated his theory by creating the first chemical electric battery. Despite their differences in opinion, Volt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Researchers work in the Chesapeake Bay to collect information about water quality, plant and animal abundances, shoreline erosion, tides, waves, and harmful algal blooms. For example, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science monitors the abundance of submerged aquatic vegetation in the shallow areas of the Chesapeake B... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are also other types of interactions that generalize the idea of interacting p orbitals in a conjugated system. The concept of hyperconjugation holds that certain σ bonds can also delocalize into a low-lying unoccupied orbital of a π system or an unoccupied p orbital. Hyperconjugation is commonly invoked to expl... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Members of the chemokine family are divided into four groups depending on the spacing of their first two cysteine residues. Thus the nomenclature for chemokines is, e.g.: CCL1 for the ligand 1 of the CC-family of chemokines, and CCR1 for its respective receptor. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chlorinated paraffins are synthesized by reaction of chlorine gas with unbranched paraffin fractions (<2 % isoparaffins, <100 ppm aromatics) at a temperature of 80–100 °C. The radical substitution may be promoted by UV-light.
: CH + y Cl → CHCl + y HCl
When the desired degree of chlorination is achieved, residues of hy... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Trail pheromones are semiochemicals secreted from the body of an individual to affect the behavior of another individual receiving it. Trail pheromones often serve as a multi purpose chemical secretion that leads members of its own species towards a food source, while representing a territorial mark in the form of an a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The chloroplastida chloroplasts, or green chloroplasts, are another large, highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage. Their host organisms are commonly known as green algae and land plants. They differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes, and contain chlorophyll b in... | 5 | Photochemistry |
There have been reported cases of blood alcohol content higher than 1%:
* In 1982, a 24-year-old woman was admitted to the UCLA emergency room with a serum alcohol content of 1.51%, corresponding to a blood alcohol content of 1.33%. She was alert and oriented to person and place and survived. Serum alcohol concentratio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Research on accurately modeling rates of mutation has been conducted for many years. A recent paper by Ziheng Yang and Rasmus Nielsen compared various methods and developed a new modeling method. They found that the new method was preferable for its smaller biases, which make it useful for large scale screening, but th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP) is an open-source software tool used in atmospheric chemistry. Taking a set of chemical reactions and their rate coefficients as input, KPP generates Fortran 90, FORTRAN 77, C, or Matlab code
of the resulting ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Solving the ODEs allows the temporal in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved tramadol in March 1995, and an extended-release (ER) formulation in September 2005. ER Tramadol was protected by US patents nos. 6,254,887 and 7,074,430. The FDA listed the patents' expiration as 10 May 2014. However, in August 2009, US District Court for the Distric... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
TNP-ATP is a fluorescent molecule that is able to determine whether a protein binds to ATP, and the constants associated with that binding. It is primarily used in fluorescence spectroscopy, but is also very useful as an acceptor molecule in FRET, and as a fluorescent probe in fluorescence microscopy and X-ray crystall... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bacteriophage Φ6, is a member of the Cystoviridae family. It infects Pseudomonas bacteria (typically plant-pathogenic P. syringae). It has a three-part, segmented, double-stranded RNA genome, totalling ~13.5 kb in length. Φ6 and its relatives have a lipid membrane around their nucleocapsid, a rare trait among bacteriop... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SIDIS measurements were pioneered at DESY by the HERMES experiment. They are currently (2021) being carried out at CERN by the COMPASS experiment and several experiments at Jefferson Lab. SIDIS will be an important technique used in the future Electron Ion Collider scientific program. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Mission of the International Deep Drawing Research Group ([http://www.iddrg.com IDDRG]) is to co-ordinate research and development work in sheet metal forming, to bring together scientists, researchers and industrialists working on these fields all over the World, to provide open and scientifically highly acknowled... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (known as Ruppert-Prakash reagent, TMSCF) is an organosilicon compound with the formula CFSi(CH). It is a colorless liquid. The compound is a reagent used in organic chemistry for the introduction of the trifluoromethyl group. The compound was first prepared in 1984 by Ingo Ruppert and f... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Alkyl groups have a low to zero value for F but sensible values for R. This is most commonly explained by hyperconjugation, meaning little to no inductive effects but partial resonance effects.
CF has a much higher R/F ratio than other substituents with high degrees of conjugation. This was studied in greater detail ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synthetic approaches to CYN started with the piperidine ring (A), and progressed to annulation of rings B and C. The first total synthesis of CYN was reported in 2000 through a 20-step process.
Improvements to synthetic methods led to a revision of the stereochemistry of CYN in 2001. A synthetic process controlling eac... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Uranium rhodium germanium (URhGe) is the first discovered metal that becomes superconducting in the presence of an extremely strong electromagnetic field. Very unlike other superconducting materials, whose superconducting properties can be lost due to strong magnetic fields, uranium rhodium germanium actually regains s... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The nine-membered enediynes are also referred to as chromoproteins because they have an attached protein as a variable group. This protein is necessary for transport and stabilization of the enediyne group. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sometime during human evolution, exogenous progenitors of HERV inserted themselves into germ line cells and then replicated along with the hosts genes using and exploiting the hosts cellular mechanisms. Because of their distinct genomic structure, HERVs were subjected to many rounds of amplification and transposition, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many sulfonic acids are prepared by hydrolysis of sulfonyl halides and related precursors. Thus, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid is prepared by hydrolysis of the sulfonyl fluoride, which in turn is generated by the electrofluorination of octanesulfonic acid. Similarly the sulfonyl chloride derived from polyethylene is hy... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). For selenium labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 70 μg, but as of May 27, 2016 it was revised to 55 μg. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Reference Daily Inta... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process of elongation is the synthesis of a copy of the DNA into messenger RNA. RNA Pol II matches complementary RNA nucleotides to the template DNA by Watson-Crick base pairing. These RNA nucleotides are ligated, resulting in a strand of messenger RNA.
Unlike DNA replication, mRNA transcription can involve multipl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Schisandra chinensis (S. chinensis) berries, originally a component of traditional herbal medicine in China, Korea, and other east Asian countries, are also valuable agents in modern phototherapy. S. chinensis berry preparations, including extracts and their chemical components, demonstrate anti-cancer, hepatoprotectiv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Formed by the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age, Frame Lake remained a relatively pure lake even as the area was settled and modern development impinged on it. The closure of its only outlet around 1970, however, led swiftly to its decline and eutrophication. By the end of the 20th century it could... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Catholic Church opposes all kinds of assisted reproductive technology and artificial contraception, on the grounds that they separate the procreative goal of marital sex from the goal of uniting married couples.
The Catholic Church permits the use of a small number of reproductive technologies and contraceptive met... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Both ASR and aerial respiration require fish to travel to the top of water column and this behaviour increases the predation risks by aerial predators or other piscivores inhabiting near the surface of the water. To cope with the increased predation risk upon surfacing, some fish perform ASR or aerial respiration in sc... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In radiobiology a broad or focused ion beam is used to study mechanisms of inter- and intra- cellular communication, signal transduction and DNA damage and repair. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Iron ores are overwhelmingly derived from ancient sediments known as banded iron formations (BIFs). These sediments are composed of iron oxide minerals deposited on the sea floor. Particular environmental conditions are needed to transport enough iron in sea water to form these deposits, such as acidic and oxygen-poor ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Short-chain CPs are classified as persistent and their physical properties (octanol-water partition coefficient (logK) 4.4–8, depending on the chlorination degree) imply a high potential for bioaccumulation. SCCPs are classified as toxic to aquatic organisms, and carcinogenic to rats and mice. Therefore, it was conclud... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Elemental iodine is an oxidizing irritant, and direct contact with skin can cause lesions, so iodine crystals should be handled with care. Solutions with high elemental iodine concentration such as tincture of iodine are capable of causing tissue damage if use for cleaning and antisepsis is prolonged. Although elementa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In botany, a stoma (: stomata, from Greek στόμα, "mouth"), also called a stomate (: stomates), is a pore found in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other organs, that controls the rate of gas exchange between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere. The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized parench... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The IsaKidd Technology is a copper electrorefining and electrowinning technology that was developed independently by Copper Refineries Proprietary Limited (“CRL”), a Townsville, Queensland, subsidiary of MIM Holdings Limited (which is now part of the Glencore group of companies), and at the Falconbridge Limited (“Falco... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Disorders of fatty acid metabolism can be described in terms of, for example, hypertriglyceridemia (too high level of triglycerides), or other types of hyperlipidemia. These may be familial or acquired.
Familial types of disorders of fatty acid metabolism are generally classified as inborn errors of lipid metabolism. T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A Grotrian diagram, or term diagram, shows the allowed electronic transitions between the energy levels of atoms. They can be used for one-electron and multi-electron atoms. They take into account the specific selection rules related to changes in angular momentum of the electron. The diagrams are named after Walter ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photodynamic detection is the use of photosensitive drugs with a light source of the right wavelength for the detection of cancer, using fluorescence of the drug. 5ALA, or derivatives thereof, can be used to visualize bladder cancer by fluorescence imaging. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Brenna was the key expert witness in the action of the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) against 2006 Tour de France first place finisher Floyd Landis, adjudicated in a hearing of the Tribunal Arbitral du Sport/Court for Arbitration in Sport held in Malibu, California. He testified to the accuracy of Carbon Isot... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There have been cases where people died after eating foods containing palytoxin or poisons similar to it. In the Philippines people died after eating Demania crabs. After eating bluestripe herring some people died in Madagascar. People who had eaten smoked mackerel and parrotfish experienced near fatal poisoning in Haw... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The process of soil formation is dominated by chemical weathering of silicate minerals, aided by acidic products of pioneering plants and organisms as well as carbonic acid inputs from the atmosphere. Carbonic acid is produced in the atmosphere and soil layers through the carbonation reaction.
This is the dominant form... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Condensation with ketones and aldehydes yields the corresponding N-tert-butanesulfinyl aldimines and ketimines. These intermediates are more resistant to hydrolysis than other imines but more reactive towards nucleophiles. A nucleophile adds diastereoselectively over the imine group in an electrophilic addition with th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Defects in the erythropoietin receptor may produce erythroleukemia and familial erythrocytosis. Overproduction of red blood cells increases a chance of adverse cardiovascular event, such as thrombosis and stroke.
Rarely, seemingly beneficial mutations in the EpoR may arise, where increased red blood cell number allows ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Macrocyclic rings containing sp centers display a conformational preference for the sp centers to avoid transannular nonbonded interactions by orienting perpendicular to the plan of the ring. Clark W. Still proposed that the ground state conformations of macrocyclic rings, containing the energy minimized orientation o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
, where is the enthalpy of the liquid and is the enthalpy of the vapour
By substituting the mass balance equation in above equation we get the following expression: | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Intelectins are lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) expressed in humans and other chordates. Humans express two types of intelectins encoded by ITLN1 and ITLN2 genes respectively. Several intelectins bind microbe-specific carbohydrate residues. Therefore, intelectins have been proposed to function as immune lecti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a reaction intermediate, or intermediate, is a molecular entity arising within the sequence of a stepwise chemical reaction. It is formed as the reaction product of an elementary step, from the reactants and/or preceding intermediates, but is consumed in a later step. It does not appear in the chemical e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The analytical determination of a functional additive has particular problems associated with it. The concentration of a functional additive may be low compared to other ingredients; therefore, it may be difficult to detect. Proprietary ingredients are especially difficult to correctly identify. The functional role of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Although vitamin D is present naturally in only a few foods, it is commonly added as a fortification in manufactured foods. In some countries, staple foods are artificially fortified with vitamin D. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fast Sulphon Black is purple when complexed with copper, and turns green when titrated against EDTA, as the EDTA displaces it, being the better complexing agent due to the chelate effect. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water based on the standards of its usage. It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards against which compliance, generally achieved through treatment of the water, can be assessed. The most common standards used to monit... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Another ancient idea dating back to Anaxagoras in the 5th century BC is panspermia, the idea that life exists throughout the universe, distributed by meteoroids, asteroids, comets and planetoids. It does not attempt to explain how life originated in itself, but shifts the origin of life on Earth to another heavenly bod... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Two clades of dsRNA viruses exist: the phylum Duplornaviricota and the class Duplopiviricetes, which is in the phylum Pisuviricota. Both are included in the kingdom Orthornavirae in the realm Riboviria. Based on phylogenetic analysis of RdRp, the two clades do not share a common dsRNA ancestor but are instead separatel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CAF formation is a process involving the transport of conductive chemistries across a nonmetallic substrate under the influence of an applied electric field. CAF is influenced by electric field strength, temperature (including soldering temperatures), humidity, laminate material, and the presence of manufacturing defec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Photoelectrochemistry has been intensively studied in the field of hydrogen production from water and solar energy. The photoelectrochemical splitting of water was historically discovered by Fujishima and Honda in 1972 onto TiO electrodes. Recently many materials have shown promising properties to split efficiently wat... | 5 | Photochemistry |
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