text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
In the last decades, the thermal efficiency of Rankine cycles increased drastically, especially for large scale applications fueled by coal: for these power plants, the application of ultrasupercritical layouts was the main factor to achieve the goal, since the higher pressure ratio ensures higher cycle efficiencies.
... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
CAM photosynthesis is also found in aquatic species in at least 4 genera, including: Isoetes, Crassula, Littorella, Sagittaria, and possibly Vallisneria, being found in a variety of species e.g. Isoetes howellii, Crassula aquatica.
These plants follow the same nocturnal acid accumulation and daytime deacidification as ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Motexafin gadolinium (proposed tradename Xcytrin) is an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase. It has been proposed as a possible chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of brain metastases. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Natural phenols are reactive species toward oxidation, notably the complex mixture of phenolics, found in food for example, can undergo autoxidation during the ageing process. Simple natural phenols can lead to the formation of B type proanthocyanidins in wines or in model solutions. This is correlated to the non-enzym... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Following the invention of X-ray crystallography techniques in the 1910s, the atomic structure of many compounds was investigated. Most metals have relatively simple structures. However, in 1923 Linus Pauling reported on the structure of the intermetallic NaCd, which had such a complicated structure he was unable to f... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Thiosulfate (IUPAC-recommended spelling; sometimes thiosulphate in British English) is an oxyanion of sulfur with the chemical formula . Thiosulfate also refers to the compounds containing this anion, which are the salts of thiosulfuric acid, e.g. sodium thiosulfate . Thiosulfate also refers to the esters of thiosulfur... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Physical biochemistry is a branch of biochemistry that deals with the theory, techniques, and methodology used to study the physical chemistry of biomolecules.
It also deals with the mathematical approaches for the analysis of biochemical reaction and the modelling of biological systems. It provides insight into the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Immediately prior to target introduction, the single stranded oligonucleotide library is often heated and cooled slowly to renature oligonucleotides into thermodynamically stable secondary and tertiary structures. Once prepared, the randomized library is incubated with immobilized target to allow oligonucleotide-target... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The zeroth law of thermodynamics describes thermal equilibrium between thermodynamic systems in form of an equivalence relation. Accordingly, all thermal systems may be divided into a quotient set, denoted as M. If the set M has the cardinality of c, then one can construct an injective function , by which every thermal... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For the case of a relativistic incident electron, the "magic" angle is defined by the equality of two different functions
(denoted below by and ) of the collection angle :
and
where is the speed of the incoming electron divided by the speed of light (N.B., the symbol is also often used in the older literature to den... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phycobilisomes are light-harvesting antennae that transmit the energy of harvested photons to photosystem II and photosystem I in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae and glaucophytes. They were lost during the evolution of the chloroplasts of green algae and plants. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Transfer RNA-like structures (tRNA-like structures) are RNA sequences, which have a similar tertiary structure to tRNA; they frequently contain a pseudoknot close to the 3' end. The presence of tRNA-like structures has been demonstrated in many plant virus RNA genomes. These tRNA-like structures are linked to regulatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), or nitrate/nitrite ammonification, is an anaerobic respiration process. Microbes which undertake DNRA oxidise organic matter and use nitrate as an electron acceptor, reducing it to nitrite, then ammonium (). Both denitrifying and nitrate ammonification bacteria will b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular biology, linker DNA is double-stranded DNA (38-53 base pairs long) in between two nucleosome cores that, in association with histone H1, holds the cores together. Linker DNA is seen as the string in the "beads and string model", which is made by using an ionic solution on the chromatin. Linker DNA connec... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If multiplexed paired-end sequencing is used, then demultiplexing needs to be done to sort reads for different samples to different files. After the demultiplexing, error correction and read pair elimination based on unique identifier and barcode matching of pairs can be done. Developers adapt the demultiplexing and er... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most plastic items, like packaging materials, are used briefly and only once. These rarely experience polymer degradation during their service-lives. Other items experience only gradual degradation from the natural environment. Some plastic items, however, can experience long service-lives in aggressive environments, p... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chromosome loops shown in the figure, bringing an enhancer to the promoter of its target gene, may be directed and formed by the eRNA transcribed from the enhancer after the enhancer is activated.
A transcribed enhancer RNA (eRNA) interacting with the complex of Mediator proteins (see Figure), especially Mediator s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Titanium tetrachloride is a versatile reagent that forms diverse derivatives including those illustrated below. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Selegiline is metabolized by cytochrome P450 to -desmethylselegiline and levomethamphetamine. Desmethylselegiline has some activity against MAO-B, but much less than that of selegiline. It is thought to be further metabolized by CYP2C19. Levomethamphetamine (the less potent of the two enantiomers of methamphetamine) is... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Lillie's trichrome is a combination of dyes used in histology.
It is similar to Massons trichrome stain, but it uses Biebrich scarlet for the plasma stain. It was initially published by Ralph D. Lillie in 1940. It is applied by submerging the fixated sample into the following three solutions: Weigerts iron hematoxylin ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like most amino acids, pipecolic acid is a chelating agent. One complex is Cu(HNCHCO)(HO).
Pipecolic acid was identified in the Murchison meteorite.
It also occurs in the leaves of the genus Myroxylon, a tree from South America. | 1 | Biochemistry |
β-TG levels may increase with age. It is elevated in diabetes mellitus.
β-TG levels have been found to be increased by treatment with the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol, though were not significantly increased by the natural estrogen estradiol valerate. Levels of β-TG have also been found to be increased or unchan... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lower-than-normal ceruloplasmin levels may indicate the following:
* Wilson disease (a rare [UK incidence 2/100,000] copper storage disease).
* Menkes disease (Menkes kinky hair syndrome) (rare – UK incidence 1/100,000)
* Copper deficiency
* Aceruloplasminemia
* Zinc toxicity | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reverberatory furnaces are long furnaces that can treat wet, dry, or roasted concentrate. Most of the reverberatory furnaces used in the latter years treated roasted concentrate because putting dry feed materials into the reverberatory furnace is more energy efficient, and because the elimination of some of the sulfur ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Although Unruh's prediction that an accelerating detector would see a thermal bath is not controversial, the interpretation of the transitions in the detector in the non-accelerating frame is. It is widely, although not universally, believed that each transition in the detector is accompanied by the emission of a parti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The flame point of a material is a temperature value at which sustained flame can be supported on the material once ignited by an external source. Once the flame point of a material is reached, it produces enough fuel vapors or oils to support continuous burning. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Prp24 interacts with the U6 snRNA via its RRMs. It has been shown through chemical modification testing that nucleotides 39–57 of U6 (40–43 in particular) are involved in binding Prp24.
The LSm proteins are in a consistent configuration on the U6 RNA. It has been proposed that the LSm proteins and Prp24 in... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In ancient times, cinobufacini, which is extracted from the skin and the parotid venom glands of toad of the bufo genus was used to treat symptoms like swelling and pain. In the present time, cinobufacinin injections are used to achieve satisfactory effect on Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in China. Bufothionine is a m... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radiolysis is the dissociation of molecules by ionizing radiation. It is the cleavage of one or several chemical bonds resulting from exposure to high-energy flux. The radiation in this context is associated with ionizing radiation; radiolysis is therefore distinguished from, for example, photolysis of the Cl molecule ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
With the 2006 adoption of the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) regulations in the European Union, California banning most uses of lead, and similar regulations elsewhere, the problem of tin pest has returned, since some manufacturers which previously used tin/lead alloys now use predominately tin-ba... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Gaia hypothesis (), also known as the Gaia theory, Gaia paradigm, or the Gaia principle, proposes that living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic and self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet.
The Gaia ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee is responsible for providing human gene naming guidelines and approving new, unique human gene names and symbols (short identifiers typically created by abbreviating). For some nonhuman species, model organism databases serve as central repositories of guidelines and help resources,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Let us consider the example of a system of charged particles subject to a constant external magnetic field: in this case the canonical time reversal operation that reverses the velocities and the time and keeps the coordinates untouched is no more a symmetry for the system. Under this consideration, it seems that only... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Allyltrimethylsilane is the organosilicon compound with the formula (CH)SiCHCH=CH. The molecule consists of the trimethylsilyl group attached to allyl group. This colorless liquid is used in organic synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
5-Methylcytosine (5-mC) is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine (see figure). 5-mC is an epigenetic marker found predominantly on cytosines within CpG dinucleotides, which consist of a cytosine is followed by a guanine reading in the 5′ to 3′ direction along the DNA strand (CpG sites). About 28 million CpG din... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This book covers underground mining and surveying. When a vein below ground is to be exploited a shaft is begun and a wooden shed with a windlass is placed above it. The tunnel dug at the bottom follows the vein and is just big enough for a man. The entire vein should be removed. Sometimes the tunnel eventually connect... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Parts-per notation is often used describing dilute solutions in chemistry, for instance, the relative abundance of dissolved minerals or pollutants in water. The quantity "1 ppm" can be used for a mass fraction if a water-borne pollutant is present at one-millionth of a gram per gram of sample solution. When working wi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Dynamic covalent reactions have recently been used in Systems chemistry to initiate signaling cascades by reversibly releasing protons. The dynamic nature of the reactions provides a suitable "on-off" switch-like nature to the cascade systems. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Acicular ferrite is a microstructure of ferrite in steel that is characterised by needle-shaped crystallites or grains when viewed in two dimensions. The grains, actually three-dimensional in shape, have a thin lenticular shape. This microstructure is advantageous over other microstructures for steel because of its cha... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Clathrate hydrates were discovered in 1810 by Humphry Davy. Clathrates were studied by P. Pfeiffer in 1927 and in 1930, E. Hertel defined "molecular compounds" as substances decomposed into individual components following the mass action law in solution or gas state. Clathrate hydrates were discovered to form blockages... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Like the ALR genes, the MRS2 gene was cloned and sequenced before it was identified as a Mg transporter. The MRS2 gene was identified in the nuclear genome of yeast in a screen for suppressors of a mitochondrial gene RNA splicing mutation, and was cloned and sequenced by Wiesenberger et al. (1992). Mrs2p was not identi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxygen-18 (, Ω) is a natural, stable isotope of oxygen and one of the environmental isotopes.
is an important precursor for the production of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) used in positron emission tomography (PET). Generally, in the radiopharmaceutical industry, enriched water () is bombarded with hydrogen ions in either ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Normality is defined as the number of gram or mole equivalents of solute present in one litre of solution. The SI unit of normality is equivalents per litre (Eq/L).
where is normality, is the mass of solute in grams, is the equivalent weight of solute, and is the volume of the entire solution in litres. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
There are many fish oil dietary supplements on the market. Evidence suggests that marine based omega-3 dietary supplements are able to reduce cardiovascular disease, and premature death. These effects may not carry over in other populations such as people who have diabetes. The ingredients of dietary supplements are no... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The L-arabinose operon houses genes coding for arabinose-digesting enzymes. These function to break down arabinose as an alternative source for energy when glucose is low or absent. The operon consists of a regulatory repressor gene (araC), three control sites (ara02, ara01, araI1, and araI2), two promoters (Parac/Par... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reactions that occur with permeable reactive barriers and ferrous iron are surface based. The surface reactions take three different forms: direct reduction, electron shunting through ferrous iron, and reduction by production and reaction of hydrogen. Pathway A represents direct electron transfer (ET) for Fe to the... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
During the Song Dynasty, Chinese copper output from domestic mining was in decline and the resulting shortages caused miners to seek alternative methods for extracting copper. The discovery of a new “wet process” for extracting copper from mine water was introduced between the eleventh and twelfth century, which helped... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Vitamin B, CHCoNOP, is the most complex of all known vitamins. Its chemical structure had been determined by x-ray crystal structure analysis in 1956 by the research group of Dorothy Hodgkin (Oxford University) in collaboration with Kenneth N. Trueblood at UCLA and John G. White at Princeton University.
Core of the mol... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Perovskite structures are adopted by many oxides that have the chemical formula ABO. The idealized form is a cubic structure (space group Pmm, no. 221) which is rarely encountered. The orthorhombic (e.g. space group Pnma, no. 62, or Amm2, no. 68) and tetragonal (e.g. space group I4/mcm, no. 140, or P4mm, no. 99) phases... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Signal transduction is regulated in various ways and one of the ways is translocation. Regulated translocation generates ultrasensitive response in mainly three ways:
#Regulated translocation increases the local concentration of the signaling protein. When concentration of the signaling protein is high enough to partia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Oxygen (O)
*Ozone (O)
*Hydrogen peroxide (HO) and other inorganic peroxides, Fenton's reagent
*Fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and other halogens
*Nitric acid (HNO) and nitrate compounds such as potassium nitrate (KNO), the oxidizer in black powder
*Potassium chlorate (KClO)
*Peroxydisulfuric acid (HSO)
*Peroxymonosulfu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Lamina-associated domains (LADs) are parts of the chromatin that heavily interact with the lamina, a network-like structure at the inner membrane of the nucleus. LADs consist mostly of transcriptionally silent chromatin, being enriched with trimethylated Lys27 on histone H3, (i.e. H3K27me3); which is a common posttrans... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enzymatic browning affects the color, flavor, and nutritional value of foods, causing huge economic loss when not sold to consumers on time. It is estimated that more than 50% of produce is lost as a result of enzymatic browning. The increase in human population and consequential depletion in natural resources has prom... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Müllerian mimicry need not involve visual mimicry; it may employ any of the senses. For example, many snakes share the same auditory warning signals, forming an auditory Müllerian mimicry ring. More than one signal may be shared: snakes can make use of both auditory signals and warning coloration. | 1 | Biochemistry |
All of the basic information regarding the target is necessary here, including the gene symbol, the accession database number for the sequence in question, the length of the sequence being amplified, information about the specificity screen used such as BLAST, what splicing variants exist for the sequence, and where th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the U.S. MTBE has been used in gasoline at low levels since 1979, replacing tetraethyllead (TEL) as an antiknock (octane rating) additive to prevent engine knocking. Oxygenates also help gasoline burn more completely, reducing tailpipe emissions. Oxygenates also dilute or displace gasoline components such as aromati... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Artificial restriction enzymes can be generated by fusing a natural or engineered DNA-binding domain to a nuclease domain (often the cleavage domain of the type IIS restriction enzyme FokI). Such artificial restriction enzymes can target large DNA sites (up to 36 bp) and can be engineered to bind to desired DNA sequenc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In recent years a mammalian two hybrid (M2H) system has been designed to study mammalian protein-protein interactions in a cellular environment that closely mimics the native protein environment. Transiently transfected mammalian cells are used in this system to find protein-protein interactions.
Using a mammalian cell... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy or SPEELS is a technique that is mainly used to measure the dispersion relation of the collective excitations, over the whole Brillouin zone.
Spin waves are collective perturbations in a magnetic solid. Their properties depend on their wavelength (or wave vector). For l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A preform is a pre-made shape of solder specially designed for the application where it is to be used. Many methods are used to manufacture the solder preform, stamping being the most common. The solder preform may include the solder flux needed for the soldering process. This can be an internal flux, inside the solder... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The solvent used in substitution reactions inherently determines the nucleophilicity of the nucleophile; this fact has become increasingly more apparent as more reactions are performed in the gas phase.
As such, solvent conditions significantly affect the performance of a reaction with certain solvent conditions favor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), whether from the sun or tanning devices is known to be a major cause of the three main types of skin cancer: non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) and melanoma. Overexposure to UVR induces at least two types of DNA damage: cyclobutane–pyrimi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Sulfonamides can be prepared in the laboratory in many ways. The classic approach entails the reaction of sulfonyl chlorides with an amine.
A base such as pyridine is typically added to absorb the HCl that is generated. Illustrative is the synthesis of sulfonylmethylamide.
The reaction of primary and secondary amine... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several methods are available for the preparation of palladacycles. A simple and direct method is C–H activation. The cyclopalladation of aromatic derivatives is usually considered to go through an electrophilic aromatic substitution pathway. The oxidative addition of aryl halides is another useful method. However, the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chlorophyll fluorescence is light re-emitted by chlorophyll molecules during return from excited to non-excited states. It is used as an indicator of photosynthetic energy conversion in plants, algae and bacteria. Excited chlorophyll dissipates the absorbed light energy by driving photosynthesis (photochemical energy c... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In chromatography, endcapping refers to the replacement of accessible silanol groups in a bonded stationary phase by trimethylsilyl groups. End-capped columns have much lower residual silanol group activity compared to non-endcapped columns. Endcapped columns show decreased retention for hydrogen bond acceptors, such ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Almost all transgenic plants contain a few common building blocks that make unknown GMOs easier to find. Even though detecting a novel gene in a GMO can be like finding a needle in a haystack, the fact that the needles are usually similar makes it much easier. To trigger gene expression, scientists couple the gene they... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Complex glycans possess a multitude of overlapping signals, especially in a proton spectrum. Therefore, it is advantageous to utilize 2D experiments for the assignment of signals.
The table and figures below list most widespread NMR techniques used in carbohydrate studies. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Hydrogen damage is caused by hydrogen atoms (as opposed to hydrogen molecules in the gaseous state), interacting with metal. | 8 | Metallurgy |
KRP stands for kinesin related proteins. bimC is a subfamily of KRPs and its function is to separate the duplicated centrosomes during mitosis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ridges enhance the quantum reflection from the surface, reducing the effective constant of the van der Waals attraction of atoms to the surface. Such interpretation leads to the estimate of the reflectivity
where is width of the ridges, is distance between ridges, is grazing angle, and is wavenumber and is co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
SLC18A2 is essential for enabling the release of neurotransmitters from the axon terminals of monoamine neurons into the synaptic cleft. If SLC18A2 function is inhibited or compromised, monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine cannot be released into the synapse via typical release mechanisms (i.e., exocytosis resu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
BD angle theory was developed based on "frozen" interactions in crystals where the impacts of dynamics at play in the system (e.g., easily changed torsional angles) may be negligible. However, much of the chemistry of general interest and use takes place via collisions of molecules tumbling in solution; accordingly, dy... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The synapse contains at least two clusters of synaptic vesicles, the readily releasable pool and the reserve pool. The readily releasable pool is located within the active zone and connected directly to the presynaptic membrane while the reserve pool is clustered by cytoskeletal and is not directly connected to the ac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfinic acids are oxoacids of sulfur with the structure RSO(OH). In these organosulfur compounds, sulfur is pyramidal. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high. RuBisCO cannot distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well, so it can accidentally add O instead of CO to RuBP. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO, and produces no sugar. It can w... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Rhizobia bind to host specific lectins present in root hairs which together with Nod factors lead to the formation of nodulation. Nod factors are recognized by a specific class of receptor kinases that have LysM domains in their extracellular domains. The two LysM (lysin motif) receptor kinases (NFR1 and NFR5) that ap... | 1 | Biochemistry |
British endocrinologist Albert T. W. Simeons proposed HCG as an adjunct to an ultra-low-calorie weight-loss diet (fewer than 500 calories). Simeons, while studying pregnant women in India on a calorie-deficient diet, and fat boys with pituitary problems (Frölichs syndrome) treated with low-dose HCG, observed that both ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pyrometallurgy involves high temperature processes where chemical reactions take place among gases, solids, and molten materials. Solids containing valuable metals are treated to form intermediate compounds for further processing or converted into their elemental or metallic state. Pyrometallurgical processes that in... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phase inversion or phase separation is a chemical phenomenon exploited in the fabrication of artificial membranes. It is performed by removing the solvent from a liquid-polymer solution, leaving a porous, solid membrane. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* geWorkbench is open-source software that can be downloaded and installed locally. A zip file of the released version Java source is also available.
* Prepackaged installer versions also exist for Windows, Macintosh, and Linux. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In waters of the U.S., Canada and other countries, water quality is monitored to protect the health of the general public. Bacteria contamination is one monitored pollutant. In the U.S., fecal coliform testing is one of the nine tests of water quality that form the overall water-quality rating in a process used by U.S.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A monochromator can use either the phenomenon of optical dispersion in a prism, or that of diffraction using a diffraction grating, to spatially separate the colors of light. It usually has a mechanism for directing the selected color to an exit slit. Usually the grating or the prism is used in a reflective mode. A ref... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the ecosystem, different substrates are attacked at different rates by consortia of organisms from different kingdoms. Aspergillus and other moulds play an important role in these consortia because they are adept at recycling starches, hemicelluloses, celluloses, pectins and other sugar polymers. Some aspergilli are... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Depletion gilding is a method for producing a layer of nearly pure gold on an object made of gold alloy by removing the other metals from its surface. It is sometimes referred to as a "surface enrichment" process. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The basic function of PDRCs is to be high in both solar reflectivity (in 0.4–2.5 µm) and in heat emissivity (in 8–13 µm), to maximize "net emission of longwave thermal radiation" and minimize "absorption of downward shortwave radiation." PDRCs use the infrared window (8–13 µm) for heat transfer with the coldness of out... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The geometry of a base, or base pair step can be characterized by 6 coordinates: shift, slide, rise, tilt, roll, and twist. These values precisely define the location and orientation in space of every base or base pair in a nucleic acid molecule relative to its predecessor along the axis of the helix. Together, they ch... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Root systems in plants with an expressed BIK1 gene and in plants with a loss-of-function mutant show that without an expressed BIK1 gene, roots grow more laterally, in greater numbers, and with shorter primary roots. With a functional BIK1 gene, roots grew downward into the soil and had less root hairs. Additionally, w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The total synthesis of the complex biomolecule vitamin B was accomplished in two different approaches by the collaborating research groups of Robert Burns Woodward at Harvard and Albert Eschenmoser at ETH in 1972. The accomplishment required the effort of no less than 91 postdoctoral researchers (Harvard: 77, ETH: 14),... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In biology, depolarization or hypopolarization is a change within a cell, during which the cell undergoes a shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside the cell compared to the outside. Depolarization is essential to the function of many cells, communication between cells, and the o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mefloquine, sold under the brand name Lariam among others, is a medication used to prevent or treat malaria. When used for prevention it is typically started before potential exposure and continued for several weeks after potential exposure. It can be used to treat mild or moderate malaria but is not recommended for se... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A type III secretion system means that a molecular syringe is used through which a bacterium (e.g. certain types of Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia) can inject nutrients into protist cells. One such mechanism was first discovered in Y. pestis and showed that toxins could be injected directly from the bacterial cytoplasm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) is a haloalkane with the chemical formula CHCClF. It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment. It is primarily used as a refrigerant whe... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Micro RNAs are involved in regulating the expression of many proteins. Med1 is targeted by miR-1, which is important in gene regulation in cancers. The tumor suppressor miR-137 also regulates MED1. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Arginylation is a post-translational modification in which proteins are modified by the addition of arginine (Arg) at the N-terminal amino group or side chains of reactive amino acids by the enzyme, arginyltransferase (ATE1). Recent studies have also revealed that hundreds of proteins in vivo are arginylated, proteins ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although kinetic isotope effect measurements at natural abundance are a powerful tool for understanding reaction mechanisms, the amounts of material required for analysis can make this technique inaccessible for reactions that employ expensive reagents or unstable starting materials. In order to mitigate these limitati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The alkA gene product is a glycosylase that can repair a variety of lesions, removing a base from the sugar-phosphate backbone, producing an abasic site. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Climate scientists Michael Mann of Penn State and Stefan Rahmstorf from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research suggested that the observed cold pattern during years of temperature records is a sign that the Atlantic Oceans Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) may be weakening. They published their findi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
For example, hydrogen fluoride—which has three lone pairs on the F atom but only one H atom—can form only two bonds; (ammonia has the opposite problem: three hydrogen atoms but only one lone pair). | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
ChimerDB in computational biology is a database of fusion sequences.
ChimerDB currently consists of three searchable datasets.
*[http://203.255.191.229:8080/chimerdbv31/mchimerkb.cdb ChimerKB] is a curated knowledge base of 1,066 fusion genes sourced from publicly available scientific literature.
*[http://203.255.191.2... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.