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Heterochromatin in S. cerevisiae is composed of a wide array of proteins and plays several roles. The first stage of heterochromatin formation requires DNA binding proteins, which interact with specific cis DNA sequences at the telomeres, rDNA and HM loci. These proteins, including Rap1p and the origin recognition comp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Ostwald–Freundlich equation governs boundaries between two phases; specifically, it relates the surface tension of the boundary to its curvature, the ambient temperature, and the vapor pressure or chemical potential in the two phases.
The Ostwald–Freundlich equation for a droplet or particle with radius is:
: = a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DEHPA is used in the solvent extraction of uranium salts from solutions containing the sulfate, chloride, or perchlorate anions. This extraction is known as the “Dapex procedure” (dialkyl phosphoric extraction). Reminiscent of the behaviours of carboxylic acids, DEHPA generally exists as a hydrogen-bonded dimer in th... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The primary enzyme in the malate–aspartate shuttle is malate dehydrogenase. Malate dehydrogenase is present in two forms in the shuttle system: mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and cytosolic malate dehydrogenase. The two malate dehydrogenases are differentiated by their location and structure, and catalyze their reac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A primary concern with the use of ionic liquids for carbon capture is their high viscosity compared with that of commercial solvents. Ionic liquids which employ chemisorption depend on a chemical reaction between solute and solvent for CO separation. The rate of this reaction is dependent on the diffusivity of CO in th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After activation by ATP, once inside the mitochondria, the β-oxidation of a fatty acids occurs via four recurring steps:
#Oxidation by FAD
#Hydration
#Oxidation by NAD
# Thiolysis
# Production of acyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA
The final product of β-oxidation of an even-numbered fatty acid is acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Large portions of the guidelines include basic actions that would normally be included in experiments and publications regardless, such as an item for describing the experimental and control group differences. Other such information includes how many individual units are used in each group in the experiment. These two ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Each POCIS disk will sample a certain volume of water per day. The volume of water sampled varies from chemical to chemical and is dependent on the physical and chemical properties of the compound as well as the duration of sampling. The sampling rate of POCIS can vary with changes in the water flow, turbulence, temper... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The molecular mechanism of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) generation in chloroplasts is similar to that in mitochondria and takes the required energy from the proton motive force (PMF). However, chloroplasts rely more on the chemical potential of the PMF to generate the potential energy required for ATP synthesis. The PM... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A record-long of human transplant organ preservation with machine perfusion of a liver for 3 days rather than usually <12 hours was reported in 2022. It could possibly be extended to 10 days and prevent substantial cell damage by low temperature preservation methods. Alternative approaches include novel cryoprotectant ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hyperphosphatemia, or a high blood level of phosphates, is associated with elevated mortality in the general population. The most common cause of hyperphosphatemia in people, dogs, and cats is kidney failure. In cases of hyperphosphatemia, limiting consumption of phosphate-rich foods, such as some meats and dairy items... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
SERS can be used to target specific DNA and RNA sequences using a combination of gold and silver nanoparticles and Raman-active dyes, such as Cy3. Specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) can be identified using this technique. The gold nanoparticles facilitate the formation of a silver coating on the dye-labelle... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In granulometry, the particle-size distribution (PSD) of a powder, or granular material, or particles dispersed in fluid, is a list of values or a mathematical function that defines the relative amount, typically by mass, of particles present according to size. Significant energy is usually required to disintegrate soi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*2007 - Recipient of the puRkwa Prize. This is an "international prize for the scientific literacy of the children of the planet" awarded annually by the École nationale supérieure des mines de Saint-Étienne and the French Academy of Sciences.
*2005 - Member of the Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences of Ar... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A direct repeat with no intervening nucleotides between the initial sequence and its downstream copy is a Tandem repeat. The nucleotide sequence written in bold characters signifies the repeated sequence.
Linguistically, a typical tandem repeat is comparable to stuttering, or deliberately repeated words, as in "bye-bye... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although there is sufficient iron in most soils for plant growth, plant iron deficiency is a problem in calcareous soil, due to the low solubility of iron(III) hydroxide. Calcareous soil accounts for 30% of the world's farmland. Under such conditions graminaceous plants (grasses, cereals and rice) secrete phytosideroph... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rhazinilam has activity similar to that of colchicine, taxol and vinblastine, acting as a spindle poison. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The stopped-flow method is a development of the continuous-flow method used by Hamilton Hartridge and Francis Roughton to study the binding of O to hemoglobin. In the absence of any stopping system the reaction mixture passed to a long tube past an observation system (consisting in 1923 of a simple colorimeter) to wast... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thermogravimetric kinetics may be explored for insight into the reaction mechanisms of thermal (catalytic or non-catalytic) decomposition involved in the pyrolysis and combustion processes of different materials.
Activation energies of the decomposition process can be calculated using Kissinger method.
Though a constan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The most synthetically useful aminations of enolate anions employ N-acyloxazolidinone substrates. The chiral auxiliaries on these compounds are easily removed after hydrazine formation (with azo compounds) or azidation (with trisyl azide). Azidation using the latter reagent is more efficient than bromination followed b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
According to the IUPAC definition, flocculation is "a process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersion form larger-size clusters". Flocculation
is synonymous with agglomeration and coagulation/coalescence.
Basically, coagulation is a process of addition of coagulant to destabilize a stabilized char... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Petroleum is differentiated into types based on its American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity and by how much sulphur it contains. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Propionyl-CoA accumulation can prove toxic to different organisms. Since different cycles have been proposed regarding how propionyl-CoA is transformed into pyruvate, one studied mechanism is the methylcitrate cycle. The initial reaction is beta-oxidation to form the propionyl-CoA which is further broken down by the cy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most sinusitis infections are caused by viruses, for which amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate are ineffective, and the small benefit gained by amoxicillin may be overridden by the adverse effects.
Amoxicillin is considered the first-line empirical treatment for most cases of uncomplicated bacterial sinusitis in ch... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Metabolic suppression is the regulated and reversible reduction of metabolic rate below basal metabolic rate (called standard metabolic rate in ectothermic animals). This reduces the fishs rate of ATP use, which prolongs its survival time at severely hypoxic sub-P P</sub>s by reducing the rate at which the fishs finite... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Perturb-seq couples CRISPR mediated gene knockdowns with single-cell gene expression. Linear models are used to calculate the effect of the knockdown of a single gene on the expression of multiple genes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
To improve the delivery of the new DNA into the cell, the DNA must be protected from damage and positively charged. Initially, anionic and neutral lipids were used for the construction of lipoplexes for synthetic vectors. However, in spite of the facts that there is little toxicity associated with them, that they are c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on the sequencing approach used, the 5’ and 3’ adaptor sequences used to tag the cDNA library can be altered as needed. Previously, dual adapter-tagged cDNA libraries have been characterized using Illumina NGS. Low-cycle PCR can also be used to index universal adaptor cDNA libraries following the RT reaction. Alt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Small differences in mass between stable isotopes of the same element can lead to a phenomenon called an "isotope effect," where heavier or lighter isotopes are preferentially incorporated into different natural materials depending on the materials chemical composition or physical state. Isotope effects are divided int... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Thomas and George Cranege (also spelled Cranage), who worked in the ironworking industry in England in the 1760s, are notable for introducing a new method of producing wrought iron from pig iron. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Molecules have various states referred to as energy levels. Fluorescence spectroscopy is primarily concerned with electronic and vibrational states. Generally, the species being examined has a ground electronic state (a low energy state) of interest, and an excited electronic state of higher energy. Within each of thes... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Excessive doses of escitalopram usually cause relatively minor untoward effects, such as agitation and tachycardia. However, dyskinesia, hypertonia, and clonus may occur in some cases. Therapeutic blood levels of escitalopram are usually in the range of 20–80 μg/L but may reach 80–200 μg/L in the elderly, patients with... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Triazenes are organic compounds that contain the functional group R−N=N−NRR, where the R are each any of various types of substituent groups. Some anti-cancer medications and dyes are triazenes. Formally, the triazenes are related to the unstable chemical triazene, HN−N=NH. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Successive stepwise formation constants K in a series such as ML (n = 1, 2, ...) usually decrease as n increases. Exceptions to this rule occur when the geometry of the ML complexes is not the same for all members of the series. The classic example is the formation of the diamminesilver(I) complex [Ag(NH)] in aqueous s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The a/LCI system has recently been enhanced to allow operation in a clinical setting with the addition of a handheld wand. By carefully controlling the polarization in the delivery fiber, using polarization-maintaining fibers and inline polarizers, the new system allows manipulation of the handheld wand without signal ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Waters from the modern Pacific and Southern ocean, typically observe an increase in Si/N ratio at intermediate depth, which results in an increase in opal export (~ increase in opal production). In the Southern Ocean and North Pacific, this relationship between opal export and Si/N ratio switches from linear to exponen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Herzberg pointed out direct evidence of H molecules in the atmospheres of the outer planets. The atmospheres of the inner planets and of Saturns big moon Titan also show significant CIA in the infrared due to concentrations of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and other molecular gases. However, the total CIA contributi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All dynamic energy budget models follow the energy budget of an individual organism throughout its life cycle; by contrast,"static" energy budget models describe a specific life stage or size of an organism. The main advantage of the DEB-theory based model over most other models is its description of energy assimilatio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In most GTPases, the specificity for the base guanine versus other nucleotides is imparted by the base-recognition motif, which has the consensus sequence [N/T]KXD. The following classification is based on shared features; some examples have mutations in the base-recognition motif that shift their substrate specificity... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sclerotiorin is an antimicrobial Penicillium frequentans isolate. Sclerotiorin is an aldose reductase inhibitor (IC=0.4 μM) as well as a reversible lipoxygenase inhibitor (IC=4.2 μM). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A hypothetical schematic diagram for the transition to an H state by photo excitation is shown in the Figure (After ). An absorbed photon causes an electron from the ground state G to an excited state E (red arrow). State E rapidly relaxes via Franck-Condon relaxation to an intermediate locally reordered state I. Throu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
At the beginning of the 20th century, the entire Russian industry was in a deep crisis, the consequences of which affected the factories of the Urals until 1909. In 1909, the Ural iron and steel plants smelted 34.7 million tons of iron, which is 30.9% less than in 1900. During the crisis years, the share of finished ir... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The protein encoded by this gene is a transcriptional regulatory protein. It contains paired amphipathic helix (PAH) domains, which are important for protein-protein interactions and may mediate repression by the Mad-Max complex. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The accuracy and precision of this method is supported largely by the confidence level of the results for appropriate liquid/solid combinations (as seen, for example, in fig 6). The Owens/Wendt theory is typically applicable to surfaces with low charge and moderate polarity. Some good examples are polymers that contain... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In special situations, some ligands participate in substitution reactions leading to associative pathways. These ligands can adopt multiple motifs for binding to the metal, each of which involves a different number of electrons "donated." A classic case is the indenyl effect in which an indenyl ligand reversibly "slips... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pyridine is a Lewis base, donating its pair of electrons to a Lewis acid. Its Lewis base properties are discussed in the ECW model. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by C-B plots. One example is the sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (melting point 175 °C),... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Agosterol A is a bio-active sterol which may have applications in removing multi-drug resistance in various cancers. It was first isolated from marine sponge but has also been produced synthetically. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Zero-point energy evolved from historical ideas about the vacuum. To Aristotle the vacuum was , "the empty"; i.e., space independent of body. He believed this concept violated basic physical principles and asserted that the elements of fire, air, earth, and water were not made of atoms, but were continuous. To the atom... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Different tissues of the human body may react differently to changes in telomeres. Telomere length is different in different tissues and cell types of the body. Developing a general telomere lengthening strategy that is effective in all tissues is a complex task; Also, understanding how different types of cells, organs... | 1 | Biochemistry |
mCPBA can be prepared by reacting m-chlorobenzoyl chloride with a basic solution of hydrogen peroxide, followed by acidification.
It is sold commercially as a shelf-stable mixture that is less than 72% mCPBA, with the balance made up of m-chlorobenzoic acid (10%) and water. The peroxyacid can be purified by washing the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The closing of atoms into rings may lock particular atoms with distinct substitution by functional groups such that the result is stereochemistry and chirality of the compound, including some manifestations that are unique to rings (e.g., configurational isomers). | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Palladium precatalyst species are activated under reaction conditions to form a reactive Pd compound, A. The exact identity of the catalytic species depends strongly upon reaction conditions. With simple phosphines, such as PPh (n=2), and in case of bulky phosphines (i.e., ) it was demonstrated that monoligated speci... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Spoil tips may be conical in shape, and can appear as conspicuous features of the landscape, or they may be much flatter and eroded, especially if vegetation has established itself. In Loos-en-Gohelle, in the former mining area of Pas-de-Calais, France, are a series of five very perfect cones, of which two rise from t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Aluminium smelting is highly energy intensive, and in some countries is economical only if there are inexpensive sources of electricity. In some countries, smelters are given exemptions to energy policy like renewable energy targets.
To reduce the energy cost of the smelting process, alternative electrolytes such as Na... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Changing the conditions of the reaction solvent can allow separation of phases for product removal, or single phase for reaction. Rapid diffusion accelerates diffusion controlled reactions. Temperature and pressure can tune the reaction down preferred pathways, e.g., to improve yield of a particular chiral isomer. Ther... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Forces between two or more molecules or atoms, either attractive or repulsive, are called intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are experienced by molecules when they are within physical proximity of one another. These forces are very important for properly modeling molecular systems, as to accurately predict th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pitch, a traditional naval store, was traditionally used to help caulk the seams of wooden sailing vessels (see shipbuilding). Other important historic uses included coating earthenware vessels for the preservation of wine, waterproofing wooden containers, and making torches. Petroleum-derived pitch is black in colour... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfonyl iodides, having the general formula RSOI, are quite light-sensitive. Perfluoroalkanesulfonyl iodides, prepared by reaction between silver perfluoroalkanesulfinates and iodine in dichloromethane at −30 °C, react with alkenes to form the normal adducts, RFSOCHCHIR and the adducts resulting from loss of SO, RFCHC... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1942, the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago was building the worlds first nuclear reactor called Chicago Pile-1' as part of the Manhattan Project. This would have required an enormous number of graphite blocks and uranium pellets. At the time, there was a limited source of pure uranium. Frank Spe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Macromolecules is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that has been published since 1968 by the American Chemical Society. Initially published bimonthly, it became monthly in 1983 and then, in 1990, biweekly. Macromolecules is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, EBSCOhost, PubMed, Web of Science, and SwetsWise. The editor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Each peroxy group is considered to contain one active oxygen atom. The concept of active oxygen content is useful for comparing the relative concentration of peroxy groups in formulations, which is related to the energy content. In general, energy content increases with active oxygen content, and thus the higher the mo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dry spiral separators, capable of distinguishing round particles from nonrounds, are used to sort the feed by shape. The device consists of a tower, around which is wound an inwardly inclined flight. A catchment funnel is placed around this inner flight. Round particles roll at a higher speed than other objects, and so... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Whenever there is a balance between a bulk elastic energy contribution and a surface energy term, surface stresses can be important. Surface contributions are more important at small sizes, so surface stress effects are often important at the nanoscale. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Researchers have also proposed early encapsulation in aqueous phase-separated droplets called coacervates. These droplets are driven by the accumulation of macromolecules, producing a distinct dense phase liquid droplet within a more dilute liquid medium. These droplets can propagate, retaining their internal compositi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
More recently many research groups have tried to employ enzymes into DKR synthetic routes. Due to the generally high specificity for substrates, enzymes prove to be vital catalysts for binding to only one stereoisomer in the racemic mixture. In 2007 Bäckvall discovered an enzyme-metal coupled reaction that converts a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The fundamental process for isolating nucleic acid from starting material of Boom method consists of the following 4 steps (See Fig. 1).
(d) Separating the bonded nucleic acids <br />
Pure nucleic acids are eluted into buffer by decreasing the concentration of chaotropic substance.
Nucleic acids present in the washed (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In enzymology, the committed step (also known as the first committed step) is an effectively irreversible enzymatic reaction that occurs at a branch point during the biosynthesis of some molecules.
As the name implies, after this step, the molecules are "committed" to the pathway and will ultimately end up in the pathw... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to a 2014 review in the New England Journal of Medicine stated that a ferritin level below 30 ng/mL indicates iron deficiency, while a level below 10 ng/mL indicates iron-deficiency anemia. A 2020 World Health Organization guideline states that ferritin indicates iron deficiency below 12 ng/mL in apparently-h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In addition to receiving citations from scientific articles and theses, the Bilbao Crystallographic Server also actively publishes research reports in internationally reviewed articles, as well as hosting/participating in international workshops, summer schools and conferences. A list of these publications and events a... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It is prepared by electrofluorination of tributylamine using hydrogen fluoride as solvent and source of fluorine: | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The term "Reverse electron transfer" is used in regard to the reversibility of the reaction performed by complex I of the mitochondrial or bacterial respiratory chain. Complex I is responsible for the oxidation of NADH generated in catabolism when in the forward reaction electrons from the nucleotide (NADH) are transf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*CTSD can degrade insulin in hepatocytes
*CSTB May protect cell from leaking lysosomes
*LAMP1
*LAMP2
*M6PR | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cations, often carbocations, serve as intermediates in various types of reactions to synthesize new compounds. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The degree of dissociation is the fraction of the original solute molecules that have dissociated. It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol . There is a simple relationship between this parameter and the van 't Hoff factor. If a fraction of the solute dissociates into ions, then
For example, the dissociation KCl ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
# that a change in DOC or CO (or for that matter Aluminium solubility, but Aluminium solubility is not something that is easily controlled) does NOT have any effect on ANC.
# that once a pH-ANC relation for has been established for a lake the pH-ANC relation can be used to easily calculate the amount of limestone need... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In chemistry, a phosphorochloridate is a class of organophosphorus compounds with the formula (RO)P(O)Cl (R = organic substituent). They are tetrahedral in shape, akin to regular phosphates (OP(OR)). They are usually colorless and sensitive toward hydrolysis. They are oxidized derivatives of phosphorochloridites, whi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The arrangement of leaves on the stem is known as phyllotaxis. A large variety of phyllotactic patterns occur in nature:
;Alternate: One leaf, branch, or flower part attaches at each point or node on the stem, and leaves alternate direction, to a greater or lesser degree, along the stem.
;Basal: Arising from the base o... | 5 | Photochemistry |
There are two distinct uniform colorings of a trihexagonal tiling. Naming the colors by indices on the 4 faces around a vertex (3.6.3.6): 1212, 1232. The second is called a cantic hexagonal tiling, h{6,3}, with two colors of triangles, existing in p3m1 (*333) symmetry. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Before entering a tanning unit, the tanner usually applies indoor tanning lotion to the whole body and may use a separate facial-tanning lotion. These lotions are considerably more expensive than drugstore lotions. They contain no sunscreen, but instead moisturize the skin with ingredients such as aloe vera, hempseed o... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In heterocyclic chemistry, organic reactions are classified by the type of heterocycle formed with respect to ring-size and type of heteroatom. See for instance the chemistry of indoles. Reactions are also categorized by the change in the carbon framework. Examples are ring expansion and ring contraction, homologation ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Hall–Petch relation predicts that as the grain size decreases the yield strength increases. The Hall–Petch relation was experimentally found to be an effective model for materials with grain sizes ranging from 1 millimeter to 1 micrometer. Consequently, it was believed that if average grain size could be decreased ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Thermodynamics has an intricate etymology.
By a surface-level analysis, the word consists of two parts that can be traced back to Ancient Greek. Firstly, ("of heat"; used in words such as thermometer) can be traced back to the root θέρμη therme, meaning "heat". Secondly, the word ("science of force [or power]") can b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
In contrast, hydrophobes are not attracted to water and may seem to be repelled by it. Hygroscopics are attracted to water, but are not dissolved by water. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The first time that A15 structure was observed was in 1931 when an electrolytically deposited layer of tungsten was examined. Discussion of whether the β-tungsten structure is an allotrope of tungsten or the structure of a tungsten suboxide was long-standing, but since the 1950s there has been many publications showin... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Similar to other N-linked glycan types, the biosynthesis of paucimannosidic proteins across most species has been documented to be facilitated by the actions of a limited set of glyco-enzymes including beta-N-acetylhexosaminidases (Hex) and alpha-mannosidases, through GnT-I-dependent and -independent truncation pathway... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions may be calculated theoretically, using the Debye–Hückel equation or extensions such as the Davies equation, Pitzer equations or TCPC model. Specific ion interaction theory (SIT) may also be used.
For non-electrolyte solutions correlative methods such as UNIQUAC, NRTL, MOSC... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pathogens synthesize proteins that can serve as "recognizable" antigens; they may express the molecules on their surface or release them into the surroundings (body fluids). What makes these substances recognizable is that they bind very specifically and somewhat strongly to certain host proteins called antibodies. The... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a "dead" lake. In 1971, he and R. J. Beamish published a report, "Acidification of the La Cloche Mountain Lakes", documenting the gradual deterioration of fish stocks in 60 lakes in Killarney Park in Ontario, which they had been studying systematically since 1966.
... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In chemistry, pentagonal pyramidal molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds where in six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands are arranged around a central atom, at the vertices of a pentagonal pyramid. It is one of the few molecular geometries with uneven bond angles. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The region of space enclosed by open system boundaries is usually called a control volume. It may or may not correspond to physical walls. It is convenient to define the shape of the control volume so that all flow of matter, in or out, occurs perpendicular to its surface. One may consider a process in which the matte... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the geometry of crystal nets, one can treat edges as line segments. For example, in a crystal net, it is presumed that edges do not “collide” in the sense that when treating them as line segments, they do not intersect. Several polyhedral constructions can be derived from crystal nets. For example, a vertex figure c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In synthetic allosteric systems there are typically two or more conformers with stability differences due to strain contributions. Positive cooperativity for example results from increased binding of a substrate A to a conformer C2 which is produced by binding of an effector molecule E. If the conformer C2 has a simila... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In thermodynamics, adiabatic changes are those that do not increase the entropy. They occur slowly in comparison to the other characteristic timescales of the system of interest and allow heat flow only between objects at the same temperature. For isolated systems, an adiabatic change allows no heat to flow in or out. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stone wool or rock wool is a spun mineral fibre used as an insulation product and in hydroponics. It is manufactured in a blast furnace fed with diabase rock which contains very low levels of metal oxides. The resultant slag is drawn off and spun to form the rock wool product. Very small amounts of metals are also prod... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills, and they placed them into six different categories. The six are: Adirondack, Clovis, Wishstone, Peace, Watchtower, Backstay, and Independence. They are named after a prominent rock in each group. Their chemical compositions, as measured by APXS, are signi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Efforts to elucidate the excited states of diphosphenes is important and valuable to realize the application of PP double bonds in molecular electronics. In triplets trans-HPPH, the P-P bond length is predicted to be 2.291 Å. It is not only longer than the P-P double bond in ground state trans-bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Solid materials are formed from densely packed atoms, which interact intensely. These interactions produce the mechanical (e.g. hardness and elasticity), thermal, electrical, magnetic and optical properties of solids. Depending on the material involved and the conditions in which it was formed, the atoms may be arrange... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A prominent enol ether is phosphoenol pyruvate.
The enzyme chorismate mutase catalyzes the Claisen rearrangement of the enol ether called chorismate to prephenate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine.
Batyl alcohol and related glycyl ethers are susceptible to dehydrogenation catalyzed unsa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Molecular recognition takes place in a noisy, crowded biological environment and the recognizer often has to cope with the task of selecting its target among a variety of similar competitors. For example, the ribosome has to select the correct tRNA that matches the mRNA codon among many structurally similar tRNAs. If t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
He began his professional career in 1954 as a professor of Applied Physics at Waseda University in Tokyo. He held this position until 1960 when he came to the United States on an exchange program with Duke University. At Duke, he taught polymer rheology. In the early 1960s Tokita joined the U. S. Rubber Company in Ne... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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