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Fermented water contains a similar alcoholic content of wines as both beverages are fermented on yeast, however fermented water differs from wine and other fermented beverages in that it contains no fruit juice or residual sugar after manufacture.
Kilju can be produced by fermenting sugar, yeast, and water, but it was ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Lithium amides are usually prepared in the laboratory through the addition of a titrated solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes to a solution of the amine in ether. Dry glassware and inert atmosphere are required for these reactions. Alternatively, lithium amides may be prepared by the direct action of lithium on the co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Gaussian line shape has the standardized form,
The subsidiary variable, x, is defined in the same way as for a Lorentzian shape. Both this function and the Lorentzian have a maximum value of 1 at x = 0 and a value of 1/2 at x=±1. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Beta oxidation removes 2 carbons at a time, so in the oxidation of an 18 carbon fatty acid such as Stearic Acid 8 cycles will need to occur to completely break down Acyl-CoA. This will produce 9 Acetyl-CoA that have 2 carbons each, 8 FADH2, and 8 NADH. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Yttria-alumina melts are another system reported to exhibit polyamorphism. Observation of a liquid–liquid phase transition in the supercooled liquid has been reported. Though this is disputed in the literature. Polyamorphism has also been reported in Yttria-Alumina glasses. Yttria-Alumina melts quenched from about 1900... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In E. coli, it has been shown that an inducible, periplasmic TMAO reductase is responsible for almost all TMAO reduction (with the rest being DMSO reduction). While no structural analysis of this E. coli enzyme has been reported, TMAO reductase from Shewanella massilia has been isolated and characterized at a resolutio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The operating environment is not simply black space, but one with solar radiation and diffuse radiation reflected and emitted from the sun (stars), earth, other objects, and or the spacecraft's own propulsion. It is possible to "orient" the droplet sheet edge towards an external heat source but the sheet area would sti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In geology, the terms sinistral and dextral refer to the horizontal component of the movement of blocks on either side of a fault or the sense of movement within a shear zone. These are terms of relative direction, as the movement of the blocks is described relative to each other when viewed from above. Movement is sin... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The term "polymer" derives . The term was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, though with a definition distinct from the modern IUPAC definition. The modern concept of polymers as covalently bonded macromolecular structures was proposed in 1920 by Hermann Staudinger, who spent the next decade finding experimental e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another level of complexity comes from the existence of slow redox-driven reactions that may change the activity of the enzyme and make the response depart from steady-state. Here, slow means that the time scale of the (in)activation is similar to the voltammetric time scale . If a RDE is used, these slow (in)activatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following are examples of simple and aromatic carbocycles, inorganic cyclic compounds, and heterocycles: | 4 | Stereochemistry |
While the exact mechanism of action is still unknown many important protein physical properties play a part in the Vroman Effect. Proteins have many properties that are important to take into consideration when discussing protein adsorption. These properties include the protein size, charge, mobility, stability, and th... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1982 The Electrochemical Society created the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150721022447/http://www.electrochem.org/awards/ecs/ecs_awards.htm#k Norman Hackerman Young Author Award] to honor the best paper published in the Journal of the Electrochemical Society for a topic in the field of electrochemical science and ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Exome sequencing can be used to diagnose the genetic cause of disease in a patient. Identification of the underlying disease gene mutation(s) can have major implications for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, can guide prediction of disease natural history, and makes it possible to test at-risk family members. Ther... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A study on molecular markers in human aortic endothelial cells published that aglycone stopped cell migration but not monocyte adhesion, which is the initial step of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Another study exploring the benefits of extra virgin olive oil consumption in preventing age-related neurodegenerative d... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Both prokaryotic and eukarotic genomes are organized into large loops of protein-bound DNA. In eukaryotes, the bases of the loops are called scaffold attachment regions (SARs) and they consist of stretches of DNA that bind an RNA/protein complex to stabilize the loop. There are about 100,000 loops in the human genome a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It has been shown previously that OMgp (oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein) clusters at nodes of Ranvier and may regulate paranodal architecture, node length and axonal sprouting at nodes. However, a follow-up study showed that the antibody used previously to identify OMgp at nodes crossreacts with another node-enric... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An ionic liquid (IL) is a salt in the liquid state at ambient conditions. In some contexts, the term has been restricted to salts whose melting point is below a specific temperature, such as . While ordinary liquids such as water and gasoline are predominantly made of electrically neutral molecules, ionic liquids are l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stefan adhesion is the normal stress (force per unit area) acting between two discs when their separation is attempted. Stefan's law governs the flow of a viscous fluid between the solid parallel plates and thus the forces acting when the plates are approximated or separated.
The force resulting at distance between t... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Ferromanganese is an alloy of iron and manganese, with other elements such as silicon, carbon, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus. The primary use of ferromanganese is as a type of processed manganese source to add to different types of steel, such as stainless steel. Global production of low-carbon ferromanganese (i.e. a... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The zirconium-catalyzed asymmetric carbo-alumination reaction (or ZACA reaction) was developed by Nobel laureate Ei-ichi Negishi. It facilitates the chiral functionalization of alkenes using organoaluminium compounds under the influence of chiral bis-indenylzirconium catalysts (e.g. bearing chiral terpene residues, as ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
RDRP – sometimes misleadingly called free radical polymerization – is one of the most widely used polymerization processes since it can be applied
*to a great variety of monomers
*it can be carried out in the presence of certain functional groups
*the technique is rather simple and easy to control
*the reaction con... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ordinarily the nitrogen atom in the amine group is reacting as a nucleophile by way of its lone pair. This polarity can be reversed when a primary or secondary amine is substituted with a good leaving group (such as a halogen atom or an alkoxy group). The resulting N-substituted compound can behave as an electrophile a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chromosomal landing is a genetic technique used to identify and isolate clones in a genetic library. Chromosomal landing reduces the problem of analyzing large, and/or highly repetitive genomes by minimizing the need for chromosome walking. It is based on the principle that the expected average between-marker distances... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In volatilization methods, removal of the analyte involves separation by heating or chemically decomposing a volatile sample at a suitable temperature. In other words, thermal or chemical energy is used to precipitate a volatile species. For example, the water content of a compound can be determined by vaporizing the w... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A circular filter paper is taken and the sample is deposited at the center of the paper. After drying the spot, the filter paper is tied horizontally on a Petri dish containing solvent, so that the wick of the paper is dipped in the solvent. The solvent rises through the wick and the components are separated into conce... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In positive plant-insect interactions, GLVs are used as a form of defense. They attract predators to plants that are being preyed upon by herbivores.
For example, female parasitoid wasps from two different families, Microplitis croceipes and Netelia heroica, can be attracted to plants that are emitting GLVs due to wou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The bulk distribution coefficient is used to calculate the elemental composition for any element that makes up a mineral in a rock. The bulk distribution coefficient, , is defined as
where is the element of interest in the mineral, and is the weight fraction of mineral in the rock. is the distribution coefficient f... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The first nearly complete human genomes sequenced were two Americans of predominantly Northwestern European ancestry in 2007 (J. Craig Venter at 7.5-fold coverage, and James Watson at 7.4-fold). This was followed in 2008 by sequencing of an anonymous Han Chinese man (at 36-fold), a Yoruban man from Nigeria (at 30-fold)... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Albert Fredrick Ottomar Germann (February 18, 1886 – December 22, 1976) was an American physical chemist, university professor, and chemical entrepreneur. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the 2000s the application of the bulk material analyzer was extended to include minerals. Today, analyzers are found in copper, iron ore, and phosphates, to name a few. One of the advantages of these analyzers is the timeliness of information for the user. Another is the avoidance of physical sampling. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Dynabeads are superparamagnetic spherical polymer particles with a uniform size and a consistent, defined surface for the adsorption or coupling of various bioreactive molecules or cells. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Leonidas Zervas (, ; 21 May 1902 – 10 July 1980) was a Greek organic chemist who made seminal contributions in peptide chemical synthesis. Together with his mentor Max Bergmann they laid the foundations for the field in 1932 with their major discovery, the Bergmann-Zervas carboxybenzoxy oligopeptide synthesis which rem... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
HNF4 was originally classified as an orphan receptor that exhibits constitutive transactivation activity apparently by being continuously bound to a variety of fatty acids. The existence of a ligand for HNF4 has been somewhat controversial, but linoleic acid (LA) has been identified as the endogenous ligand of native H... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The concept of prochirality is necessary for understanding some aspects of enzyme stereospecificity. Ogston pointed out that when a symmetrical molecule is placed in an asymmetric environment, such as the surface of an enzyme, supposedly identically placed groups become distinguishable. In this way he showed that earl... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
This method was first developed by Benesi and Hildebrand in 1949, as a means to explain a phenomenon where iodine changes color in various aromatic solvents. This was attributed to the formation of an iodine-solvent complex through acid-base interactions, leading to the observed shifts in the absorption spectrum. Follo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
One of the largest hurdles for genome-wide CRISPR screening is ensuring adequate coverage of the sgRNA library across the cell population. Evidence so far has suggested that each sgRNA should be represented and maintained in a minimum of 200-300 cells.
Considering that the standard protocol uses a multiplicity of infec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bioluminescence is the process of light emission in living organisms. Bioluminescence imaging utilizes native light emission from one of several organisms which bioluminesce, also known as luciferase enzymes. The three main sources are the North American firefly, the sea pansy (and related marine organisms), and bacter... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A ternary rhodium-centered bipyramidal dibismuth complex is an example of subhalide complexes with interesting geometry and unusual electronic properties, particularly what has been reported as an example of Möbius aromaticity. The complex exhibits a 4-electron-5-centered bond in the central plane occupied by a Bi equa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
As a byproduct of the ethoxylation process, a route to some ingredients found in cleansing and moisturizing products, dioxane can contaminate cosmetics and personal care products such as deodorants, perfumes, shampoos, toothpastes and mouthwashes. The ethoxylation process makes the cleansing agents, such as sodium laur... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Capillary tubes are attached to both the solvent and the solution compartments. In this case the osmotic pressure is provided by the additional pressure of the fluid in the solution compartment. The difference in the height of the fluid in the capillary tube of solution compartment versus the height of the fluid in the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a cell, there are several non-canonical bases present: CpG islands in DNA (often methylated), all eukaryotic mRNA (capped with a methyl-7-guanosine), and several bases of rRNAs (methylated). Often, tRNAs are heavily modified postranscriptionally in order to improve their conformation or base pairing, in particular i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of the empirical... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Examples of photochemical organic reactions are electrocyclic reactions, radical reactions, photoisomerization, and Norrish reactions.
Alkenes undergo many important reactions that proceed via a photon-induced π to π* transition. The first electronic excited state of an alkene lacks the π-bond, so that rotation about t... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The frequency of introns within different genomes is observed to vary widely across the spectrum of biological organisms. For example, introns are extremely common within the nuclear genome of jawed vertebrates (e.g. humans, mice, and pufferfish (fugu)), where protein-coding genes almost always contain multiple introns... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Symptoms of overdosing are similar to adverse effects of standard doses: severe hyponatraemia, somnolence, uncoordinated/unsteady gait, hemiparesis (weakness of one side of the body), along with visual and gastrointestinal disturbances. No specific antidote is available. Eslicarbazepine and metabolites can be dialyzed. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Cyp33 in mammals causes isomerization in MLL1. MLL1 is a multiprotein complex that regulates gene expression and chromosomal translocations involving this gene often lead to leukemia. MLL's target genes include HOXC8, HOXA9, CDKN1B, and C-MYC. MLL also has two binding domains: a Cyp33 RNA-recognition motif domain (RRM)... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) is used in the epigenomic and epitranscriptomic fields. As regards epigenomics, thousands of zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs) are used to capture the DNA polymerase: when a modified base is present, the biophysical dynamics of its movement changes, creating a unique kinetic signat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Probably the most widely used current applications of refrigeration are for air conditioning of private homes and public buildings, and refrigerating foodstuffs in homes, restaurants and large storage warehouses. The use of refrigerators and walk-in coolers and freezers in kitchens, factories and warehouses for storin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The scientific goals of RSN are significant. A vast array of natural phenomena that occur throughout the world's oceans and seafloor are found in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. As a whole, the mission of RSN is to provide a human telepresence in the ocean that will serve researchers, students, educators, policymakers, a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In case of new constructions and for some existing structures the load level for treated welds can be increased. Using constructions for the same lifetime as before welds can transfer 1.6 times loads. This has e.g. for cranes the very positive effect of larger lifting capacity. The efficiency of cranes increases with e... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*Represents the majority 85-90% of typical tall oil.
*abietic acid
**abieta-7,13-dien-18-oic acid
**13-isopropylpodocarpa -7,13-dien-15-oic acid
*Neoabietic acid
*Dehydroabietic acid
*Palustric acid
*Levopimaric acid
*Simplified formula CHO, or CHCOOH
*molecular weight 302 | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1967 he discovered satellite DNA in plants. Through his research from 1972 to 1975, it was found that closely related species of one genus differ in satellite DNA content. In 1986 he published the monograph Satellite DNA in Springer Edition. In 2013 this monograph was edited as an eBOOK.
In 2011-17 he established a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is no single theory covering adhesion, and particular mechanisms are specific to particular material scenarios.
Five mechanisms of adhesion have been proposed to explain why one material sticks to another: | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
TPVs have been proposed for use in recreational vehicles. Their ability to use multiple fuel sources makes them interesting as more sustainable fuels emerge. TPVs silent operation allows them to replace noisy conventional generators (i.e. during "quiet hours" in national park campgrounds). However, the emitter temperat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, faradaic impedance is the resistance and capacitance acting jointly at the surface of an electrode of an electrochemical cell. The cell may be operating as either a galvanic cell generating an electric current or inversely as an electrolytic cell using an electric current to drive a chemical reac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tissue engineering is a relatively new field that utilizes a scaffolding as a platform upon which the desired cells proliferate. It is not clear what defines an ideal scaffold for a specific tissue type. The considerations are complex and protein adsorption only adds to the complexity. Although architecture, structu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The art of cutting a gem is an exacting procedure performed on a faceting machine. The ideal product of facet cutting is a gemstone that displays a pleasing balance of internal reflections of light known as brilliance, strong and colorful dispersion which is commonly referred to as "fire", and brightly colored flashes ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The reaction occurring between double bonds and ozone is known as ozonolysis when one molecule of the gas reacts with the double bond:
The immediate result is formation of an ozonide, which then decomposes rapidly so that the double bond is cleaved. This is the critical step in chain breakage when polymers are attacked... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
When observing a gas, it is typical to specify a frame of reference or length scale. A larger length scale corresponds to a macroscopic or global point of view of the gas. This region (referred to as a volume) must be sufficient in size to contain a large sampling of gas particles. The resulting statistical analysis of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The technology works by probing an optical standing wave, or the sum of the standing waves in the case of polychromatic light, created by a light to be analyzed. In a SWIFTS linear configuration (true Lippman configuration), the stationary wave is created by a single-mode waveguide ended by a fixed mirror. The stationa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are limited examples of small molecules that target RNA and are approved drugs for the treatment of human disease. Ribavirin was approved in 2002 to treat Hepatitis C and viral hemorrhagic fever. As a nucleoside inhibitor, the guanosine analog prodrug is used to stop viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNA capping by ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All family members are capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of PIP, a phosphatidylinositol at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane into the two second messengers, inositol trisphosphate (IP) and diacylglycerol (DAG).
The chemical reaction may be expressed as:
:1-phosphatidyl-1-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate + HO -my... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Non-aqueous acid–base titrations can be carried out advantageously by thermometric means.
Acid leach solutions from some copper mines can contain large quantities of Fe(III) as well as Cu(II). The "free acid" (sulfuric acid) content of these leach solutions is a critical process parameter. While thermometric titrimetry... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In association football, the ball is predominantly struck by the foot. Footedness may refer to the foot a player uses to kick with the greatest force and skill. Most people are right-footed, kicking with the right leg. Capable left-footed footballers are rare and therefore quite sought after. As rare are "two-footed" p... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Corrosion inhibitors are substances used in the oil industry to protect equipment and pipes against corrosion. Corrosion is a common problem in the oil industry due to the presence of water, gases, and other corrosive contaminants in the production environment.
Anodic inhibitors and cathodic inhibitors are the two main... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Main methods to study protein–ligand interactions are principal hydrodynamic and calorimetric techniques, and principal spectroscopic and structural methods such as
*Fourier transform spectroscopy
*Raman spectroscopy
*Fluorescence spectroscopy
*Circular dichroism
*Nuclear magnetic resonance
*Mass spectrometry
*Atomic f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Willard was born on June 3, 1881, in Erie, Pennsylvania. His family relocated to Union City, Michigan, in 1883 and he spent the rest of his early life there. His father and later his high school teachers encouraged his interest in chemistry, which he pursued as an undergraduate at the University of Michigan. He receive... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For a cell reaction characterized by the chemical equation:
at constant temperature and pressure, the thermodynamic voltage (minimum voltage required to drive the reaction) is given by the Nernst equation:
where is the Gibbs energy and F is the Faraday constant. The standard thermodynamic voltage (i.e. at standard tem... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Smeltmills were water-powered mills used to smelt lead or other metals.
The older method of smelting lead on wind-blown bole hills began to be superseded by artificially-blown smelters. The first such furnace was built by Burchard Kranich at Makeney, Derbyshire in 1554, but produced less good lead than the older bole ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dye-sensitized solar cells or DSSCs use TiO and dyes to absorb the light. This absorption induces the formation of electron-hole pairs which are used to oxidize and reduce the same redox couple, usually I/I. Consequently, a differential potential is created which induces a current. | 5 | Photochemistry |
It was first observed by accident by Mike Marchywka while trying to find a selective means to etch non-diamond carbon and fabricate simple astronomical UV detection devices. These devices required a few specific features such as clean surfaces and patterned areas of non-diamond carbon but the approach has subsequently ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Rhamnolipids have long been reported to have antimicrobial properties. They have been shown to have activity against a range of bacteria including Serratia marcescens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.5 µg/mL to 32 µg/mL. Act... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ommochrome (or visual pigment) refers to several biological pigments that occur in the eyes of crustaceans and insects. The eye color is determined by the ommochromes. Ommochromes are also found in the chromatophores of cephalopods, and in spiders.
Ommochromes are metabolites of tryptophan, via kynurenine and 3-hydroxy... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite-2 (GOSAT-2), also known as , is an Earth observation satellite dedicated to greenhouse gas monitoring. It is a successor of Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT). The GOSAT-2 was developed as a joint project of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ministry of ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
When an Arabidopsis plant is subjected to cold temperatures, it induces cold response genes. In order for cold genes to be expressed, COLD1 receptors that are present on the plants surface sense the cold temperature and activate Ca channels, these channels include: MCA1, MCA2 and other undetermined channels. The activa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fluoroform was first obtained by Maurice Meslans in the violent reaction of iodoform with dry silver fluoride in 1894. The reaction was improved by Otto Ruff by substitution of silver fluoride by a mixture of mercury fluoride and calcium fluoride. The exchange reaction works with iodoform and bromoform, and the exchang... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The biological pump, in its simplest form, is the ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean interior and seafloor sediments. It is the part of the oceanic carbon cycle responsible for the cycling of organic matter formed mainly by phytoplankton during photosynthesis (soft-tiss... | 9 | Geochemistry |
FRET can be used to observe membrane fluidity, movement and dispersal of membrane proteins, membrane lipid-protein and protein-protein interactions, and successful mixing of different membranes. FRET is also used to study formation and properties of membrane domains and lipid rafts in cell membranes and to determine su... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hubel majored in mechanical engineering at Iowa State University, graduating in 1983. She continued her studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where she earned a master's degree in 1989 and completed her Ph.D. in the same year.
She worked as a research fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital from ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Orbifold signature:
* Coxeter notation (rhombic): [∞,2,∞]
* Coxeter notation (square): [(4,4,2)]
* Lattice: rhombic
* Point group: D
* The group cmm has reflections in two perpendicular directions, and a rotation of order two (180°) whose centre is not on a reflection axis. It also has two rotations whos... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Combining PDRCs with other systems may increase their cooling power. When included in a combined thermal insulation, evaporative cooling, and radiative cooling system consisting of "a solar reflector, a water-rich and IR-emitting evaporative layer, and a vapor-permeable, IR-transparent, and solar-reflecting insulation ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* An ingredient in diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), which is 32.5% urea and 67.5% de-ionized water. DEF is sprayed into the exhaust stream of diesel vehicles to break down dangerous emissions into harmless nitrogen and water.
* A component of animal feed, providing a relatively cheap source of nitrogen to promote growth
* ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Another approach to prevent or reduce PD formation is by modifying the primers so that annealing with themselves or each other does not cause extension.
HANDS (Homo-Tag Assisted Non-Dimer System): a nucleotide tail, complementary to the 3 end of the primer is added to the 5 end of the primer. Because of the close proxi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most common carotenoids include lycopene and the vitamin A precursor β-carotene. In plants, the xanthophyll lutein is the most abundant carotenoid and its role in preventing age-related eye disease is currently under investigation. Lutein and the other carotenoid pigments found in mature leaves are often not obviou... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Chiral crown stationary phases consist Crown ethers, immobilized or bonded to the support particles, are polyethers with a macrocyclic structure that can create host-guest complexes with alkali, earth-alkali metal ions, and ammonium cations. The skeleton of the cyclic structure is composed of oxygen and methylene group... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Some oxidative additions proceed analogously to the well known bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions in organic chemistry. Nucleophilic attack by the metal center at the less electronegative atom in the substrate leads to cleavage of the R–X bond, to form an [M–R] species. This step is followed by rapid coord... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tenebrescence, also known as reversible photochromism, is the ability of minerals to change color when exposed to light. The effect can be repeated indefinitely, but is destroyed by heating.
Tenebrescent minerals include hackmanite, spodumene and tugtupite. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Chemotaxis receptors are expressed in the surface membrane with diverse dynamics, some of them have long-term characteristics as they are determined genetically, others have short-term moiety as their assembly is induced ad hoc in the presence of the ligand. The diverse feature of the chemotaxis receptors and ligands p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process of forming diazonium compounds is called "diazotation", "diazoniation", or "diazotization". The reaction was first reported by Peter Griess in 1858, who subsequently discovered several reactions of this new class of compounds. Most commonly, diazonium salts are prepared by treatment of aromatic amines with ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Different assembly tools have been developed to handle jumping library data. One example is DELLY. DELLY was developed to discover genomic structural variants and "integrates short insert paired-ends, long-range mate-pairs and split-read alignments" to detect rearrangements at sequence level.
An example of joint develo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By NIGMS program mandate, Glue Grant consortia must contain core resources and bridging projects. The EFI consists of six scientific cores which provide bioinformatic, structural, computational, and data management expertise to facilitate functional predictions for enzymes of unknown function targeted by the EFI. At th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 has been shown to interact with:
* Tax,
* CD117,
* Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor
* Growth hormone receptor,
* IRS2,
* Janus kinase 2, and
* TEC. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The asymmetric hydrogenation of indoles has been established with N-Boc protection.
<br />
A Pd(TFA)/H8-BINAP system achieves the enantioselective cis-hydrogenation of 2,3- and 2-substituted indoles.
<br />
Akin to the behavior of indoles, pyrroles can be converted to pyrrolidines by asymmetric hydrogenation.
<br /> | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cyanobacteria, the precursor to chloroplasts found in green plants, have both photosystems with both types of reaction centers. Combining the two systems allows for producing oxygen. | 5 | Photochemistry |
:DNA strand 1: antisense strand (transcribed to) → RNA strand (sense)
:DNA strand 2: sense strand
Some regions within a double-stranded DNA molecule code for genes, which are usually instructions specifying the order in which amino acids are assembled to make proteins, as well as regulatory sequences, splicing sites, n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An alternate preparation of carbonate green rust first creates a suspension of iron(III) hydroxide () in an iron(II) chloride solution, and bubbles carbon dioxide through it.
In a more recent variant, solutions of both iron(II) and iron(III) salts are first mixed, then a solution of is added, all in the stoichometric... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Measuring cardiac biomarkers can be a step toward making a diagnosis for a condition. Whereas cardiac imaging often confirms a diagnosis, simpler and less expensive cardiac biomarker measurements can advise a physician whether more complicated or invasive procedures are warranted. In many cases medical societies advise... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The force F(h) between two bodies is related to the interaction free energy U(h) as
where h is the surface-to-surface separation. Conversely, when the force profile is known, one can evaluate the interaction energy as
When one considers two planar walls, the corresponding quantities are expressed per unit area. The dis... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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