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Pelletizing is done in a pellet mill, where feed is normally conditioned and thermal-treated in the fitted conditioners of a pellet mill. The feed is then pushed through the holes and exit the pellet mill as pelleted feed. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Extrema of the spinodal in a temperature vs composition plot coincide with those of the binodal curve, and are known as critical points. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Transport is proportional to applied bias (resistor)
*Transport can be made to move in one direction (diode)
*Control of gain is possible by introduction of third pole (transistor)
*Control of the forward/reverse direction by asymmetric gates (Field-effect reconfigurable diode) | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The different biomolecules that make up a plant's biogenic substances – particularly those in seed exudates - can be identified by using different varieties of chromatography in a lab environment. For metabolite profiling, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is used to find flavonoids such as quercetin. Compounds can ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cycling probe technology makes use of a chimeric nucleic acid probe to detect the presence of a particular DNA sequence. The chimeric probe consists of an RNA segment sandwiched between two DNA segments. The RNA segment contains 4 contiguous purine nucleotides. The probes should be less than 30 nucleotides in length an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In eukaryotic cells the pyruvate decarboxylation occurs inside the mitochondrial matrix, after transport of the substrate, pyruvate, from the cytosol. The transport of pyruvate into the mitochondria is via the transport protein pyruvate translocase. Pyruvate translocase transports pyruvate in a symport fashion with a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nowadays, most radical photopolymerization pathways are based on addition reactions of carbon double bonds in acrylates or methacrylates, and these pathways are widely employed in photolithography and stereolithography.
Before the free radical nature of certain polymerizations was determined, certain monomers were obse... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Bioenergetics is the part of biochemistry concerned with the energy involved in making and breaking of chemical bonds in the molecules found in biological organisms. It can also be defined as the study of energy relationships and energy transformations and transductions in living organisms. The ability to harness energ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
At slow scan rates there should be no separation between the oxidative and reductive peaks.
* A one-electron site (e.g. a heme or FeS cluster) gives a broad peak (fig 1A). The equation that gives the shape and intensity of the peak is:
: Ideally, the peak position is in both directions. The peak current is (it is pro... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
While FeAl is a B2 alloy, the observed yield strength anomaly in FeAl is due to another mechanism. If cross-slip were the mechanism, then the yield strength anomaly would be rate dependent, as expected for a thermally activated process. Instead, yield strength anomaly is state dependent, which is a property that is dep... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Herbicides (, ), also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds. Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired crop relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called "total weed killers") kill plants indiscrimi... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Exfoliation (or onion skin weathering) is the gradual removing of spall due to the cyclic increase and decrease in the temperature of the surface layers of the rock. Rocks do not conduct heat well, so when they are exposed to extreme heat, the outermost layer becomes much hotter than the rock underneath causing differe... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Copper is a biologically important metal to detect. It has many sensors developed for it including:
*CTAP-1, a sensor that shows a response in the UV region when Cu(I) binds to an azatetrathiacrown motif that in turn excites a pyrazoline-based dye that is attached. To use the probe, one excites it at 365 nm. If it is b... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Intronerator is a database of alternatively spliced genes and a database of introns for Caenorhabditis elegans. | 1 | Biochemistry |
PCET is thought to be pervasive. Important examples include water oxidation in photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, oxygen reduction reaction, and the function of hydrogenases. These processes are relevant to respiration. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
pRb has also been implicated in regulating metabolism through interactions with components of cellular metabolic pathways. RB1 mutations can cause alterations in metabolism, including reduced mitochondrial respiration, reduced activity in the electron transport chain, and changes in flux of glucose and/or glutamine. Pa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Myzocytosis (from Greek: myzein, () meaning "to suck" and kytos () meaning "container", hence referring to "cell") is a method of feeding found in some heterotrophic organisms. It is also called "cellular vampirism" as the predatory cell pierces the cell wall and/or cell membrane of the prey cell with a feeding tube, t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The presence of nitrogen activates the csiR gene located downstream of the gabP gene. The csiR gene encodes a protein that acts as a transcriptional repressor for csiD-ygaF-gab operon hence shutting off the GABA degradation pathway. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Macrophages and related cells employ a different mechanism to recognize the pathogen. Their receptors recognize certain motifs present on the invading pathogen that are very unlikely to be present on a host cell. Such repeating motifs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like the toll-like receptors (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In a small number of cases, plant genes are effective against an entire pathogen species, even though that species is pathogenic on other genotypes of that host species. Examples include barley MLO against powdery mildew, wheat Lr34 against leaf rust and wheat Yr36 against wheat stripe rust. An array of mechanisms for ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first heteropoly molybdate and first heteropolymetallate, yellow ammonium phosphomolybdate, (NH)PMoO was discovered by Berzelius in 1826. The phosphorus atom in the anion is termed the heteroatom, other heteroatoms are silicon and arsenic. The heteropoly-molybdenum blues have structures based on the Keggin structur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phosphoric acid units can be bonded together in rings (cyclic structures). The simplest such compound is trimetaphosphoric acid or cyclo-triphosphoric acid having the formula . Its structure is shown in the illustration. Since the ends are condensed, its formula has one less (water) than tripolyphosphoric acid.
The ge... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Brown MX-5BR or Reactive Brown 10 has a formula of CHClCrNNaOS and a molecular weight of 1163.6 g/mol, containing two dichlorotriazine rings. Brown MX-5BR, for example, can be used to purify lysozyme, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase. It also shown that it can elute tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase using Trp as eluant, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Metallization pressure is the pressure required for a non-metallic chemical element to become a metal. Every material is predicted to turn into a metal if the pressure is high enough, and temperature low enough. Some of these pressures are beyond the reach of diamond anvil cells, and are thus theoretical predictions. N... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Based on atomicity, molecules can be classified as:
*Monoatomic (composed of one atom). Examples include He (helium), Ne (neon), Ar (argon), and Kr (krypton). All noble gases are monoatomic.
* Diatomic (composed of two atoms). Examples include H (hydrogen), N (nitrogen), O (oxygen), F (fluorine), an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reinhold and coworkers performed a systematical experiment to study the kinetics and mechanisms of hydrolysis of such compounds. They prepared a series of α-silanes and γ-silanes and tested their reactivity in different pH (acidic and basic regime), functional group X and the spacer
between the silicon atom and the fun... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Solid phosphorus pentachloride is an ionic compound, formulated , that is, a salt containing the tetrachlorophosphonium cation. Dilute solutions dissociate according to the following equilibrium:
:PCl + Cl
Triphenylphosphine dichloride (PhPCl) exists both as the pentacoordinate phosphorane and as the chlorotriphenylp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In SEC, mass is not measured so much as the hydrodynamic volume of the polymer molecules, that is, how much space a particular polymer molecule takes up when it is in solution. However, the approximate molecular weight can be calculated from SEC data because the exact relationship between molecular weight and hydrodyna... | 1 | Biochemistry |
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily related proteins that are cell surface receptors that detect molecules outside the cell... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The transformation that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D occurs in two steps. First, 7-dehydrocholesterol is photolyzed by ultraviolet light in a 6-electron conrotatory ring-opening electrocyclic reaction; the product is previtaminD. Second, previtaminD spontaneously isomerizes to vitaminD (cholecalciferol) i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
TFH participates in nucleotide excision repair (NER) by opening the DNA double helix after damage is initially recognized. NER is a multi-step pathway that removes a wide range of different damages that distort normal base pairing, including bulky chemical damages and UV-induced damages. Individuals with mutational d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a phosphoric acid, in the general sense, is a phosphorus oxoacid in which each phosphorus (P) atom is in the oxidation state +5, and is bonded to four oxygen (O) atoms, one of them through a double bond, arranged as the corners of a tetrahedron. Two or more of these tetrahedra may be connected by shared... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Jonathan David Sarfati (born 1 October 1964) is a young Earth creationist who writes articles for Creation Ministries International (CMI), a non-profit Christian apologetics ministry. Sarfati has a PhD in chemistry, and was New Zealand national chess champion in 1987 and 1988. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterial fermentation of sugar or lipids. They are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy. In industrial production, the polyester is extracted and purified from the bacteria by optimizing the conditions for the fermentation of sugar.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heme C differs from heme B in that the two vinyl side chains of heme B are replaced by covalent, thioether linkages to the apoprotein. The two thioether linkages are typically made by cysteine residues of the protein. These linkages do not allow the heme C to easily dissociate from the holoprotein, cytochrome c, compa... | 1 | Biochemistry |
AuAl has low electrical conductivity and relatively low melting point. AuAl's formation at the joint causes increase of electrical resistance, which can lead to electrical failure. AuAl typically forms at 95% of Au and 5% of Al by mass, its melting point is about 575 °C, which is the lowest among the major gold-aluminu... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hilbert Spectroscopy uses Hilbert transforms to analyze broad spectrum signals from gigahertz to terahertz frequency radio. One suggested use is to quickly analyze liquids inside airport passenger luggage. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Denaturing gels are run under conditions that disrupt the natural structure of the analyte, causing it to unfold into a linear chain. Thus, the mobility of each macromolecule depends only on its linear length and its mass-to-charge ratio. Thus, the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of biomolecular structure ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
HABs occur naturally off coasts all over the world. Marine dinoflagellates produce ichthyotoxins. Where HABs occur, dead fish wash up on shore for up to two weeks after a HAB has been through the area. In addition to killing fish, the toxic algae contaminate shellfish. Some mollusks are not susceptible to the toxin, an... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Palladacycles are used as pre-catalysts, usually by the reductive elimination from palladium(II) to the catalytically active palladium(0). In the example of 2-aminobiphenyl palladacycles, a kinetically active 12-electrons Pd(0) species is formed, allowing for further oxidative addition with reactants. A series of 2-ami... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While the aggregates can explain much of the protein fouling found in milk processing, this does not account for it all. A third type of fouling has been discovered that is explained by the chemical interactions of the denatured β-lg proteins.
β-lg contains 5 cysteine residues, four of which are covalently bonded to e... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2005 there were "several types of commercial cyclic olefin copolymers based on different types of cyclic monomers and polymerization methods. Cyclic olefin copolymers are produced by chain copolymerization of cyclic monomers such as 8,9,10-trinorborn-2-ene (norbornene) or 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-1,4:5,8-dimethan... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A rezas crystallization depends on the time it takes for layers of its chains to fold and orient themselves in the same direction. This time increases with a molecules weight and branching. The table below shows that the growth rate is higher for Sclair 14B.1 than Sclair 2907 (20%), where 2907 is less highly branched t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The photodegradation of pesticides is of great interest because of the scale of agriculture and the intensive use of chemicals. Pesticides are however selected in part not to photodegrade readily in sunlight in order to allow them to exert their biocidal activity. Thus, more modalities are implemented to enhance their ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Reststrahlen effect (German: “residual rays”) is a reflectance phenomenon in which electromagnetic radiation within a narrow energy band cannot propagate within a given medium due to a change in refractive index concurrent with the specific absorbance band of the medium in question; this narrow energy band is terme... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DNA methylation in cancer plays a variety of roles, helping to change the healthy cells by regulation of gene expression to a cancer cells or a diseased cells disease pattern. One of the most widely studied DNA methylation dysregulation is the promoter hypermethylation where the CPGs islands in the promoter regions are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although the nuclearity of binary metal carbonyl clusters is usually six or fewer, carbido clusters often have higher nuclearities. Metal carbonyls of the iron and cobalt triads are well known to form carbido derivatives. Examples include [RhC(CO)] and [RuC(CO)]. Carbonyl carbides exist not only with fully encapsulated... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A number of organic compounds form charge-transfer complex, which are often described as electron-donor-acceptor complexes (EDA complexes). Typical acceptors are nitrobenzenes or tetracyanoethylene (TCNE). The strength of their interaction with electron donors correlates with the ionization potentials of the componen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reactions in chemical processes are either unimolecular or bimolecular. The rate of a unimolecular reaction is an average over a vast ensemble of the rate coefficients for the microscopic events of collisional energy transfer and of reaction of a completely isolated molecule. Gilberts work in the field of unimolecular ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Howard E. Zimmerman was a native of Connecticut. During World War II, he served in the U.S. Armored Corps in Europe where he was a tank gunner. His final rank was technical sergeant. He obtained a B. S. in Chemistry in 1950 and a Ph.D. in 1953 both from Yale University. He was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow with a Nati... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The DNA of interest needs to be fragmented to provide a relevant DNA segment of suitable size. Preparation of DNA fragments for cloning is achieved by means of PCR, but it may also be accomplished by restriction enzyme digestion and fractionation by gel electrophoresis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Monomers capable of forming single, double, triple or quadruple hydrogen bonding has been utilized for making supramolecular polymers, and increased association of monomers obviously possible when monomers have maximum number of hydrogen bonding donor/acceptor motifs. For instance, ureidopyrimidinone-based monomer wit... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
DLVO theory describes the interaction potential between charged surfaces. It is the sum of electrostatic double layer, which can be either attractive of repulsive, and attractive Van der Waals interactions of the charge surfaces. DLVO theory is applied widely in explaining the aggregation and deposition of colloidal an... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ethene and oxygen are passed co-currently in a reaction tower at about 130 °C and 400 kPa. The catalyst is an aqueous solution of PdCl and CuCl. The acetaldehyde is purified by extractive distillation followed by fractional distillation. Extractive distillation with water removes the lights ends having lower boiling p... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Thiiranes occur very rarely in nature and are of no significance medicinally.
Very few commercial applications exist, although the polymerization of episulfide has been reported. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The crystal structures of the THF complexes of the Reformatsky reagents tert-butyl bromozincacetate and ethyl bromozincacetate have been determined. Both form cyclic eight-membered dimers in the solid state, but differ in stereochemistry: the eight-membered ring in the ethyl derivative adopts a tub-shaped conformation... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One case study investigated the formation of gaseous intermediates in the decomposition of CCl in the presence of steam over LaO using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. This experiment produced useful information about the reaction mechanism, active site orientation, and about which species compete for the activ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the ovary, the LHCG receptor is necessary for follicular maturation and ovulation, as well as luteal function. Its expression requires appropriate hormonal stimulation by FSH and estradiol. The LHCGR is present on granulosa cells, theca cells, luteal cells, and interstitial cells The LCGR is restimulated by increas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Even though glycosylation is the most common form of protein modification, with highly complex carbohydrate structures, the bioinformatics on glycome is still very poor.
Unlike proteins and nucleic acids which are linear, carbohydrates are often branched and extremely complex. For instance, just four sugars can be stru... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In more general use, a calibration curve is a curve or table for a measuring instrument which measures some parameter indirectly, giving values for the desired quantity as a function of values of sensor output. For example, a calibration curve can be made for a particular pressure transducer to determine applied pressu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17), also called TACE (tumor necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme), is a 70-kDa enzyme that belongs to the ADAM protein family of disintegrins and metalloproteases, activated by substrate presentation. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Small RNAs are noncoding RNA molecules between 20 and 200 nucleotide in length. The item "small RNA" is a rather arbitrary term, which is vaguely defined based on its length comparing with regular RNA such as messenger RNA (mRNA). Previously bacterial short regulatory RNAs have been referred to as small RNAs, but they ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In complexation catalysis, the term passive binding refers to any stabilizing interaction that is equally strong at the transition state level and in the reactant-catalyst complex.
Having the same effect on the stability of the transition state and the reactant-catalyst complex, passive binding contributes to accelerat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In reaction kinetics, a rate effect is sometimes observed between different isotopomers of the same chemical. This kinetic isotope effect can be used to study reaction mechanisms by analyzing how the differently massed atom is involved in the process. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Two primary classes of thermodynamic cycles are power cycles and heat pump cycles. Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures by using mechanical work as the input. Cycles composed entirely of quasistatic proces... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Native ironwork in the Northwest Coast has been found in places like the Ozette Indian Village Archeological Site, where iron chisels and knives were discovered. These artifacts seem to have been crafted around 1613, based on the dendrochronological analysis of associated pieces of wood in the site, and were made out o... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The structure function, like the fragmentation function, is a probability density function in physics. It is somewhat analogous to the structure factor in solid-state physics, and the form factor (quantum field theory).
The nucleon (proton and neutron) electromagnetic form factors describe the spatial distributions of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Current trends in climate change lead to higher ocean temperatures and acidity, thus modifying marine ecosystems. Also, acid rain and polluted runoff from agriculture and industry change the oceans chemical composition. Such changes can have dramatic effects on highly sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs, thus limi... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Bowen was born in Oxford, son of the chemist Edmund Bowen and Edith Bowen (nee Moule). He attended the Dragon School, gaining a scholarship to Rugby School and then a demyship to Magdalen College, Oxford. He won the Gibbs Prize in 1949 and completed a DPhil in chemistry at Oxford University in 1953 before starting his ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Of the seven metals known in antiquity, only gold regularly occurs in nature as a native metal. The others – copper, lead, silver, tin, iron, and mercury – occur primarily as minerals, although native copper is occasionally found in commercially significant quantities. These minerals are primarily carbonates, sulfides,... | 8 | Metallurgy |
scVelo is a method that solves the full transcriptional dynamics of splicing kinetics using a likelihood-based dynamical model. This generalizes RNA velocity to systems with transient cell states, which are common in development and in response to perturbations. scVelo was applied to disentangling subpopulation kinetic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Control over surface wettability is a critical aspect of self-cleaning surfaces. Both superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces have been used as self-cleaning materials. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Clyde cancer cluster (also known as the Sandusky County cancer cluster) is a childhood cancer cluster that has affected many families in Clyde, Ohio, and surrounding areas. PCBs were found in soil in a public park within the area of the cancer cluster.
In Akron, Ohio, soil was contaminated and noxious PCB-laden fum... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Haber–Weiss reaction generates •OH (hydroxyl radicals) from HO (hydrogen peroxide) and superoxide (•O) catalyzed by iron ions. It was first proposed by Fritz Haber and his student Joseph Joshua Weiss in 1932.
This reaction has long been studied and revived in different contexts, including organic chemistry, free ra... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Cori cycle (also known as the lactic acid cycle), named after its discoverers, Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori, is a metabolic pathway in which lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis in muscles, is transported to the liver and converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is cyclically metaboliz... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In physics, a phason is a form of collective excitation found in aperiodic crystal structures. Phasons are a type of quasiparticle: an emergent phenomenon of many-particle systems. Similar to phonons, phasons are quasiparticles associated with atomic motion. However, whereas phonons are related to the translation of at... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Butyrate that is produced in the colon through microbial fermentation of dietary fiber is primarily absorbed and metabolized by colonocytes and the liver for the generation of ATP during energy metabolism; however, some butyrate is absorbed in the distal colon, which is not connected to the portal vein, thereby allowin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In most dewetting studies a thin polymer film is spin-cast onto a substrate. Even in the case of the film does not dewet immediately if it is in a metastable state, e.g. if the temperature is below the glass transition temperature of the polymer. Annealing such a metastable film above its glass transition temperature ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Phenol in the Berthelot reagent can be replaced by a variety of phenolic reagents, the most common being sodium salicylate, which is significantly less toxic. This has been used for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) determinations and commonly is used to determine water and soil total and ammonia-N. Replacement of phenol by 2... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Box models are widely used to model biogeochemical systems. Box models are simplified versions of complex systems, reducing them to boxes (or storage reservoirs) for chemical materials, linked by material fluxes (flows). Simple box models have a small number of boxes with properties, such as volume, that do not change ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides is a mixture used as a flavor enhancer food additive. It listed as E number reference E634. This food additive is banned in Australia and New Zealand. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Note the contrasting definitions between partial molar quantity and apparent molar quantity: in the case of partial molar volumes , defined by partial derivatives
one can write , and so always holds. In contrast, in the definition of apparent molar volume, the molar volume of the pure solvent, , is used instead, whic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main method of producing yogurt is through the lactic acid fermentation of milk with harmless bacteria. The primary bacteria used are typically Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, and United States as well as European law requires all yogurts to contain these two cultures (though others may be ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dr. Diana Fleischman, of the University of Portsmouth, and colleagues looked for a relationship between progesterone and sexual attitudes in 92 women. Their research, published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior found that women who had higher levels of progesterone scored higher on a questionnaire measuring homoerotic... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
At 400 ppb, fluorine is estimated to be the 24th most common element in the universe. It is comparably rare for a light element (elements tend to be more common the lighter they are). All of the elements from atomic number 6 (carbon) to atomic number 12 (magnesium) are hundreds or thousands of times more common than ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
VIPA devices have been commercialized by LightMachinery as spectral disperser devices or components with various customized design parameters. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mitogens can be either endogenous or exogenous factors. Endogenous mitogens function to control cell division is a normal and necessary part of the life cycle of multicellular organisms. For example, in zebrafish, an endogenous mitogen Nrg1 is produced in response to indications of heart damage. When it is expressed, i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In Saxon settlements such as one identified in Northumberland as Bedes Ad Gefrin (now called Yeavering) the buildings were shown by an excavators reconstruction to have opposed entries. In barns a draught created by the use of these opposed doorways was used in winnowing.
The technique developed by the Chinese was not... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Eshelby was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in March 1974. He was awarded the Timoshenko Medal in 1977.
In 2012, the Eshelby Mechanics Award for Young Faculty and the Eshelby Memorial Bursary was founded in his memory. was launched to commemorate the memory of Eshelby. The award is given annually to rapidly emerg... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Water vapor will only condense onto another surface when that surface is cooler than the dew point temperature, or when the water vapor equilibrium in air has been exceeded. When water vapor condenses onto a surface, a net warming occurs on that surface. The water molecule brings heat energy with it. In turn, the tempe... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In November 1990, Çeçen joined the faculty at the Boğaziçi University Institute of Environmental Sciences as an instructor. She was promoted to assistant professor in March 1993, associate professor in October 1993, and full professor in June 1999.
Çeçen researches water and wastewater treatment, environmental biotechn... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences.
Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The European Bioanalysis Forum (EBF) is an organisation comprising bioanalytical scientists working within the pharmaceutical industry R&D. Scope of the EBF is on bioanalysis of small and large molecules with bioanalysis being defined as:
* Quantification of drugs and metabolites in body fluids and tissues
* Quantifica... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Corinthian bronze, also named Corinthian brass or aes Corinthiacum, was a highly valuable metal alloy in classical antiquity. It is thought to be an alloy of copper with gold or silver (or both), although it has also been contended that it was simply a very high grade of bronze, or a kind of bronze that was manufactur... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Schrock carbenes do not have π-accepting ligands on the metal centre, and are typically found with:
* high oxidation state metal center
* early transition metals Ti(IV), Ta(V)
* σ-donor and sometimes π-donor metal ligands
* hydrogen and alkyl substituents on carbenoid carbon.
Examples include and .
Bonding in such c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The absorption refrigerator is of unique importance in setting an autonomous quantum device.
Such a device requires no external power and operates without external intervention in scheduling the operations
. The basic construct includes three baths; a power bath, a hot bath and a cold bath.
The tricycle model is the t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Woodward also received over twenty honorary degrees, including honorary doctorates from the following universities:
* Wesleyan University in 1945;
* Harvard University in 1957;
* University of Cambridge in 1964;
* Brandeis University in 1965;
* Technion Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa in 1966;
* University of W... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In many nonlinear field theories like general relativity or Yang–Mills theories, the basic field equations are highly nonlinear and exact solutions are only known for ‘sufficiently symmetric’ distributions of matter (e.g. rotationally or axially symmetric configurations). Time-translation symmetry is guaranteed only in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polymer characterization spans many techniques for determining the chemical composition, molecular weight distribution, and physical properties. Select common techniques include the following:
*Size-exclusion chromatography (also called gel permeation chromatography), sometimes coupled with static light scattering, can... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
During World War I, various forms of tear gas were used in combat and tear gas was the most common form of chemical weapon used. None of the belligerents believed that the use of irritant gases violated the Hague Convention of 1899 which prohibited the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare. Use of chemical wea... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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