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Copper technology may date back to the 4th millennium BCE in the Himalaya region.
It is the first element to be discovered in metallurgy,
Copper and its alloys were also used to create copper-bronze images such as Buddhas or Hindu/Mahayana Buddhist deities. Xuanzang also noted that there were copper-bronze Buddha image... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well as bond lengths, bond angles, torsional angles and any other geometrical parameters that determine the position of each atom.
Molecular geometry influences several prope... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Quinone methides are cross-conjugated rather than aromatic. Nucleophilic addition at the exo-cyclic double bond will result in rearomatisation, making such reactions highly favourable. As a result, quinone methides are excellent, electrophilic Michael acceptors, react quickly with nucleophiles and can be easily reduced... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Ideally, the reference set in CAI is composed of highly expressed genes, so that CAI provides an indication of gene expression level under the assumption that there is translational selection to optimize gene sequences according to their expression levels. The rationale for this is dual: highly expressed genes need to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Generally speaking, there are two distinct mechanistic pathways that lead to C-C bond activation: (a) the β-carbon elimination of metal complexes. In this mechanism, a M–C intermediate and a double bond are formed at the same time; and (b) the direct oxidative addition of C–C bonds into low-valent metal adducts to form... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
High intensity ultrashort pulse lasers can create ATI features with 20 or more peaks. The photoelectron spectrum of electron energies is continuous since actual light sources contain a spread of energies. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In chemistry, metal-catalysed hydroboration is a reaction used in organic synthesis. It is one of several examples of homogeneous catalysis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Some metabolic myopathies involve the under- or over-utilization of the purine nucleotide cycle. Metabolic myopathies cause a low ATP reservoir in muscle cells (ADP > ATP), resulting in exercise-induced excessive AMP buildup in muscle, and subsequent exercise-induced hyperuricemia (myogenic hyperuricemia) through conv... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Single-cell transcriptomics uses sequencing techniques similar to single cell genomics or direct detection using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The first step in quantifying the transcriptome is to convert RNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase so that the contents of the cell can be sequenced using NGS methods a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Propanephosphonic acid anhydride (PPAA, T3P) is an anhydride of propanephosphonic acid. Its structure is a cyclic trimer, with a phosphorus–oxygen core and propyl groups and additional oxygens attached. The chemical is a useful reagent for peptide synthesis reactions, where it activates the carboxylic acid partner for... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Froth flotation is a process for separating minerals from gangue by exploiting differences in their hydrophobicity. Hydrophobicity differences between valuable minerals and waste gangue are increased through the use of surfactants and wetting agents. The flotation process is used for the separation of a large range of ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
More useful generally than the Gilman reagents are the so-called mixed cuprates with the formula [RCuX] and [RCuX]. Such compounds are often prepared by the addition of the organolithium reagent to copper(I) halides and cyanide. These mixed cuprates are more stable and more readily purified. One problem addressed by m... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A non-combustible material is a substance that does not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when subject to fire or heat, in the form in which it is used and under conditions anticipated. Any solid substance complying with either of two sets of passing criteria listed in Section 8 of ASTM E 13... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Perovskite solar cells are solar cells that include a perovskite-structured material as the active layer. Most commonly, this is a solution-processed hybrid organic-inorganic tin or lead halide based material. Efficiencies have increased from below 5% at their first usage in 2009 to 25.5% in 2020, making them a very ra... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Ancyronyx, commonly known as spider water beetles or spider riffle beetles, is a genus of aquatic riffle beetles from North America, South Asia, China, and Southeast Asia. They are small beetles with extremely long legs ending in strong claws. Both the adults and the larvae are found underwater in the shallow riffles o... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Black shales are organic rich, microlaminated sedimentary rocks often associated with bottom water anoxia. This is because anoxia slows the degradation of organic matter, allowing for greater burial in the sediments. Other evidence for anoxic burial of black shale includes the lack of bioturbation, meaning that there w... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The model represents individuals as networks of interacting transcriptional regulators. Each individual expresses genes encoding transcription factors. The product of each gene can regulate the expression level of itself and/or the other genes through cis-regulatory elements. The interactions among genes constitute a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There is an overall 2–3 kcal/mol error using the Benson group-increment theory to calculate the ΔH. The value of each group is estimated on the base of the average ΔΔH° shown above and there will be a dispersion around the average ΔΔH°. Also, it can only be as accurate as the experimental accuracy. That's the derivatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heme A differs from heme B in that a methyl side chain at ring position 8 is oxidized to a formyl group and a hydroxyethylfarnesyl group, an isoprenoid chain, has been attached to the vinyl side chain at ring position 2 of the iron tetrapyrrole heme. Heme A is similar to heme o, in that both have this farnesyl addition... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Phase Change Material (PCM) Based Energy Storage Materials and Global Application Examples, Zafer URE M.Sc., C.Eng. MASHRAE [https://www.pcmproducts.net/Building_Temperature_Control.htm HVAC Applications]
* Phase Change Material Based Passive Cooling Systems Design Principal and Global Application Examples, Zafer URE... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Beyond the most common perovskite symmetries (cubic, tetragonal, orthorhombic), a more precise determination leads to a total of 23 different structure types that can be found. These 23 structure can be categorized into 4 different so-called tilt systems that are denoted by their respective Glazer notation.
The notatio... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
After a WGD, one of the duplicated gene pair is often lost through fractionation; less than 10% of WGD gene pairs have remained in S. cerevisiae genome. A little over half of WGD gene pairs in the glycolysis reaction pathway were retained in post-WGD species, significantly higher than the overall retention rate. This... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is a DNA amplification technique. This method can rapidly amplify minute amounts of DNA samples to a reasonable quantity for genomic analysis. The reaction starts by annealing random hexamer primers to the template: DNA synthesis is carried out by a high fidelity enzyme, prefer... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In analytical chemistry, argentometry is a type of titration involving the silver(I) ion. Typically, it is used to determine the amount of chloride present in a sample. The sample solution is titrated against a solution of silver nitrate of known concentration. Chloride ions react with silver(I) ions to give the insolu... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 2017, two research groups from ETH Zurich and from MIT reported on the creation of an ultracold quantum gas with supersolid properties. The Zurich group placed a Bose–Einstein condensate inside two optical resonators, which enhanced the atomic interactions until they started to spontaneously crystallize and form a s... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Standard reduction potentials in aqueous solution are also a useful way of predicting the non-aqueous chemistry of the metals involved. Thus, metals with high negative potentials, such as sodium, or potassium, will ignite in air, forming the respective oxides. These fires cannot be extinguished with water, which also r... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Overload, shocks and vibrations (bridges, roads submitted to intense truck traffic...) can induce mechanical stress and deformations in concrete structures and be responsible for the mechanical degradation of concrete. Beside the long-term drying shrinkage of concrete, pre-stressed and post-tensioned civil engineering ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hanna Reisler (née Bregman) is an Israeli-American Professor of Chemistry at the University of Southern California. She is interested in the reaction dynamics of molecules and free radicals, as well as the photodissociation in the gas phase. Reisler established the University of Southern California Women In Science and... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In some cases, discordant reads can also indicate a CNV for example in sequences repeats. For larger CNV, the density of the reads will vary accordingly to the copy number. An increase of copy numbers will be reflected by increasing mapping of the same region on the reference genome. | 1 | Biochemistry |
[4+4] reactions are forbidden in the ground state and often entropically disfavored in the excited state. The mechanism of the [4+4] photocycloaddition is proposed to begin with the photoexcitation of a 1,3-diene system into the excited state. Because the orbital symmetry of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The aromatic component of the quinine molecule is a quinoline with a methoxy substituent. The amine component has a quinuclidine skeleton and the methylene bridge in between the two components has a hydroxyl group. The substituent at the 3 position is a vinyl group. The molecule is optically active with five stereogeni... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fluxes are materials added to the ore during smelting to catalyze the desired reactions and to chemically bind to unwanted impurities or reaction products. Calcium carbonate or calcium oxide in the form of lime are often used for this purpose, since they react with sulfur, phosphorus, and silicon impurities to allow th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Some of the most commonly-used biocompatible materials (or biomaterials) are polymers due to their inherent flexibility and tunable mechanical properties. Medical devices made of plastics are often made of a select few including: cyclic olefin copolymer (COC), polycarbonate (PC), polyetherimide (PEI), medical grade pol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ions in their gas-like state are highly reactive and will rapidly interact with ions of opposite charge to give neutral molecules or ionic salts. Ions are also produced in the liquid or solid state when salts interact with solvents (for example, water) to produce solvated ions, which are more stable, for reasons involv... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) or preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) has been suggested to be able to be used in IVF to select an embryo that appears to have the greatest chances for successful pregnancy. However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing randomised controlled trials came to the r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chiral recognition implies the ability of chiral stationery phases to interact differently with mirror-image molecules, leading to their separation. The mechanism of enantiomeric resolution using CSPs is generally attributed to the “three-point" interaction model (fig.1.) between the analyte and the chiral selector in ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
There is considerable interest in applying gene-editing methods to the treatment of diseases with a genetic component. However, there are multiple challenges associated with this approach. An effective treatment would require editing of a large number of target cells, which in turn would require an effective method of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the 1920s and 30s, Albert H. Taylor, Arthur C. Hardy , and others of the General Electric company developed a series of instruments that were capable of easily recording spectral data "in reflection". Their display preference for the data was "% Reflectance". In 1946, Frank Benford published a series of parametric e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Gestonorone caproate is the generic name of the drug and its , , and , while gestronol hexanoate is its . It has also been referred to as norhydroxyprogesterone caproate, and is also known by its former developmental code names SH-582 and SH-80582. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* EAS Award for Outstanding Achievements in the Fields of Analytical Chemistry (2023)
* Martin Medal (2019)
* Ralph N. Adams Award in Bioanalyical Chemistry (2016)
* ACS Award in Chromatography (2017)
* CASSS Award for Outstanding Achievements in Separation Science (2017)
* Marcel Golay Award for Lifetime Achievement ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In IUPAC nomenclature, 1,1-ethenediyl describes the connectivity >C=CH. The related species ethenylidenes have the connectivity =C=CH. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Left-hand traffic (LHT) and right-hand traffic (RHT) are the practices, in bidirectional traffic, of keeping to the left side and to the right side of the road, respectively. They are fundamental to traffic flow, and are sometimes called the rule of the road. The terms right- and left-hand drive refer to the position o... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Low-pressure mercury lamps are very similar to a fluorescent lamp, with a wavelength of 253.7 nm (1182.5 THz).
The most common form of germicidal lamp looks similar to an ordinary fluorescent lamp but the tube contains no fluorescent phosphor. In addition, rather than being made of ordinary borosilicate glass, the tube... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (E-EPA) is an ethyl ester of eicosapentaenoic acid, which is an omega-3 fatty acid. | 1 | Biochemistry |
#Microinject the embryo with DNA coding for transposase and a plasmid with the reporter gene and transposase recognition sequences (and often the E. coli reporter gene and origin of replication, etc.).
#Random transposition occurs, inserting the reporter gene randomly. The insertion tends to occur near actively transcr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Notable members of The Electrochemical Society include numerous Nobel Prize laureates including the three co-winners of the 2019 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.
*Thomas Edison: Edison became a member on April 4, 1903. Early members recall attending a meeting at Edison's home in the Society’s early days. Edison is often cre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The process typically takes place between 900 and 1100 °C, with an anode (typically carbon) and a cathode (the oxide being reduced) in a solution of molten CaCl. Depending on the nature of the oxide it will exist at a particular potential relative to the anode, which is dependent on the quantity of CaO present in CaCl. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Cost of reactor and replacements (each replacement unit costs ~ $6000)
* Addition of dead volume causes an increase in peak broadening depending on the GC column flow rates and molecule types (5-10% broadening is typical)
** Heteroatoms and oxidation of Polyarc transfer lines increase this broadening
* Susceptible t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is a type I membrane protein. The protein may play a role in the adhesive interactions of activated T and NK cells during the late phase of the immune response. It may also function in antigen presentation. Alternative splicing generates mul... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bromophenol blue (3′,3″,5′,5″-tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein, BPB), albutest is used as a pH indicator, an electrophoretic color marker, and a dye. It can be prepared by slowly adding excess bromine to a hot solution of phenolsulfonphthalein in glacial acetic acid. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
It has been studied in AIDS-related Kaposis sarcoma, West Nile virus, and to inactivate Staphylococcus aureus', and HIV-1. Phenothiazine dyes and light have been known to have virucidal properties for over 70 years. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As stated above, the STAT3-Ser/Hes3 signaling axis regulates the number of neural stem cells (as well as other cell types) in culture. This prompted experiments to determine if the same pathway can also regulate the number of naturally resident (endogenous) neural stem cells in the adult rodent brain. If so, this would... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While earlier version of fiber-based laser traps exclusively used single mode beams, M. Kreysing and colleagues recently showed that the careful excitation of further optical modes in a short piece of optical fiber allows the realization of non-trivial trapping geometries. By this the researchers were able to orient va... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Regions of the short arm of chromosome 8 are frequently deleted in a range of solid tumors, indicating that tumor suppressor genes reside at these loci. Caldwell et al. have shown frequent interstitial deletions in a series of prostate cancers, squamous cell head and neck cancers and colorectal carcinomas. There was a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
CDI is mainly employed to convert amines into amides, carbamates, ureas. It can also be used to convert alcohols into esters. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sedimentation equilibrium in a suspension of different particles, such as molecules, exists when the rate of transport of each material in any one direction due to sedimentation equals the rate of transport in the opposite direction due to diffusion. Sedimentation is due to an external force, such as gravity or centrif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the early 2020s, molecular biology entered a golden age defined by both vertical and horizontal technical development. Vertically, novel technologies are allowing for real-time monitoring of biological processes at the atomic level. Molecular biologists today have access to increasingly affordable sequencing data at... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hemorphin-4 is an endogenous opioid peptide of the hemorphin family which possesses antinociceptive properties and is derived from the β-chain of hemoglobin in the bloodstream. It is a tetrapeptide with the amino acid sequence Tyr-Pro-Trp-Thr. Hemorphin-4 has affinities for the μ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors that are i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The concept of using reinforced lipids to inhibit lipid peroxidation has been tested in numerous cell and animal
models, including:
* Parkinson's disease (MPTP and a-Syn models in mice and rats)
* Huntington's disease (in mice)
* Alzheimer's disease (APP/PS1 and ALDH2 mouse models)
* Diabetic retinopathy (Akita mice)
*... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since cyclic AMP is a second messenger and plays vital role in cell signalling, it has been implicated in various disorders but not restricted to the roles given below: | 1 | Biochemistry |
Microautoradiography FISH is a technique to combine radio-labeled substrates with conventional FISH to detect phylogenetic groups and metabolic activities simultaneously. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ratio r between the apparent molar volume of a dissolved electrolyte in a concentrated solution and the molar volume of the solvent (water) can be linked to the statistical component of the activity coefficient of the electrolyte and its solvation shell number h:
where ν is the number of ions due to dissociation o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A Brønsted-Lowry acids strength corresponds with its ability to release a hydrogen ion. One common measure of acid strength for concentrated, superacidic liquid media is the Hammett acidity function, H. Based on its ability to quantitatively protonate benzene, the chlorinated carborane acid was conservatively estima... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
UV disinfection is most effective for treating high-clarity, purified reverse osmosis distilled water. Suspended particles are a problem because microorganisms buried within particles are shielded from the UV light and pass through the unit unaffected. However, UV systems can be coupled with a pre-filter to remove thos... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Brownian motion is the mathematical model used to describe the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid. The gas particle animation, using pink and green particles, illustrates how this behavior results in the spreading out of gases (entropy). These events are also described by particle theory.
Since it is at ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Calcium is stored in geologic reservoirs, most commonly in the form of calcium carbonate or as calcium silicate. Calcium-containing rocks include calcite, dolomite, phosphate, and gypsum. Rocks slowly dissolve by physical and chemical processes, carrying calcium ions into rivers and oceans. Calcium ions (Ca) and magnes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The original Fischer glycal synthesis was the reductive elimination with zinc of a glycosyl halide. This glycosyl halide was formed from a monosaccharide starting material. Some other synthetic routes include:
*Ring-closing metathesis
*Reaction of thioglycosides with lithium napthalenide.
*Mesylation of the anomeric h... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Chromatographic peak resolution is given by
where t is the retention time and w is the peak width at baseline. Here compound 1 elutes before compound 2.
If the peaks have the same width | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Public Analysts are scientists in the British Isles whose principal task is to ensure the safety and correct description of food by testing for compliance with legislation. Most Public Analysts are also Agricultural Analysts who carry out similar work on animal feedingstuffs and fertilisers. Nowadays this includes che... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Minigenes were first described as the somatic assembly of DNA segments and consisted of DNA regions known to encode the protein and the flanking regions required to express the protein. The term was first used in a paper in 1977 to describe the cloning of two minigenes that were designed to express a peptide.
RNA splic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The divinylcyclopropane-cycloheptadiene rearrangement is an organic chemical transformation that involves the isomerization of a 1,2-divinylcyclopropane into a cycloheptadiene or -triene. It is conceptually related to the Cope rearrangement, but has the advantage of a strong thermodynamic driving force due to the relea... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a type of atomic emission spectroscopy which uses a highly energetic laser pulse as the excitation source. The laser is focused to form a plasma, which atomizes and excites samples. The formation of the plasma only begins when the focused laser achieves a certain threshold... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Born in Sydney, Cornforth was the son and the second of four children of English-born, Oxford-educated schoolmaster and teacher John Warcup Cornforth and Hilda Eipper (1887–1969), a granddaughter of pioneering missionary and Presbyterian minister Christopher Eipper. Before her marriage, Eipper had been a maternity nurs... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Indirect calorimetry measures O consumption and CO production. On the assumption that all the oxygen is used to oxidize degradable fuels and all the CO thereby evolved is recovered, it is possible to estimate the total amount of energy produced from the chemical energy of nutrients and converted into the chemical energ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Similar principles guide the lowest energy conformations of larger ring systems. Along with the acyclic stereocontrol principles outlined below, subtle interactions between remote substituents in large rings, analogous to those observed for 8-10 membered rings, can influence the conformational preferences of a molecule... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Grinding is abrasion of the surface of interest by abrasive particles, usually diamond, that are bonded to paper or a metal disc. Grinding erases saw marks, coarsely smooths the surface, and removes stock to a desired depth. A typical grinding sequence for ceramics is one minute on a 240-grit metal-bonded diamond whee... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre- and post-synaptic components. The vast majority of synapses in the mammalian nervous system are classical axo-dendritic synapses (axon synapsing upon a dendrite), however, a variety of other arrangements exist. These include but are not l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
At a temperature below the boiling point, any matter in liquid form will evaporate until reaching equilibrium with the reverse process of condensation of its vapor. At this point the vapor will condense at the same rate as the liquid evaporates. Thus, a liquid cannot exist permanently if the evaporated liquid is contin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclic salt is salt that is carried by the wind when it comes in contact with breaking waves. It is estimated that more than 300 million tons of cyclic salt is deposited on the Earths surface each year, and it is considered to be a significant factor in the chlorine content of the Earths river water. In general, cycli... | 9 | Geochemistry |
5,6-Dichloro-1-β--ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) is a chemical compound that inhibits transcription elongation by RNA Polymerase II. Sensitivity to DRB is dependent on DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF), negative elongation factor (NELF), and positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). DRB is a nucleos... | 1 | Biochemistry |
According to Entertainment Weekly, "The Navi can commune with animals on their planet by literally plugging their braid into the creatures nerve systems. To become a warrior, a Navi must tame and ride a flying creature known as Ikran." The Navi also use this neural bonding system, called "tsaheylu", to mate with a "lif... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Reduced cellular defense mechanisms
** Children younger than 4 months exposed to various environmental agents
** Pregnant women are considered vulnerable to exposure of high levels of nitrates in drinking water
** Cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency
** G6PD deficiency
** Hemoglobin M disease
** Pyruvate kinase deficie... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The high intensity of the Jameson Cell means that it is much shorter than conventional column flotation cells (see Figure 1), and it does not require air compressors to aerate the suspension of ground ore particles and water (known as a slurry or pulp) in the flotation cell. The lack of a requirement for compressed air... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Despite the highly attractive nature of 3D optical data storage, the development of commercial products has taken a significant length of time. This results from limited financial backing in the field, as well as technical issues, including:
Destructive reading. Since both the reading and the writing of data are carrie... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A characteristic reaction of is its easy hydrolysis, signaled by the release of HCl vapors and titanium oxides and oxychlorides. Titanium tetrachloride has been used to create naval smokescreens, as the hydrochloric acid aerosol and titanium dioxide that is formed scatter light very efficiently. This smoke is corrosiv... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To determine five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), several dilutions of a sample are analyzed for dissolved oxygen before and after a five-day incubation period at 20 °C in the dark. In some cases, bacteria are used to provide a standardized community to uptake oxygen while consuming the organic matter in the sampl... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The injection loop is a segment of tubing of known volume which is filled with the sample solution before it is injected into the column. Loop volume can range from a few microliters to 50 ml or more. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
For a circular bleach spot of radius and diffusion-dominated recovery, the fluorescence is described by an equation derived by Soumpasis (which involves modified Bessel functions and )
with the characteristic timescale for diffusion, and is the time. is the normalized fluorescence (goes to 1 as goes to infinity).... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Engine manufacturers typically rate their engines fuel consumption by the lower heating values since the exhaust is never condensed in the engine, and doing this allows them to publish more attractive numbers than are used in conventional power plant terms. The conventional power industry had used HHV (high heat value... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The G-less assay can be performed on a circular plasmid to measure levels of transcription. A circular plasmid provides a more efficient template in many systems when compared to other assays such as runoff transcription, in which a cleaved end is required. This method generates radiolabeled transcripts very efficientl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Naturally occurring siRNAs have a well-defined structure that is a short (usually 20 to 24-bp) double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with phosphorylated 5 ends and hydroxylated 3 ends with two overhanging nucleotides.
The Dicer enzyme catalyzes production of siRNAs from long dsRNAs and small hairpin RNAs. siRNAs can also be intr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The interpretation of scattering measurements made at the multiangular locations relies upon some knowledge of the a priori properties of the particles or molecules measured. The scattering characteristics of different classes of such scatterers may be interpreted best by application of an appropriate theory. For examp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cell engineering is the purposeful process of adding, deleting, or modifying genetic sequences in living cells to achieve biological engineering goals such as altering cell production, changing cell growth and proliferation requirements, adding or removing cell functions, and many more. Cell engineering often makes use... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because the net variation in state properties during a thermodynamic cycle is zero, it forms a closed loop on a PV diagram. A PV diagrams Y axis shows pressure (P) and X axis shows volume (V). The area enclosed by the loop is the work (W') done by the process:
This work is equal to the balance of heat (Q) transferred i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A buffer solution contains an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its conjugate acid. Addition of the conjugate ion will result in a change of pH of the buffer solution. For example, if both sodium acetate and acetic acid are dissolved in the same solution they both dissociate and ionize to produce acetate ions. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In this technique siRNA first must be designed against the target gene. Once the siRNA is configured against the gene it has to be effectively delivered through a transfection protocol. Delivery is usually done by cationic liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, and lipid conjugation. This method is advantageous because it c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Self-interstitial defects are interstitial defects which contain only atoms which are the same as those already present in the lattice.
The structure of interstitial defects has been experimentally determined in some metals and semiconductors.
Contrary to what one might intuitively expect, most self-interstitials in me... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Derjaguin approximation (or sometimes also referred to as the proximity approximation), named after the Russian scientist Boris Derjaguin, expresses the force profile acting between finite size bodies in terms of the force profile between two planar semi-infinite walls. This approximation is widely used to estimate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This technique is most commonly used by mineralogists and petrologists. Most rocks are aggregates of small mineral grains. These grains may preserve chemical information acquired during their formation and subsequent alteration. This information may illuminate geologic processes such as crystallization, lithification, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This reagent was originally prepared by Conrad Willgerodt by reacting iodobenzene with a mixture of acetic acid and peracetic acid:
PIDA can also be prepared from iodosobenzene and glacial acetic acid:
More recent preparations direct from iodine, acetic acid, and benzene have been reported, using either sodium perborat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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