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Made of high gem quality, flawless diamonds, usually with 16 facets, they typically weigh to carat (25 to 70 mg). The culet (tip) is ground and polished to a hexadecagonal surface parallel to the table. The culets of the two diamonds face one another, and must be perfectly parallel in order to produce uniform pressur... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Transposable elements have been recognized as good candidates for stimulating gene adaptation, through their ability to regulate the expression levels of nearby genes. Combined with their "mobility", transposable elements can be relocated adjacent to their targeted genes, and control the expression levels of the gene, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The reciprocal lattice is easily constructed in one dimension: for particles on a line with a period , the reciprocal lattice is an infinite array of points with spacing . In two dimensions, there are only five Bravais lattices. The corresponding reciprocal lattices have the same symmetry as the direct lattice. 2-D l... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Geologic phenomena such as iron cycling and soil contamination are controlled by the interfaces between minerals and their environment. The atomic-scale structure and chemical properties of mineral-solution interfaces are studied using in situ synchrotron X-ray techniques such as X-ray reflectivity, X-ray standing wave... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Guido Bargellini (1879–1963) was an Italian organic chemist. He specialized in natural product chemistry, in particular, flavonoid dyes and coumarins, and the compound santonin. He was admitted to the Accademia dei Lincei in 1946. The Bargellini reaction is named for him. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Not all biomarkers should be used as surrogate endpoints to assess clinical outcomes. Biomarkers can be difficult to validate and require different levels of validation depending on their intended use. If a biomarker is to be used to measure the success of a therapeutic intervention, the biomarker should reflect a di... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Standalone fans are usually powered by an electric motor, often attached directly to the motors output, with no gears or belts. The motor is either hidden in the fans center hub or extends behind it. For big industrial fans, three-phase asynchronous motors are commonly used, may be placed near the fan, and drive it thr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water molecules dissociate into equal amounts of HO and OH, so their concentrations are almost exactly at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa. A solution in which the HO and OH concentrations equal each other is considered a neutral solution. In general, the pH of the neutral point is numerically equal to pK.
Pure water is neutral, but... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In materials science, intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides. (Cf. transgranular corrosion.) | 8 | Metallurgy |
In eukaryotes, O-linked glycans are assembled one sugar at a time on a serine or threonine residue of a peptide chain in the Golgi apparatus. Unlike N-linked glycans, there is no known consensus sequence yet. However, the placement of a proline residue at either -1 or +3 relative to the serine or threonine is favourabl... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
eIF5 is a GTPase-activating protein, which helps the large ribosomal subunit associate with the small subunit. It is required for GTP-hydrolysis by eIF2.
eIF5A is the eukaryotic homolog of EF-P. It helps with elongation and also plays a role in termination. EIF5A contains the unusual amino acid hypusine.
eIF5B is a GTP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Here, the aglycone is a simple phenolic structure. An example is arbutin found in the Common Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. It has a urinary antiseptic effect. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Accidentally consuming small quantities of clean seawater is not harmful, especially if the seawater is taken along with a larger quantity of fresh water. However, drinking seawater to maintain hydration is counterproductive; more water must be excreted to eliminate the salt (via urine) than the amount of water obtaine... | 9 | Geochemistry |
There are many applications in technology and lab work for this process to create desired morphologies of polymers. One of these applications is inscribing secondary nanostructures onto electrospun fibers. The use of poly(ε‐caprolactone) fibers, known as PCL, allows using solvents like acetone to move the amorphous cha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thioamides are typically prepared by treating amides with phosphorus sulfides such as phosphorus pentasulfide, a reaction first described in the 1870s. Alternative routes include the use of Lawesson's reagent or the reaction of nitriles with hydrogen sulfide:
The Willgerodt-Kindler reaction also gives benzylthioamides.... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
An atom or a molecule can absorb light and undergo a transition from
one quantum state to another.
The oscillator strength of a transition from a lower state
to an upper state may be defined by
where is the mass of an electron and is
the reduced Planck constant. The quantum states 1,2, are assumed to have several... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Many natural (or biological) materials are complex composites with remarkable mechanical properties. These complex structures, which have risen from hundreds of million years of evolution, are inspiring materials scientists in the design of novel materials. Their defining characteristics include structural hierarchy, m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Paracrine signaling through fibroblast growth factors and its respective receptors utilizes the receptor tyrosine pathway. This signaling pathway has been highly studied, using Drosophila eyes and human cancers.
Binding of FGF to FGFR phosphorylates the idle kinase and activates the RTK pathway. This pathway begins a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. This virus contains a dsRNA genome and is a member of the Reoviridae family. The genome of rotavirus consists of eleven segments of dsRNA. Each genome segment codes for one protein with the exception of segment 11, whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are many different effective medium approximations, each of them being more or less accurate in distinct conditions. Nevertheless, they all assume that the macroscopic system is homogeneous and, typical of all mean field theories, they fail to predict the properties of a multiphase medium close to the percolation... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The ethyl ester of propionic acid (1) was brominated and then converted to the Wittig reagent using triphenylphosphine. Aldehyde 6 was obtained from allyl alcohol (4) by protection as the tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether (5) followed by ozonolysis. Wittig reagent 3 and aldehyde 6 reacted in a Wittig reaction to give unsat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The simplest case refers to the formation of a strictly linear polymer by the reaction (usually by condensation) of two monomers in equimolar quantities. An example is the synthesis of nylon-6,6 whose formula is
from one mole of hexamethylenediamine, , and one mole of adipic acid, . For this case
In this equation
* is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Isocyanates can present respiratory hazards as particulates, vapors or aerosols. Autobody shop workers are a very commonly examined population for isocyanate exposure as they are repeatedly exposed when spray painting automobiles and can be exposed when installing truck bed liners. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis has slow... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Standard ellipsometry (or just short ellipsometry) is applied, when no s polarized light is converted into p polarized light nor vice versa. This is the case for optically isotropic samples, for instance, amorphous materials or crystalline materials with a cubic crystal structure. Standard ellipsometry is also sufficie... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
UV light is electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light but longer than X-rays. UV is categorised into several wavelength ranges, with short-wavelength UV (UV-C) considered "germicidal UV". Wavelengths between about 200 nm and 300 nm are strongly absorbed by nucleic acids. The absorbed energy ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
These are based upon study of the terminal velocity acquired by particles suspended in a viscous liquid. Sedimentation time is longest for the finest particles, so this technique is useful for sizes below 10 μm, but sub-micrometer particles cannot be reliably measured due to the effects of Brownian motion. Typical appa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An example of such an enantiomer is the sedative thalidomide, which was sold in a number of countries around the world from 1957 until 1961. It was withdrawn from the market when it was found to cause birth defects. One enantiomer caused the desirable sedative effects, while the other, unavoidably present in equal qu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
When ortho substitution occurs in benzoic acid, steric hindrance causes the carboxyl group to twist out of the plane of the benzene ring. The twisting inhibits the resonance of the carboxyl group with the phenyl ring, leading to increased acidity of the carboxyl group. This increased acidity contrasts with the reduced ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Indolyl-3-acryloylglycine, also known as trans-indolyl-3-acryloylglycine, or IAG for short, is a compound consisting of an indole group attached to an acrylic acid moiety, which is in turn attached to a glycine molecule. This compound has been shown to isomerize when exposed to light. It is likely a metabolic intermedi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The microscopic structure of liquids is complex and historically has been the subject of intense research and debate. A few of the key ideas are explained below. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synthetic elements are excluded from the classification, as they do not occur naturally.
Trace radioactive elements (namely Tc, Pm, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Pa, Np, Pu) are also treated as synthetic. Although these do occur in nature, their occurrence is entirely dependent on their long-lived parents Th and U, and they ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The applications of synthetic nucleotides vary widely and include disease diagnosis, treatment, or precision medicine.
# Antiviral or Antiretroviral agents: several nucleotide derivatives have been used in the treatment against infection with Hepatitis and HIV. Examples of direct nucleoside analog reverse-transcriptas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The most important operating parameters of disc filters are the height of the slurry tank, agitation and the intensity and rotation speed of the disc as these will determine the cake formation and drying times. It is important to continuously agitate the slurry in order to prevent sedimentation of the solids. Excessive... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1905, both Goldberg and Ullman moved to Technische Hochschule in Berlin. Goldbergs research, along with that of the Ullmann-Goldberg collaborative, was also a part of Germanys synthetic dye industry. Their research helped with the creation of the synthetic alizarin industry, or the process of replacing natural dye o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aromatic polyamides and polyamides are practical compounds due to their temperature resistance, electrical or insulating characteristics, and their mechanical strength. Some of the polyamides and polyimides that can be synthesized by o-Cresophthalein are polycarbonate, polyacrylate, and epoxy-resin.
The diether-diamin... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Tholins (after the Greek () "hazy" or "muddy"; from the ancient Greek word meaning "sepia ink") are a wide variety of organic compounds formed by solar ultraviolet or cosmic ray irradiation of simple carbon-containing compounds such as carbon dioxide (), methane () or ethane (), often in combination with nitrogen () ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Oceans take up 15 – 40% of anthropogenic CO, and so far roughly 40% of the carbon from fossil fuel combustion has been taken up into the oceans. Because the Revelle factor increases with increasing CO, a smaller fraction of the anthropogenic flux will be taken up by the ocean in the future. Current annual increase in ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Edward Frankland first reported the compound in 1848 from zinc and ethyl iodide, the first organozinc compound discovered. He improved the synthesis by using diethyl mercury as starting material. The contemporary synthesis consists of the reaction of a 1:1 mixture of ethyl iodide and ethyl bromide with a zinc-copper co... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The chromium atom is surrounded by six nitrogen atoms in an octahedral geometry. The NH ligands are mutually trans and the Cr–NCS groups are linear. The salt crystallizes with one molecule of water.
It was first reported in 1863. NH[Cr(NCS)(NH)] is prepared by treatment of molten NHSCN (melting point around 145–150 °C)... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Stable carbon isotope composition is another widely used proxy for interpreting paleoenvironment conditions. The Surface temperature fluctuation from the Paleocene to Miocene has been established based on carbon isotope data from foraminifera in Antarctic region. The organic matter preserved in sediments records paleoe... | 9 | Geochemistry |
N-Nitrosamines, including the carcinogenic variety, arise from the reaction of nitrite sources with amino compounds, which can happen during the curing of meat. Typically, this reaction occurs when the nucleophilic nitrogen of a secondary amine attacks the nitrogen of the electrophilic nitrosonium ion:
:NO + 2 H → NO ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This parameter is often used in biomechanics, when describing the motion of joints of the body. For any period of time, joint motion can be seen as the movement of a single point on one articulating surface with respect to the adjacent surface (usually distal with respect to proximal). The total translation and rotatio... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In electrochemistry, exchange current density is a parameter used in the Tafel equation, Butler–Volmer equation and other electrochemical kinetics expressions. The Tafel equation describes the dependence of current for an electrolytic process to overpotential.
The exchange current density is the current in the absence ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metallodendrimers are investigated as equivalents to nanoparticles. Applications can be expected in the fields of catalysis, as chemical sensors in molecular recognition - for example of bromine and chloride anions - or as materials capable of binding metals. Metallodendrimers can also mimic certain biomolecules for e... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In placebo-controlled studies, the most commonly observed side effects were headache, xerostomia (dry mouth), nausea, dizziness, and insomnia. Possible side effects also include depression, anxiety, hallucinations, euphoria, extreme increase in activity and talking, anorexia, tremor, thirst, rash, suicidal thoughts, an... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography is an analytical technique that separates and analyzes complex mixtures. It has been utilized in fields such as: flavor, fragrance, environmental studies, pharmaceuticals, petroleum products and forensic science. GCxGC provides a high range of sensitivity and produces a ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Urea was first noticed by Herman Boerhaave in the early 18th century from evaporates of urine. In 1773, Hilaire Rouelle obtained crystals containing urea from human urine by evaporating it and treating it with alcohol in successive filtrations. This method was aided by Carl Wilhelm Scheeles discovery that urine treated... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Homosynaptic plasticity (or also homotropic modulation) is a change in the synaptic strength that results from the history of activity at a particular synapse. This can result from changes in presynaptic calcium as well as feedback onto presynaptic receptors, i.e. a form of autocrine signaling. Homosynaptic plasticity... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The adenylate energy charge is an index used to measure the energy status of biological cells.
ATP or Mg-ATP is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in the cell : it is used for biosynthetic pathways, maintenance of transmembrane gradients, movement, cell division, etc... More than 90% of the ATP ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Insertion of a SINE upstream of a coding region may result in exon shuffling or changes to the regulatory region of the gene. Insertion of a SINE into the coding sequence of a gene can have deleterious effects and unregulated transposition can cause genetic disease. The transposition and recombination of SINEs and othe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photobiology is the scientific study of the beneficial and harmful interactions of non-ionizing radiation in living organisms, conventionally demarcated around 10 eV, the first ionization energy of oxygen. UV ranges roughly from 3 to 30 eV in energy. Hence photobiology entertains some, but not all, of the UV spectrum. | 5 | Photochemistry |
One might expect that larger side chains would result in more restrictions and consequently a smaller allowable region in the Ramachandran plot, but the effect of side chains is small. In practice, the major effect seen is that of the presence or absence of the methylene group at Cβ. Glycine has only a hydrogen atom fo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Enzyme-based DNA computers are usually of the form of a simple Turing machine; there is analogous hardware, in the form of an enzyme, and software, in the form of DNA.
Benenson, Shapiro and colleagues have demonstrated a DNA computer using the FokI enzyme and expanded on their work by going on to show automata that dia... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The discreteness condition means that there is some positive real number ε, such that for every translation T in the group, the vector v has length at least ε (except of course in the case that v is the zero vector, but the independent translations condition prevents this, since any set that contains the zero vector is... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Side chain polyrotaxanes are formed by host–guest interactions of polymer side chains with cyclic molecules that are interlocked by bulky stoppers.
There are mainly three types of side chain polyrotaxanes:
(1) Polyaxis/rotor: Comb-like polymers assembled with the cyclic molecules that are not interlocked on the side ch... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Ortho lithiation can be used to generate many of the same structures as lateral lithiation; however, reactivity differences between aryl- and benzyllithium species may suggest the use of one method over the other. A useful alternative method for stereoselective functionalization of the benzylic position involves the us... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A prehormone is a biochemical substance secreted by glandular tissue and has minimal or no significant biological activity, but it is converted in peripheral tissues into an active hormone. Calcifediol is an example of a prehormone which is produced by hydroxylation of vitamin D (cholecalciferol) in the liver. Another ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the field of molecular biology, trans-acting (trans-regulatory, trans-regulation), in general, means "acting from a different molecule" (i.e., intermolecular). It may be considered the opposite of cis-acting (cis-regulatory, cis-regulation), which, in general, means "acting from the same molecule" (i.e., intramolec... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In healthy adults, the normal concentrations of CRP varies between 0.8 mg/L and 3.0 mg/L. However, some healthy adults show elevated CRP at 10 mg/L. CRP concentrations also increase with age, possibly due to subclinical conditions. There are also no seasonal variations of CRP concentrations. Gene polymorphism of interl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Like chemists, chemical engineers use the unit mole extensively, but different unit multiples may be more suitable for industrial use. For example, the SI unit for volume is the cubic metre, a much larger unit than the commonly used litre in the chemical laboratory. When amount of substance is also expressed in kmol (1... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In photoredox catalysis, the photon is absorbed by a sensitizer (antenna molecule or ion) which then effects redox reactions on the organic substrate. A common sensitizer is ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine). Illustrative of photoredox catalysis are some aminotrifluoromethylation reactions. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Push–pull technology was developed at the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Kenya in collaboration with Rothamsted Research, UK. and national partners in the 1990s. Research and development for the push-pull strategy was funded by a number of partners including the Gatsby Charitable Foun... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polyphenols of several classes are widespread in plants, including anthocyanins, phytoestrogens, and tannins. Polyphenols are secondary metabolites produced by almost every part of plants, including fruits, flowers, leaves and bark. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The first contribution to van der Waals forces is due to electrostatic interactions between rotating permanent dipoles, quadrupoles (all molecules with symmetry lower than cubic), and multipoles. It is termed the Keesom interaction, named after Willem Hendrik Keesom. These forces originate from the attraction between... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The main areas of use are the conversion of ketones to esters (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation), epoxidation of alkenes (Prilezhaev reaction), conversion of silyl enol ethers to silyl α-hydroxy ketones (Rubottom oxidation), oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones, and oxidation of amines to produce amine oxides. The... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
CARS spectroscopy can be used for temperature measurements; because the CARS signal is temperature dependent. The strength of the signal scales (non-linearly) with the difference in the ground state population and the vibrationally excited state population. Since the population of states follows the temperature depende... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Breath analysis is a convenient and non-invasive way to detect chemicals in a bodily system such as alcohol content to determine intoxication, monitor the levels of anesthetics in the body during surgical procedures, and identify performance-enhancing substances in the system of athletes. However, conventional techniq... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
LAGP-based membranes have been applied as separators in lithium-sulfur batteries. LAGP allows the transfer of lithium ions from anode to cathode but, at the same time, prevents the diffusion of polysulfides from the cathode, suppressing the polysulfide shuttle effect and enhancing the overall performance of the battery... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are three classes of multiple sclerosis: relapsing-remitting (RRMS), primary progressive (PPMS) and secondary progressive (SPMS). Gene regulatory network (GRN) plays a vital role to understand the disease mechanism across these three different multiple sclerosis classes. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bottles of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate buildup of internal pressure in sealed containers caused by its slow decomposition to di-tert-butyl carbonate and ultimately tert-butanol and CO in the presence of moisture. For this reason, it is usually sold and stored in plastic bottles rather than glass ones.
The main hazard of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Finally, fluids with an even higher molecular complexity can exhibit non-classical behavior in the single-phase vapor region near saturation. They are called Bethe-Zel’dovich-Thompson (BZT) fluids, from the name of physicists Hans Bethe, Yakov Zel'dovich, and Philip Thompson, who first worked on these kinds of fluids.
... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The bond coat adheres the thermal barrier to the substrate. Additionally, the bond coat provides oxidation protection and functions as a diffusion barrier against the motion of substrate atoms towards the environment. The five major types of bond coats are: the aluminides, the platinum-aluminides, MCrAlY, cobalt-cermet... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The method is proposed as an assay that employs both cfDNA whole genome methylation sequencing and fragmentomic feature information for multicancer classification. Copy number ratios calculated for healthy and cancerous tissues are used as a cancer type and cancer existence identifier. As done in EPIC-seq, the method a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Instrumentation in time-domain diffuse optics consists of three fundamental components namely, a pulsed laser source, a single photon detector and a timing electronics. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
µSR requires a particle accelerator for the production of a muon beam. This is presently achieved at few large scale facilities in the world: the CMMS continuous source at TRIUMF in Vancouver, Canada; the SµS continuous source at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) in Villigen, Switzerland; the ISIS Neutron and Muon Sourc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclohexenone is an organic compound which is a versatile intermediate used in the synthesis of a variety of chemical products such as pharmaceuticals and fragrances. It is colorless liquid, but commercial samples are often yellow.
Industrially, cyclohexenone is prepared from phenol by Birch reduction.
Cyclohexenone is... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Despite the low oxygen conditions, organisms have evolved to live in and around OMZs. For those organisms, like the vampire squid, special adaptations are needed to either make do with lesser amounts of oxygen or to extract oxygen from the water more efficiently. For example, the giant red mysid (Gnathophausia ingens)... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Some other methods to produce LAGP materials have been reported in literature works, including liquid-based techniques, spark plasma sintering, and co-precipitation.
In the following table, some ionic conductivity values are reported for LAGP materials produced with different synthesis routes, in the case of optimized ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Protocell research has created controversy and opposing opinions, including criticism of vague definitions of "artificial life". The creation of a basic unit of life is the most pressing ethical concern, although the most widespread worry about protocells is their potential threat to human health and the environment th... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Diastereomeric recrystallisation is a method of chiral resolution of enantiomers from a racemic mixture. It differs from asymmetric synthesis, which aims to produce a single enantiomer from the beginning, in that diastereomeric recrystallisation separates two enantiomers that have already mixed into a single solution.... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The TSH index is reduced in patients with secondary hypothyroidism resulting from thyrotropic insufficiency. For this indication, it has, however, up to now only been validated in adults. JTI was also found reduced in cases of TACITUS syndrome (non-thyroidal illness syndrome) as an example of type 1 thyroid allostasis.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Storeys research includes studies of enzyme properties, gene expression, protein phosphorylation, epigenetics, and cellular signal transduction mechanisms to seek out the basic principles of how organisms endure and flourish under extreme conditions. He is particularly known within the field of cryobiology for his stud... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Current U.S. assay offices include the following:
* The Philadelphia Mint – 1792 to date
* The Denver Mint – 1862 to date. It served as an assay office until 1906, when coinage operations began.
* The San Francisco Mint – 1852 to date. Coinage operations were suspended in March 1955, but the plant continued to operate ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lawessons reagent (LR) is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis as a thiation agent. Lawessons reagent was first made popular by Sven-Olov Lawesson, who did not, however, invent it. Lawesson's reagent was first made in 1956 during a systematic study of the reactions of arenes with PS. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Isotopic effect expressed with the equations given above only refer to reactions that can be described with first-order kinetics. In all instances in which this is not possible, transient kinetic isotope effects should be taken into account using the GEBIK and GEBIF equations. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The compound with empirical formula FeSn is the first known kagome magnet. It is an intermetallic compound composed of iron (Fe) and tin (Sn), with alternating planes of FeSn and Sn. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Most aliphatic compounds are flammable, allowing the use of hydrocarbons as fuel, such as methane in natural gas for stoves or heating; butane in torches and lighters; various aliphatic (as well as aromatic) hydrocarbons in liquid transportation fuels like petrol/gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel; and other uses such as e... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The P-N bond is susceptible to attack by protic reagents. Alcoholysis occurs readily:
:PhPNEt + ROH → PhPOR + HNEt
The P-N bond reverts to the chloride upon treatment with anhydrous hydrogen chloride:
:PhPNEt + 2 HCl → PhPCl + [HNEt]Cl
Similarly, transamination is used in the conversion of one aminopho... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Naturally occurring polymers such as cotton, starch, and rubber were familiar materials for years before synthetic polymers such as polyethene and perspex appeared on the market. Many commercially important polymers are synthesized by chemical modification of naturally occurring polymers. Prominent examples include the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production.
Coenzyme A (CoASH or CoA) consists of a β-mercaptoeth... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polanyis model of adsorption was met with much criticism for several decades after publication years. His simplistic model for determining adsorption was formed during the time of the discovery of Debyes fixed dipoles, Bohr's atomic model, and well as the developing theory of intermolecular forces and electrostatic for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Most metal carbonyl complexes contain a mixture of ligands. Examples include the historically important IrCl(CO)(P(CH)) and the antiknock agent (CHCH)Mn(CO). The parent compounds for many of these mixed ligand complexes are the binary carbonyls, those species of the formula [M(CO)], many of which are commercially avail... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Bina Shaheen Siddiqui is a Pakistani chemist and the Director of the H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry at the University of Karachi. Siddiqui graduated from the University of Karachi with an MPhil in 1978. In 1980, she graduated from the same university with a PhD in organic chemistry.
She specialises in the chemi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of carbon-containing compounds, such as carbides, carbonates (excluding carbonate esters), simple oxides of carbon (for example, CO and carbon dioxide|) and cyanides are generally considered inorganic compounds. Different forms (allotropes) of pure carbon, such as dia... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The bx1 gene encodes a protein, BX1, that forms indol from indol-3-glycerol phosphate in the plastid. It is the first step in the pathway and determines much of the natural variation in levels of DIMBOA in maize. The next steps in the pathway occur in the endoplasmic reticulum, also referred to as the microsomes in cel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, a nucleofuge () is a leaving group which retains the lone pair of electrons from its previous bond with another species. For example, in the S2 mechanism, a nucleophile attacks an organic compound containing the nucleofuge (the bromo group) which simultaneously breaks the bond with the nucleofuge.
After a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A suggestion has been made that in the early stages of the Earths development when its radioactivity was almost two orders of magnitude higher than at present, radiolysis could have been the principal source of atmospheric oxygen, which ensured the conditions for the origin and development of life. Molecular hydrogen a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A submitochondrial particle (SMP) is an artificial vesicle made from the inner mitochondrial membrane. They can be formed by subjecting isolated mitochondria to sonication, freezing and thawing, high pressure, or osmotic shock. SMPs can be used to study the electron transport chain in a cell-free context.
The process o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Immunoelectrophoresis is a general name for a number of biochemical methods for separation and characterization of proteins based on electrophoresis and reaction with antibodies. All variants of immunoelectrophoresis require immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, reacting with the proteins to be separated or charac... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photolithotrophs such as plants obtain energy from light and therefore use inorganic electron donors such as water only to fuel biosynthetic reactions (e. g., carbon dioxide fixation in lithoautotrophs). | 1 | Biochemistry |
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