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A sample injector is a device used in conjunction with injecting samples into high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or similar chromatography apparati. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The rank product is a biologically motivated rank test for the detection of differentially expressed genes in replicated microarray experiments.
It is a simple non-parametric statistical method based on ranks of fold changes. In addition to its use in expression profiling, it can be used to combine ranked lists in vari... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photosynthetic water splitting (or oxygen evolution) is one of the most important reactions on the planet, since it is the source of nearly all the atmosphere's oxygen. Moreover, artificial photosynthetic water-splitting may contribute to the effective use of sunlight as an alternative energy-source.
The mechanism of w... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The noncanonical PCP pathway regulates cell morphology, division, and movement. Once again Wnt proteins binds to and activates Frizzled so that Frizzled activates a Dishevelled protein that is tethered to the plasma membrane through a Prickle protein and transmembrane Stbm protein. The active Dishevelled activates RhoA... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rotation around the C-5/C-6 bond is described by the angle ω. Three possible staggered conformations are possible:: gauche–trans (gt), gauche–gauche (gg), and trans–gauche (tg). The name indicates the interaction between O-5 and OH-6 first followed by the interaction between OH-6 and C-4. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dally (division abnormally delayed) is the name of a gene that encodes a HS-modified-protein found in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). The protein has to be processed after being codified, and in its mature form it is composed by 626 amino acids, forming a proteoglycan rich in heparin sulfate which is anchored ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The PSD of a material can be important in understanding its physical and chemical properties. It affects the strength and load-bearing properties of rocks and soils. It affects the reactivity of solids participating in chemical reactions, and needs to be tightly controlled in many industrial products such as the manufa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
It is common to place a drop of the test solution on a metal disk which is then dried out to give a uniform coating on the disk. This is then used as the test sample. If the thickness of the layer formed on the disk is too thick then the lines of the spectrum are broadened to lower energies. This is because some of the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Changes in Arc mRNA and/or protein are correlated with a number of behavioral changes including cued fear conditioning, contextual fear conditioning, spatial memory, operant conditioning, and inhibitory avoidance. The mRNA is notably upregulated following electrical stimulation in LTP-induction procedures such as high ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When phosphorylated by an unknown kinase, PRR5 and PRR3 proteins demonstrate increased binding to TIMING OF CAB2 EXPRESSION 1 ( TOC1). This interaction stabilizes both TOC1 and PRR5 and prevents their degradation by the F-box protein ZEITLUPE (ZTL). Through this mechanism, PRR5 is indirectly activated by light, as ZTL ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The MLN can provide an important component of mercury dry deposition to a forested landscape. The importance of litterfall mercury data for quantifying atmospheric mercury deposition to forests was demonstrated with studies at NADP sites in the eastern USA from 2007-2009 and 2007 to 2014. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
There are a number of effects which control spectral line shape. A spectral line extends over a tiny spectral band with a nonzero range of frequencies, not a single frequency (i.e., a nonzero spectral width). In addition, its center may be shifted from its nominal central wavelength. There are several reasons for this ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although this term is also sometimes used interchangeably with exon, it is not the exact same thing: the exon is composed of the coding region as well as the 3 and 5 untranslated regions of the RNA, and so therefore, an exon would be partially made up of coding regions. The 3 and 5 untranslated regions of the RNA, whic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fischmeister studied physics, mathematics, and chemistry at the University of Graz from 1945 to 1951 and received his doctorate in physical chemistry with Otto Kratky in 1951. From 1953, he was a research assistant at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry at Uppsala University. In 1956, he became head of the Physics and... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the United States, sperm banks are regulated as Human Cell and Tissue or Cell and Tissue Bank Product (HCT/Ps) establishments by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with new guidelines in effect May 25, 2005. Many states also have regulations in addition to those imposed by the FDA, including New York and Califor... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Solder (; NA: ) is a fusible metal alloy used to create a permanent bond between metal workpieces. Solder is melted in order to wet the parts of the joint, where it adheres to and connects the pieces after cooling. Metals or alloys suitable for use as solder should have a lower melting point than the pieces to be joine... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Dendrimers have the potential to completely change the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profiles of a drug. As carriers, the PK/PD is no longer determined by the drug itself but by the dendrimer’s localization, drug release, and dendrimer excretion. ADME properties are very highly tunable by varying dendrime... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Soil is well developed in the forest as suggested by the thick humus layers, rich diversity of large trees and animals that live there. Forest soils can form a thick soil carbon sponge. In forests, precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration which results in an excess of water that percolates downward through the soil la... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A cumulative or overall constant, given the symbol β, is the constant for the formation of a complex from reagents. For example, the cumulative constant for the formation of ML is given by
:M + 2 L ML; [ML] = β[M][L]
The stepwise constant, K, for the formation of the same complex from ML and L is given by
:ML + L ML... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Elections for membership are held annually with candidates for membership being nominated and elected exclusively by existing EMBO members, membership cannot be applied for directly. Three types of membership exist:
# EMBO Member, for scientists living (or who have lived) in a European Molecular Biology Conference (EMB... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copepods vary considerably, but are typically long, with a teardrop-shaped body and large antennae. Like other crustaceans, they have an armoured exoskeleton, but they are so small that in most species, this thin armour and the entire body is almost totally transparent. Some polar copepods reach . Most copepods have a... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
To ensure consistency and repeatability, the methods use in the chemical analysis of water samples are often agreed and published at a national or state level. By convention these are often referred to as "Blue book"s.
Certain analyses are performed in-field (e.g. pH, specific conductance) while others involve sampling... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Mathews married Ella Gillfillan (B.A. 1907, University of Wisconsin) on June 26, 1909. They had two children: Marian and Jean. Marian married M. H. Withey of Madison. Jean married Charles C. Watson, a collaborator with her father and with John Warren Williams in establishing the colloid chemistry research group at the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Psychrotrophic microbes are able to grow at temperatures below , but have better growth rates at higher temperatures. Psychrotrophic bacteria and fungi are able to grow at refrigeration temperatures, and can be responsible for food spoilage and as foodborne pathogens such as Yersinia. They provide an estimation of the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Schwartz's reagent is the common name for the organozirconium compound with the formula (CH)ZrHCl, sometimes called zirconocene hydrochloride or zirconocene chloride hydride, and is named after Jeffrey Schwartz, a chemistry professor at Princeton University. This metallocene is used in organic synthesis for various tra... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is an analytical technique used in materials science. Sometimes referred to as high-energy ion scattering (HEIS) spectrometry, RBS is used to determine the structure and composition of materials by measuring the backscattering of a beam of high energy ions (typically proton... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The chemical components of orcein were elucidated only in the 1950s by Hans Musso. The structures are shown below. A paper originally published in 1961, embodying most of Musso's work on components of orcein and litmus, was translated into English and published in 2003 in a special issue of the journal Biotechnic & His... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Perstraction is the separation technique developed from liquid-liquid extraction. Due to the presence of the membrane a wider selection of extractants can be used, this can include the use of miscible solutions, for example the recovery of ammonia from waste water using sulphuric acid.
This process is analogous to perv... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Important derivatives of tartaric acid include:
*Sodium ammonium tartrate, the first material separated into its enantiomers
*cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate), used in cooking
*Rochelle salt (potassium sodium tartrate), which has unusual optical properties
*tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate), a resolving... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The U.S. National Academy of Medicine (NAM), on behalf of both the U.S. and Canada, sets Dietary Reference Intakes, including Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), or Adequate Intakes (AIs) for when there is not sufficient information to set EARs and RDAs.
For both males and f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Magnesium alloys. A putative flux for soldering these alloys at low temperature is molten acetamide. Acetamide dissolves surface oxides on both aluminium and magnesium; promising experiments were done with its use as a flux for a tin-indium solder on magnesium. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The nucleosome repeat length, (NRL) is the average distance between the centers of neighboring nucleosomes. NRL is an important physical chromatin property that determines its biological function. NRL can be determined genome-wide for the chromatin in a given cell type and state, or locally for a large enough genomic r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transketolase is widely expressed in a wide range of organisms including bacteria, plants, and mammals. The following human genes encode proteins with transketolase activity:
* TKT (transketolase)
* TKTL1 (transketolase-like protein 1)
* TKTL2 (transketolase-like protein 2) | 5 | Photochemistry |
In 1975, Draper's house, known as the Henry Draper Observatory, in Hastings was designated a National Historic Landmark.
In 1976, New York University founded the John W. Draper Interdisciplinary Master's Program in Humanities and Social Thought (Draper Program) in honor of his lifelong commitment to interdisciplinary s... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The C:N ratio of mixed feedstocks is calculated by summing their C and N amounts together and dividing the two results. For compost, moisture is also an important factor. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Integration of SBUs into a covalent framework results in the synergistic emergence of conductivities much greater than the monomeric values. The nature of the SBUs can improve conductivity. Through the use of highly conjugated linkers throughout the COF scaffold, the material can be engineered to be fully conjugated, e... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
In a variety of animal models, PEA seems to have some promise; researchers have been able to demonstrate relevant clinical efficacy in a variety of disorders, from multiple sclerosis to neuropathic pain.
In the mouse forced swimming test, palmitoylethanolamide was comparable to fluoxetine for depression. An Italian stu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The thanatotranscriptome denotes all RNA transcripts produced from the portions of the genome still active or awakened in the internal organs of a body following its death. It is relevant to the study of the biochemistry, microbiology, and biophysics of thanatology, in particular within forensic science. Some genes may... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cosmid vectors are plasmids that contain a small region of bacteriophage λ DNA called the cos sequence. This sequence allows the cosmid to be packaged into bacteriophage λ particles. These particles- containing a linearized cosmid- are introduced into the host cell by transduction. Once inside the host, the cosmids cir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*1990 Günter Snatzke, Germany
*1991 Hannes Aiginger, Austria; Peter Wobrauschek]], Austria; Joachim Knoth]], Germany; Heinrich Schwenke]], Germany
*1992 Kurt Laqua, Germany; Arnulf Röseler]], Germany
*1993 Boris L'vov, Russia
*1994 D. Bruce Chase, United States; W. J. Orville-Thomas, Great Britain
*1995 Paul W.J.... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Combination simply means that two radicals are joined together, destroying the radical character of each and forming one polymeric chain. With no chain transfer, the average degree of polymerization is then twice the average kinetic chain length | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thomas Gilbert Henry Jones was born on 14 July 1895 in Owens Gap, Hunter Valley, New South Wales, the son of Thomas Jones a schoolteacher and his wife Margaret Bell. He attended Newcastle High School where he won prizes in his Junior and Senior years. He entered the University of Sydney in 1912 where he studied his B.S... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
With a specific gravity greater than 1 (denser than water), trichloroethylene can be present as a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) if sufficient quantities are spilt in the environment.
The first known report of TCE in groundwater was given in 1949 by two English public chemists who described two separate instanc... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
While a verdant Arctic Ocean is a viable working model, skeptical scientists point out that it would be possible for Azolla colonies in river deltas or freshwater lagoons to be swept into the Arctic Ocean by strong currents, removing the necessity for a freshwater layer. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A major application of photochlorination is the production of chloroparaffins. Mixtures of complex composition consisting of several chlorinated paraffins are formed. Chlorinated paraffins have the general sum formula CHCl and are categorized into three groups: Low molecular weight chlorinated paraffins are short chain... | 5 | Photochemistry |
After two years of post-doctoral research with Merle Battiste at the University of Florida, where he worked on small ring chemistry, Halton was appointed as a faculty member in the Department of Chemistry at Victoria University of Wellington in 1968, eventually rising to become a full professor. When he retired in 2004... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Aminoxyl denotes a radical functional group with general structure RN–O. It is commonly known as a nitroxyl radical or a nitroxide, however IUPAC discourages the use of these terms, as they erroneously suggest the presence of a nitro group. Aminoxyls are structurally related to hydroxylamines and N-oxoammonium salts, ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
While chemically pure materials have a single melting point, chemical mixtures often partially melt at the solidus temperature (T or T), and fully melt at the higher liquidus temperature (T or T). The solidus is always less than or equal to the liquidus, but they need not coincide. If a gap exists between the solidus a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Marine Chemistry is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal for publications in the field of chemistry in the marine environment. The journal is currently published by Elsevier. Its editor-in-chief is T.S. Bianchi. According to the Journal Citation Reports, Marine Chemistry has a 2020 impact factor of 3.807. | 9 | Geochemistry |
This phenomenon was first described by Snow and Frey in 1943. The thermodynamic explanation is due to Frederick Dainton and K. J. Ivin, who proposed that the chain propagation step of the polymerization is reversible.
At the ceiling temperature, there will always be excess monomers in the polymer due to the equilibrium... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Changing the concentration of a chemical will shift the equilibrium to the side that would counter that change in concentration. The chemical system will attempt to partly oppose the change affected to the original state of equilibrium. In turn, the rate of reaction, extent, and yield of products will be altered corres... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1961, Israeli archaeologist Pessah Bar-Adon discovered a hoard of Chalcolithic artifacts in a cave on the northern side of Nahal Mishmar, known since as the Treasure Cave. The hoard consisted of 442 decorated objects made of copper and bronze (429 of them), ivory and stone, including 240 mace heads, about 100 scepte... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Carnivory in plants has evolved at least six times independently, some examples include the Venus flytrap, pitcher plant, and butterwort. Although many outside of the scientific community usually believe these plants excel in defenses, many of these plants have evolved in poor nutrient soil. In order to get sufficient ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Uroguanylin is a 16 amino acid peptide that is secreted by enterochromaffin cells in the duodenum and proximal small intestine. Guanylin acts as an agonist of the guanylyl cyclase receptor guanylate cyclase 2C (GC-C), and regulates electrolyte and water transport in intestinal and renal epithelia. By agonizing this gua... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All living cells have the ability to receive and process signals that originate outside their membranes, which they do by means of proteins called receptors, often located at the cells surface imbedded in the plasma membrane. When such signals interact with a receptor, they effectively direct the cell to do something, ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Mesozoic is well known for its distinct Ocean Anoxic Events (OAEs) which resulted in the burial of layers of black shale. Although these OAEs are not stand alone evidence for euxinia, many do contain biomarkers which support euxinic formation. Again, evidence is not universal. OAEs may have spurred the spread of ex... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A pepper-spray projectile, also called a pepper-spray ball, pepper-ball, pepper bomb, or pepper-spray pellet, is a frangible projectile containing a powdered chemical that irritates the eyes and nose in a manner similar to pepper spray. These projectiles are fired from specially designed forced compliance weapons or mo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Bekbölet joined the faculty at Boğaziçi University in 1985 as an instructor in the Institute of Environmental Sciences. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986, associate professor in 1991 and professor in 1997.
Bekbölet's researches oxidation techniques, photocatalytic and photolytic reactions, adsorption/bio-... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Cryoablation of tumor induces necrosis of tumor cells. The immunotherapeutic effect of cryoablation of tumor is the result of the release of intracellular tumor antigens from within the necrotized tumor cells. The released tumor antigens help activate anti-tumor T cells, which destroy remaining malignant cells. Thus, c... | 1 | Biochemistry |
While new production of these refrigerants has been banned, large volumes still exist in older systems and have been said to pose an immediate threat to our environment. Preventing the release of these harmful refrigerants has been ranked as one of the single most effective actions we can take to mitigate catastrophic ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
HeAR is expressed by Halorubrum ejinorense. The organism was first isolated from Lake Ejinor in Inner Mongolia, China. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The maximum-term method is a consequence of the large numbers encountered in statistical mechanics. It states that under appropriate conditions the logarithm of a summation is essentially equal to the logarithm of the maximum term in the summation.
These conditions are (see also proof below) that (1) the number of term... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The convergence of observed BD angles can be viewed as arising from the need to maximize overlap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the nucleophile, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the unsaturated, trigonal center of the electrophile. (See, in comparison, the related inorgani... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Atmospheric concentrations fluctuate slightly with the seasons, falling during the Northern Hemisphere spring and summer as plants consume the gas and rising during northern autumn and winter as plants go dormant or die and decay. The level drops by about 6 or 7 ppm (about 50 Gt) from May to September during the North... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The folded protein complexes of interest separate cleanly and predictably without the risk of denaturation due to the specific properties of the polyacrylamide gel, electrophoresis buffer solution, electrophoretic equipment and standardized parameters used. The separated proteins are continuously eluted into a physiolo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Can be made from any organic material using proven technology going through syngas. There is no need to use food crops and compete with food production. The amount of methanol that can be generated from biomass is much greater than ethanol.
* Can compete with and complement ethanol in a diversified energy marketplace... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Nonenzymatic peroxidation occurs through the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically hydroxyl (HO) and hydroperoxyl (HO) radicals, which initiate the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Other initiators of lipid peroxidation include ozone (O), nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO), and sulfur d... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With an appropriate exercise program, dietary supplementation with 3 grams of HMB per day has been shown to increase exercise-induced gains in muscle size, muscle strength and power, and lean body mass, reduce exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage, and expedite recovery from high-intensity exercise. Based upon limite... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time. The satellite view of weather around Robinson Crusoe Islands illustrates... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spontaneous absolute asymmetric synthesis is a chemical phenomenon that stochastically generates chirality based on autocatalysis and small fluctuations in the ratio of enantiomers present in a racemic mixture. In certain reactions which initially do not contain chiral information, stochastically distributed enantiomer... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
carbon fixation is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, the other two being C4 carbon fixation| and CAM. This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction:
:CO + HO... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Biochemistry laboratories often use in vitro studies to explore ATP-dependent molecular processes. ATP analogs are also used in X-ray crystallography to determine a protein structure in complex with ATP, often together with other substrates.
Enzyme inhibitors of ATP-dependent enzymes such as kinases are needed to exami... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In an Arabidopsis thaliana study, hundreds of different proteins demonstrated the possibility to bind to CaM in plants. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Louis Pasteur a French chemist, supported the idea that fermentation was a biological process. Justus von Liebig, a German chemist, supported the idea that fermentation was a mechanical process. Both chemists had different methods of experimentation, and they focused on different aspects of fermentation because they ha... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pouring metal defects include misruns, cold shuts, and inclusions. A misrun occurs when the liquid metal does not completely fill the mould cavity, leaving an unfilled portion. Cold shuts occur when two fronts of liquid metal do not fuse properly in the mould cavity, leaving a weak spot. Both are caused by either a lac... | 8 | Metallurgy |
First attempts to synthesize 2DPs date back to the 1930s when Gee reported interfacial polymerizations at the air/water interface in which a monolayer of an unsaturated fatty acid derivative was laterally polymerized to give a 2D cross-linked material. Since then a number of important attempts were reported in terms of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Flowability, also known as powder flow is a property that defines an ability of a powdered material to flow, related to cohesion.
Powder flowability depends on many traits:
* the shape and size of the powder particles due to intermolecular force,
* porosity
* electrostatic activity
* hygroscopy
* bulk density
* angle o... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
FI6 is an antibody that targets a protein found on the surface of all influenza A viruses called hemagglutinin. FI6 is the only known antibody found to bind all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and is hoped to be useful for a universal influenza virus therapy.
The antibody binds to the F domain HA tri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Available evidence from geobiological studies of Archean (>2500 Ma) sedimentary rocks indicates that life existed 3500 Ma. Fossils of what are thought to be filamentous photosynthetic organisms have been dated at 3.4 billion years old, consistent with recent studies of photosynthesis. Early photosynthetic systems, such... | 5 | Photochemistry |
An overdose of modafinil can lead to a range of symptoms and complications. Psychiatric symptoms may include psychosis, mania, hallucinations, and suicidal ideation, which can occur even in individuals without a history of mental illness and may persist after discontinuation of the drug. Neurological complications, suc... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Steel superalloys are of interest because some present creep and oxidation resistance similar to Ni-based superalloys, at far less cost.
Gamma (γ): Fe-based alloys feature a matrix phase of austenite iron (FCC). Alloying elements include: Al, B, C, Co, Cr, Mo, Ni, Nb, Si, Ti, W, and Y. Al (oxidation benefits) must be k... | 8 | Metallurgy |
ICOS consists of a network of standardized, long-term, high-precision integrated monitoring of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and fluxes. The infrastructure integrates terrestrial and atmospheric observations at various sites into a single, coherent, highly precise dataset. This data allows a unique regional... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The reductive acetyl CoA pathway (CoA) pathway, also known as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway uses CO as electron acceptor and carbon source, and H as an electron donor to form acetic acid. This metabolism is wide spread within the phylum Bacillota, especially in the Clostridia.
The pathway is also used by methanogens, whic... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In soil mechanics and petroleum engineering the water saturation or degree of saturation, , is defined as
where is the porosity, in terms of the volume of void or pore space and the total volume of the substance . Values of S can range from 0 (dry) to 1 (saturated). In reality, S never reaches 0 or 1 - these are idea... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stuntman and comedian Steve-O has publicly spoken of his involvement as a test subject in an early ractopamine study whose aim was to determine the stress limits of ractopamine saturation in humans. Glover says "Based on how dangerous the study was, the more money you get." | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Protein topology is a property of protein molecule that does not change under deformation (without cutting or breaking a bond). | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
If the reactions occurring during crosslinking are exothermic, the crosslinking rate can be related to the heat released during the process. Higher is the number of bonds created, higher is the heat released in the reaction. At the end of the reaction, no more heat will be released. To measure the heat flow differentia... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Friedel's law, named after Georges Friedel, is a property of Fourier transforms of real functions.
Given a real function , its Fourier transform
has the following properties.
where is the complex conjugate of .
Centrosymmetric points are called Friedel's pairs.
The squared amplitude () is centrosymmetric:
The phase ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
As of 2020, YwIE is the only known active PAP in B.Subtilis, although Fuhrmann et al. (2013). identified a YwIE homolog in Drosophila, but its role in the specie is still unknown. In contrast, Suzuki et al. (2013) identified the presence of McsB in over 150 bacteria species | 1 | Biochemistry |
Institute of Geochemistry (), which is located in Guiyang, the capital of Guizhou Province of China, was founded in 1966 by the Beijing Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (now Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences). | 9 | Geochemistry |
Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium. The unifying principle is that the free energy of a system at equilibrium is the minimum possible, so that the slope of the free energy with respect to the reaction coordinate is zero. This principle, applied to mixtures at equilibrium provides a ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Some promoters are called constitutive as they are active in all circumstances in the cell, while others are regulated, becoming active in the cell only in response to specific stimuli. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Fluid models describe plasmas in terms of smoothed quantities, like density and averaged velocity around each position (see Plasma parameters). One simple fluid model, magnetohydrodynamics, treats the plasma as a single fluid governed by a combination of Maxwell's equations and the Navier–Stokes equations. A more gener... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An important aspect of improving chemical reactions is the understanding of the underlying reaction mechanism. To answer this question for C-H activation, time-resolved spectroscopic techniques can be used to follow the dynamics of the chemical reaction. This technique requires a trigger for initiating the process, whi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Optimized configuration of pyroelectric sensors in optoelectronic technology. It has been shown that in the case of constant laser power, the response of the pyroelectric sensor would not depend on the spatial distribution of the intensity of the laser beam. Therefore, depending on the voltage model, the signal amplitu... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are many classes of neutral homoaromatic compounds although there is much debate as to whether they truly exhibit homoaromatic character or not.
One class of neutral homoaromatics are called monohomoaromatics, one of which is cycloheptatriene, and numerous complex monohomoaromatics have been synthesized. One par... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a suspension roaster, the concentrates are blown into a combustion chamber very similar to that of a pulverized coal furnace. The roaster consists of a refractory-lined cylindrical steel shell, with a large combustion space at the top and 2 to 4 hearths in the lower portion, similar to those of a multiple hearth fur... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Zn is present in the active sites of most hydrolytic enzymes, and is used as an electrophilic catalyst to activate water molecules that ultimately hydrolyze chemical bonds. Examples of zinc-based enzymes include superoxide dismutase (SOD), metallothionein, carbonic anhydrase, Zn finger proteins, alcohol dehydrogenase a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Fumaric acid is used in the manufacture of polyester resins and polyhydric alcohols and as a mordant for dyes.
When fumaric acid is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion. | 1 | Biochemistry |
*Violanthrone
*Isoviolanthrone
*Fluorescein
*Rubrene
*9,10-Diphenylanthracene
*Tetracene
*13,13'-Dibenzantronile
*Levulinic Acid | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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