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It is an A-5 size consciousness-raising mind opener, free of technical jargon, on Accessibility for All to built environments to convince decision makers that it is a low cost investment and a Win – Win game of indispensable National importance for everyone. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Low-angle laser light scattering or LALLS is an application of light scattering that is particularly useful in conjunction with the technique of Size exclusion chromatography, one of the most powerful and widely used techniques to study the molecular mass distribution of a polymer.
Typically the eluent of the SEC colum... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Selenium has a protective effect towards mercury toxicity. Mercury binds to selenium with high affinity, so this metal can inhibit selenium-dependent enzymes. However, increased selenium intake can preserve the enzyme activities, reducing the adverse effects caused by mercury exposure. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Wilfley Table was conceived by Arthur Wilfley, a mining engineer based in Kokomo, Colorado in the United States. As a silver mine operator, Wilfley spent many years refining his separation table design in order to make the extraction of silver more economic. Rather than using heating processes (smelting) to concent... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A 2012 report from the U.S. National Research Council calls for a new focus on glycoscience, a field that explores the structures and functions of glycans and promises great advances in areas as diverse as medicine, energy generation, and materials science. Until now, glycans have received little attention from the res... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A third group of genes in which mutations lead to a significant susceptibility to cancer is the class of landscaper genes. Products encoded by landscaper genes do not directly affect cellular growth, but when mutated, contribute to the neoplastic growth of cells by fostering stromal environments conducive to unregulat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic chemistry, an acyl cyanide is a functional group with the formula and structure . It consists of an acyl group () attached to cyanide (). Examples include acetyl cyanide, formyl cyanide, and oxalyl dicyanide. Acyl cyanides are reagents in organic synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In coupling reactions between aromatic compounds and metal-trifluoromethyl complexes the metal is usually copper, Pd and Ni are less prominent. The reactions are stoichiometric or catalytic. In the McLoughlin-Thrower reaction (1962) iodobenzene reacts with trifluoroiodomethane (CFI) and copper powder in dimethylformam... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The largest number of lichenized fungi occur in the Ascomycota, with about 40% of species forming such an association. Some of these lichenized fungi occur in orders with nonlichenized fungi that live as saprotrophs or plant parasites (for example, the Leotiales, Dothideales, and Pezizales). Other lichen fungi occur in... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
A chemical reaction may undergo different reaction mechanisms at different temperatures.
In this case, a Van t Hoff plot with two or more linear fits may be exploited. Each linear fit has a different slope and intercept, which indicates different changes in enthalpy and entropy for each distinct mechanisms. The Van t H... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Bayer process is the principal industrial means of refining bauxite to produce alumina (aluminium oxide) and was developed by Carl Josef Bayer. Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminium, contains only 30–60% aluminium oxide (AlO), the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron oxides, and titanium dioxide. Th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Nitriles () are named by adding the suffix "-nitrile" to the longest hydrocarbon chain (including the carbon of the cyano group). It can also be named by replacing the "-oic acid" of their corresponding carboxylic acids with "-carbonitrile." The prefix form is "cyano-." Functional class IUPAC nomenclature may also be u... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Before MMC was considered as a chromatographic approach, secondary interactions were generally believed to be the main cause of peak tailing.
However, it was discovered afterwards that secondary interactions can be applied for improving separation power. In 1986, Regnier’s group synthesized a stationary phase that had ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Traditional and presently most widespread categorisation of pure working fluids was first used by H. Tabor et al. and O. Badr et al. dating back to the 60s. This three-class classification system sorts pure working fluids into three categories. The base of the classification is the shape of the saturation vapour curve ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The limit of quantification (LoQ, or LOQ) is the lowest value of a signal (or concentration, activity, response...) that can be quantified with acceptable precision and accuracy.
The LoQ is the limit at which the difference between two distinct signals / values can be discerned with a reasonable certainty, i.e., when t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cremer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Madison with a BA in 1990, completed his PhD at University of California, Berkeley in 1996, and completed postdoctoral work at Stanford University (1996-1998).
Cremer joined the faculty in the chemistry department, Texas A&M University in 1998.
He is known for his work in ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ct analysis, a technique based on the principles of DNA reassociation kinetics, is a biochemical technique that measures how much repetitive DNA is in a DNA sample such as a genome. It is used to study genome structure and organization and has also been used to simplify the sequencing of genomes that contain large amo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Alternatively, it can be made as a carbonated soft drink by two methods.
When served before the fermentation process is complete. Kilju made this way is high in sugar and carbon dioxide (CO) content, and has little to no alcohol, being similar to a sweet lemon soda. It is a family tradition to many. The simple producti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The elements of a eukaryotic and prokaryotic 5′ UTR differ greatly. The prokaryotic 5′ UTR contains a ribosome binding site (RBS), also known as the Shine–Dalgarno sequence (AGGAGGU), which is usually 3–10 base pairs upstream from the initiation codon. In contrast, the eukaryotic 5′ UTR contains the Kozak consensus seq... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In bacteria, such as E. coli, genes, are regulated by sequence elements in promoters and related binding sites). RegulonDB provides a database of such regulatory elements, their binding sites and the transcription factors that bind to these sites in E. coli. RegulonDB 9.0 includes 184 experimentally determined transcri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nayar et al. published reference data for the surface tension of seawater over the salinity range of and a temperature range of at atmospheric pressure. The range of temperature and salinity encompasses both the oceanographic range and the range of conditions encountered in thermal desalination technologies. The unce... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
2,3-butanediol has a variety of industrial applications and products it can produce. The levo isomer of butanediol has a low freezing point of -60 °C, which allows it to work as an antifreeze agent. Through catalytic dehydrogenation, butanediol can form diacetyl. Diacetyl is a food additive that can be used to add flav... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For a given stress profile and temperature, the point lies in a particular "deformation field". If the values place the point near the center of a field, it is likely that the primary mechanism by which the material will fail, i.e.: the type and rate of failure expected, grain boundary diffusion, plasticity, Nabarro–He... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Electronic biosensing offers significant advantages over optical, biochemical and biophysical methods, in terms of high sensitivity and new sensing mechanisms, high spatial resolution for localized detection, facile integration with standard wafer-scale semiconductor processing and label-free, real-time detection in a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One universal distinction between polymerization types is development of molecular weight by the different modes of propagation. Addition polymers form high molecular weight chains rapidly, with much monomer remaining. Since addition polymerization has rapidly growing chains and free monomer as its reactants, and con... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Wiggins realised that water can exist in two different states, and that the existence of these states explains the way that living cells work, and has implications for DNA and protein structure. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Among these four moisture condition of aggregates, saturated surface dry is the condition that has the most applications in laboratory experiments, researches and studies, especially these related to water absorption, composition ratio or shrinkage test in materials like concrete. For many related experiments, a satura... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The development process is modeled as the development of gene expression states. The gene expression pattern at time is defined as the initial expression state. The interactions among genes change the expression states during the development process. This process is modeled by the following differential equations
... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For the present purposes, the light from a star, and for some particular purposes, the light of the sun, can be treated as a practically collimated beam, but apart from this, a collimated beam is rarely if ever found in nature, though artificially produced beams can be very nearly collimated. The spectral radiance (or ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1975, Peter V. Wright, a polymer chemist from Sheffield (UK), produced the first polymer electrolyte, which contained sodium and potassium salts in a polyethylene oxide (PEO) matrix. Later another type of polymer electrolytes, polyelectrolyte, was put forward, where ions moved through an electrically charged, rather... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. This takes place through a pilus. It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria.
It is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer as are transformation an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Compounds with the formula [PR]X comprise the phosphonium salts. These species are tetrahedral phosphorus(V) compounds. From the commercial perspective, the most important member is tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, [P(CHOH)]Cl, which is used as a fire retardant in textiles. Approximately 2M kg are produc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI) is a complex of activated protein C (APC) and protein C inhibitor (PCI). It has been measured in coagulation testing to evaluate coagulation, thrombosis, and other cardiovascular complications. It is a marker of thrombin generation and indicates hypercoagulability. The ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Apart from the end replication problem, in vitro studies have shown that telomeres accumulate damage due to oxidative stress and that oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage has a major influence on telomere shortening in vivo. There is a multitude of ways in which oxidative stress, mediated by reactive oxygen species (RO... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Jerry March, Ph.D. (August 1, 1929 – December 25, 1997) was an American organic chemist and a professor of chemistry at Adelphi University.
March authored the Marchs Advanced Organic Chemistry' text, which is considered to be a pillar of graduate-level organic chemistry texts. The book was prepared in its fifth edit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The following are examples of cyclic compounds exhibiting more complex ring systems and stereochemical features: | 4 | Stereochemistry |
α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds undergo hydrocyanation in the absence of metal catalysts. One manifestation is a special case of the Michael reaction, leading to β-cyanoketones. Another manifestation leads to vinyl cyanohydrins. β-cyano-cyanohydrins are also observed. Reaction conditions allows access to any of th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The pressure transmitting medium is the compressible fluid that fills the sample chamber and transmits the applied force to the sample. Hydrostatic pressure is preferred for high-pressure experiments because variation in strain throughout the sample can lead to distorted observations of different behaviors. In some exp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dihydrolipoate, covalently bound to a lysine residue of the complex, is then transfered to the dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3) active site, where it undergoes a flavin-mediated oxidation, similar in chemistry to e.g. thioredoxin reductase. First, FAD oxidizes dihydrolipoate back to its lipoate (disulfide) resting ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
N-tert-Butylbenzenesulfinimidoyl chloride is a useful oxidant for organic synthesis reactions. It is a good electrophile, and the sulfimide S=N bond can be attacked by nucleophiles, such as alkoxides, enolates, and amide ions. The nitrogen atom in the resulting intermediate is basic, and can abstract an α-hydrogen to c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To identify diverse post-transcriptional modifications of RNA molecules and determine the transcriptome-wide landscape of RNA modifications by means of next generation RNA sequencing, recently many studies have developed conventional or specialised sequencing methods. Examples of specialised methods are MeRIP-seq, m6A-... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Transcription of the msl-2 transcript is regulated by multiple binding sites for fly Sxl at the 5′ UTR. In particular, these poly-uracil sites are located close to a small intron that is spliced in males, but kept in females through splicing inhibition. This splicing inhibition is maintained by Sxl. When present, Sxl w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Siddiqui migrated to Pakistan in 1951, four years after the emergence of Pakistan in 1947, after being offered and appointed as "science advisor" to the government by Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan. He was appointed as Director of the Pakistan Department of Research that was reformulated in 1953 as Pakistan Council of... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Solvent–solute interactions are the same as solute–solute and solvent–solvent interactions, on average. Consequently, the enthalpy of mixing (solution) is zero and the change in Gibbs free energy on mixing is determined solely by the entropy of mixing. Hence the molar Gibbs free energy of mixing is
or for a two-compone... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Coelenterazine is found in radiolarians, ctenophores, cnidarians, squid, brittle stars, copepods, chaetognaths, fish, and shrimp. It is the prosthetic group in the protein aequorin responsible for the blue light emission. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The technique of this method is based on the monitoring of acoustic waves that are generated with a pulsed laser. Localized heating of a material will create a localized temperature increase, which induces thermal stress. This stress build in a localized region causes an acoustic strain pulse. At an interface, the puls... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
This library construction process is similar to that of the short-jump library except that the condition is optimized for longer fragments (5 kb). | 1 | Biochemistry |
Of all light emitters in the ocean, bio-luminescent bacteria is the most abundant and diverse. However, the distribution of bio-luminescent bacteria is uneven, which suggests evolutionary adaptations. The bacterial species in terrestrial genera such as Photorhabdus are bio-luminescent. On the other hand, marine genera ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Photons hitting a thin film of alkali metal or semiconductor material such as gallium arsenide in an image intensifier tube cause the ejection of photoelectrons due to the photoelectric effect. These are accelerated by an electrostatic field where they strike a phosphor coated screen, converting the electrons back into... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In clinical pharmacology, a potentiator is a drug, herb, or chemical that intensifies the effects of a given drug. For example, hydroxyzine or dextromethorphan is used to get more pain relief and anxiolysis out of an equal dose of an opioid medication. The potentiation can take place at any part of the liberation, abs... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A host–guest complex, also known as a donor–acceptor complex, may be formed from a Lewis base, B, and a Lewis acid, A. The host may be either a donor or an acceptor. In biochemistry host–guest complexes are known as receptor-ligand complexes; they are formed primarily by non-covalent bonding. Many host–guest complexes ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Stemming from the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) EPA permitting guidelines, point and nonpoint discharges may adversely affect sediment quality. As per state regulatory criteria, information on point and nonpoint source contamination, and its effects on sediment quality may be required for asse... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Analytical band centrifugation (ABC) (also known as analytical band ultracentrifugation, or band sedimentation-velocity), is a specialized ultracentrifugation procedure, where unlike the typical use of (boundary) sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (SV-AUC) wherein a homogenous bulk solution is centri... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemical kinetics, the elementary reactions are represented by the stoichiometric equations
where are the components and are the stoichiometric coefficients. Here, the reverse reactions with positive constants are included in the list separately. We need this separation of direct and reverse reactions to apply lat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Homogeneous Schrock-type carbene complexes such as Tebbe's reagent can be used for the olefination of carbonyls, replacing the oxygen atom with a methylidene group. The nucleophilic carbon atom behaves similarly to the carbon atom of the phosphorus ylide in the Wittig reaction, attacking the electrophilic carbonyl atom... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Pyruvate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. It is the output of the metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis. One molecule of glucose breaks down into two molecules of pyruvate, which are then used to provide further energy, in one of two ways. Pyruvate is converted into acetyl-coenzyme A, which is the... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, transition state theory (TST) explains the reaction rates of elementary chemical reactions. The theory assumes a special type of chemical equilibrium (quasi-equilibrium) between reactants and activated transition state complexes.
TST is used primarily to understand qualitatively how chemical reactions tak... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Microbial production of Succinic acid can be performed with wild bacteria like Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia succiniciproducens and Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens or genetically modified Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Understanding of the central carbon metab... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The HO radical is linked with the production of HO in molecular clouds. Studies of HO distribution in Taurus Molecular Cloud-1 (TMC-1) suggest that in dense gas, HO is mainly formed by dissociative recombination of HO. Dissociative recombination is the reaction in which a molecular ion recombines with an electron and d... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics which convey a quantitative description using measurable macrosco... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A blank solution is a solution containing little to no analyte of interest, usually used to calibrate instruments such as a colorimeter. According to the EPA, the "primary purpose of blanks is to trace sources of artificially introduced contamination." Different types of blanks are used to identify the source of contam... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
According to the Carothers equation number-average degree of polymerization is given by
where is the extent of the reaction and is the average functionality of reaction mixture. For the gel can be considered to be infinite, thus the critical extent of the reaction at the gel point is found as
If is greater or eq... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The 65 "Sohncke" space groups, not containing any mirrors, inversion points, improper rotations or glide planes, yield chiral crystals, not identical to their mirror image; whereas space groups that do include at least one of those give achiral crystals. Achiral molecules sometimes form chiral crystals, but chiral mole... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Adenylate Kinase 2 (AK2) deficiency in humans causes hematopoietic defects associated with sensorineural deafness. Reticular dysgenesis is an autosomal recessive form of human combined immunodeficiency. It is also characterized by an impaired lymphoid maturation and early differentiation arrest in the myeloid lineage... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In nucleophilic aliphatic substitution, sodium nitrite (NaNO) replaces an alkyl halide. In the so-called Ter Meer reaction (1876) named after Edmund ter Meer, the reactant is a 1,1-halonitroalkane:
The reaction mechanism is proposed in which in the first slow step a proton is abstracted from nitroalkane 1 to a carbanio... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A fluid inclusion is a bubble of liquid and/or gas that is trapped within a crystal. As minerals often form from a liquid or aqueous medium, tiny bubbles of that liquid can become trapped within the crystal, or along healed crystal fractures. These inclusions usually range in size from 0.01 mm to 1 mm and are only visi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Since refinement depends on finding the best fit between a calculated and experimental pattern, it is important to have a numerical figure of merit quantifying the quality of the fit. Below are the figures of merit generally used to characterize the quality of a refinement. They provide insight to how well the model fi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Blood pH and concentrations of several chemicals are tested in a corpse to help determine the time of death of the victim, also known as the post-mortem interval. These chemicals include lactic acid, hypoxanthine, uric acid, ammonia, NADH and formic acid.
The decrease in the concentration of oxygen because of the lack... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Surfactants are usually composed of a hydrocarbon chain and a polar head group.
Increasing the length of the hydrocarbon chain increases the Krafft temperature because it improves Van der Waals forces.
Moreover, since Krafft point is related to solid-liquid transition, better-packed polar heads within surfactant crysta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Being a good solvent for many materials (such as grease and tar), carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a cleaning fluid for nearly 70 years. It is nonflammable and nonexplosive and did not leave any odour on the cleaned material, unlike gasoline, which was also used for cleaning at the time. It was used as a "safe" ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Heating a lactone with a base (sodium hydroxide) will hydrolyse the lactone to its parent compound, the straight chained bifunctional compound. Like straight-chained esters, the hydrolysis-condensation reaction of lactones is a reversible reaction, with an equilibrium. However, the equilibrium constant of the hydrolysi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Oceanographers and engineers continue to find novel and more accurate methods of measuring carbon content in seawater. One method is to collect water samples and directly measure the DIC by using a TOC analyzer. Samples can be combined with stable isotope ratios C/C, alkalinity measurements, and estimation of physical... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Relative Surface Excess quantities are more useful than arbitrary surface excess quantities. The Relative surface excess relates the adsorption at the interface to a solvent in the bulk phase. An advantage of using the relative surface excess quantities is that they don't depend on the location of the dividing surface... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In molecular biology, an interactome is the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell. The term specifically refers to physical interactions among molecules (such as those among proteins, also known as protein–protein interactions, PPIs; or between small molecules and proteins) but can also describe sets... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polariton superfluid is predicted to be a state of the exciton-polaritons system that combines the characteristics of lasers with those of excellent electrical conductors. Researchers look for this state in a solid state optical microcavity coupled with quantum well excitons. The idea is to create an ensemble of partic... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Earths atmosphere and hydrosphere—Earths heat engine—are coupled processes that constantly even out solar heating imbalances through evaporation of surface water, convection, rainfall, winds and ocean circulation, when distributing heat around the globe.
A Hadley cell is an example of a heat engine. It involves the ris... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The modification required to biosynthesize mature chloroeremomycin include: oxidative cross-linking of aromatic rings, hydroxylation and chlorination of the two Tyr residues, methylation of Leu, and glycosylation at aa4 and aa6.
The oxidative crosslinks are catalyzed by enzymes OxyA-C. The glycosylations are catalyzed ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The first mitogen-activated protein kinase to be discovered was ERK1 (MAPK3) in mammals. Since ERK1 and its close relative ERK2 (MAPK1) are both involved in growth factor signaling, the family was termed "mitogen-activated". With the discovery of other members, even from distant organisms (e.g. plants), it has become i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ITCH is regulated by MAPK8. MAPK8 regulates JUNB protein turnover by MAPK8-dependent phosphorylation of ITCH and a subsequent conformational change in ITCH. This mechanism is discrete from the direct activation of Jun family transcription factors by direct phosphorylation. ITCH serves as a paradigm for our understandin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The process of mating type switching is a gene conversion event initiated by the HO gene. The HO gene is a tightly regulated haploid-specific gene that is only activated in haploid cells during the G phase of the cell cycle. The protein encoded by the HO gene is a DNA endonuclease, which physically cleaves DNA, but onl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the isometric system, the most common types of twins are the Spinel Law (twin plane, parallel to an octahedron) <111>, where the twin axis is perpendicular to an octahedral face, and the Iron Cross <001>, which is the interpenetration of two pyritohedrons, a subtype of dodecahedron.
In the hexagonal system, calcite ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
How much gas is present could be specified by giving the mass instead of the chemical amount of gas. Therefore, an alternative form of the ideal gas law may be useful. The chemical amount, n (in moles), is equal to total mass of the gas (m) (in kilograms) divided by the molar mass, M (in kilograms per mole):
By replaci... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Tremolite Asbestos Registry contains people who lived in or worked in Libby, Montana, while vermiculite was mined there; these people were at risk for exposure to the tremolite asbestos that was naturally occurring in the vermiculite. ATSDR began addressing public health concerns in Libby in 1999 and created the re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sources can be adapted in many ways, but the lists below give the general uses of a number of sources. Of these, flames are the most common due to their low cost and their simplicity. Although significantly less common, inductively-coupled plasmas, especially when used with mass spectrometers, are recognized for thei... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Consider the following acid–base reaction:
Acetic acid, , is an acid because it donates a proton to water () and becomes its conjugate base, the acetate ion (). is a base because it accepts a proton from and becomes its conjugate acid, the hydronium ion, ().
The reverse of an acid–base reaction is also an acid–base r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If an unsymmetrical ketone is subjected to base, it has the potential to form two regioisomeric enolates (ignoring enolate geometry). For example:
The trisubstituted enolate is considered the kinetic enolate, while the tetrasubstituted enolate is considered the thermodynamic enolate. The alpha hydrogen deprotonated to ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Inputs from the biosphere may begin with lichen and other microorganisms that secrete oxalic acid. These microorganisms, associated with the lichen community or independently inhabiting rocks, include blue-green algae, green algae, various fungi, and numerous bacteria. Lichen has long been viewed as the pioneers of soi... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Some authors suggest the Le Bail technique exploits prior information more efficiently than Pawley method. This was an important consideration at the time of development when computing power was limited. Le Bail is also easily integrated into Rietveld analysis software, and is a part of a number of programs. Both meth... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A chiral sp hybridized isomer contains four different substituents. All four substituents are assigned prorites based on its atomic numbers. After the substituents of a stereocenter have been assigned their priorities, the molecule is oriented in space so that the group with the lowest priority is pointed away from the... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Mice with mutant carboxypeptidase E, Cpe, display endocrine disorders like obesity and infertility. In some strains of mice, the fat mutation also causes hyperproinsulinemia in adult male mice, but this is not found in all strains of mice. The obesity and infertility in the Cpe mice develop with age; young mice ( mice... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the most useful chemical properties of n-BuLi is its ability to deprotonate a wide range of weak Brønsted acids. t-Butyllithium and s-butyllithium are more basic. n-BuLi can deprotonate (that is, metalate) many types of C−H bonds, especially where the conjugate base is stabilized by electron delocalization or o... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
For membrane proteins, the situation is more complicated because the system that is being crystallized is not the membrane protein itself but the micellar system in which the membrane protein is embedded.
The size of the protein-detergent mixed micelles are affected by both additives and detergents which will strongly ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Diphosphene is inert to ground-state oxygen but can be oxidized by triplet oxygen to give a mixture of phosphine oxides and hydroxy benzophosphole oxide. Compared to oxygen involved oxidation, reaction of diphosphene with ozone is much more rapid and indicates a 2:1 (ozone:diphosphene) stoichiometry. Ozonolysis of bis[... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The transcriptomes of stem cells and cancer cells are of particular interest to researchers who seek to understand the processes of cellular differentiation and carcinogenesis. A pipeline using RNA-seq or gene array data can be used to track genetic changes occurring in stem and precursor cells and requires at least th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The ribbon synapse is a special type of synapse found in sensory neurons such as photoreceptor cells, retinal bipolar cells, and hair cells. Ribbon synapses contain a dense protein structure that tethers an array of vesicles perpendicular to the presynaptic membrane. In an electron micrograph it appears as a ribbon l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium, abbreviated [Ir(ppy)] is the organoiridium complex with the formula Ir(CH-CHN). The complex, a yellow-green solid, is a derivative of Ir bound to three monoanionic 2-pyridinylphenyl ligands. It is electroluminescent, emitting green light. The complex is observed with the facial stereoc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Molecular beacons, or molecular beacon probes, are oligonucleotide hybridization probes that can report the presence of specific nucleic acids in homogenous solutions. Molecular beacons are hairpin-shaped molecules with an internally quenched fluorophore whose fluorescence is restored when they bind to a target nucleic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Neuroproteomics has the difficult task of defining on a molecular level the pathways of consciousness, senses, and self. Neurological disorders are unique in that they do not always exhibit outward symptoms. Defining the disorders becomes difficult and so neuroproteomics is a step in the right direction of identifying... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main components of a gamma spectrometer are the energy-sensitive radiation detector and the electronic devices that analyse the detector output signals, such as a pulse sorter (i.e., multichannel analyzer). Additional components may include signal amplifiers, rate meters, peak position stabilizers, and data handlin... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormones and the molecules involved in metabolism itself. Endocrinologists have traditionally classified many of the hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The so-called classic catabolic horm... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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