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Bimodal AFM is applied to characterize a large variety of surfaces and interfaces. Some applications exploit the sensitivity of bimodal observables to enhance spatial resolution. However, the full capabilities of bimodal AFM are shown in the generation of quantitative maps of material properties. The section is divided... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The enthalpy is , and the product is just . Then is simplyThis is the enthalpic equation of state for a perfect vdW fluid, or in reduced form | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Microcystins cannot be broken down by standard proteases like pepsin, trypsin, collagenase, and chymotrypsin due to their cyclic chemical nature. They are hepatotoxic, i.e., able to cause serious damage to the liver. Once ingested, microcystin travels to the liver via the bile acid transport system, where most is store... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The sulfur isotopic composition of natural samples can be determined by Elemental Analysis-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (EA-IRMS), by Dual Inlet-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (DI-IRMS), by Multi-Collector-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICPMS), by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), or by Nano... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The mathematical function used to model cross-correlation curves in FCCS is slightly more complex compared to that used in FCS. One of the primary differences is the effective superimposed observation volume, denoted as in which the G and R channels form a single observation volume:
where and are radial parameters a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hemoglobin (Hb) is the primary vehicle for transporting oxygen in the blood. Each hemoglobin molecule has the capacity to carry four oxygen molecules. These molecules of oxygen bind to the iron of the heme prosthetic group.
When hemoglobin has no bound oxygen, nor bound carbon dioxide, it has the unbound conformation (... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Liquids are useful as lubricants due to their ability to form a thin, freely flowing layer between solid materials. Lubricants such as oil are chosen for viscosity and flow characteristics that are suitable throughout the operating temperature range of the component. Oils are often used in engines, gear boxes, metalwor... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pit water, mine water or mining water is water that collects in a mine and which has to be brought to the surface by water management methods in order to enable the mine to continue working. | 9 | Geochemistry |
L1 activity has been observed in numerous types of cancers, with particularly extensive insertions found in colorectal and lung cancers. It is currently unclear if these insertions are causes or secondary effects of cancer progression. However, at least two cases have found somatic L1 insertions causative of cancer by ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The EBF organizes annual symposia to involve the bioanalytical community: pharmaceutical industry, academia, CRO, instrument providers and regulatory agencies. It is the intention of the organisation to inform their business partners and peers about the discussion held and agreements achieved and to open the forum for ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The chemistry component incorporates both bioavailability and potential effects on benthic community. The potential of sediment toxicity for a given site is based on a linear regression model (LRM). A chemical score index (CSI) of the contaminant describes the magnitude of exposure relative to benthic community distur... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Calcareous grassland is a form of grassland characteristic of soils containing much calcium carbonate from underlying chalk or limestone rock. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Potent, bioactive natural products like triptolide that inhibit mammalian transcription via inhibition of the XPB subunit of the general transcription factor TFH has been recently reported as a glucose conjugate for targeting hypoxic cancer cells with increased glucose transporter expression. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cefuroxime, sold under the brand name Zinacef among others, is a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat and prevent a number of bacterial infections. These include pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, sepsis, urinary tract infections, and Lyme disease. It is used by mouth or by injection into a vein o... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In electrochemistry, the faradaic current is the electric current generated by the reduction or oxidation of some chemical substance at an electrode. The net faradaic current is the algebraic sum of all the faradaic currents flowing through an indicator electrode or working electrode. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Underwater corrosion engineers apply the same principals used in underground corrosion control but use specially trained and certified scuba divers for condition assessment, and corrosion control system installation and commissioning. The main difference being in the type of reference cells used to collect voltage read... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a single tube, isothermal alternative to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By adding a reverse transcriptase enzyme to an RPA reaction it can detect RNA as well as DNA, without the need for a separate step to produce cDNA,. Because it is isothermal, RPA can use much simp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Several models attempt to account for the bulk properties of water by assuming that they are dominated by cluster formation within the liquid. According to the quantum cluster equilibrium (QCE) theory of liquids, n=8 clusters dominate the liquid water bulk phase, followed by n=5 and n=6 clusters. Near the triple point,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Whereas FCS is a point measurement providing diffusion time at a given observation volume, svFCS is a technique where the observation spot is varied in order to measure diffusion times at different spot sizes. The relationship between the diffusion time and the spot area is linear and could be plotted in order to decip... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) modifications contribute to nearly 90% of all editing events in RNA. The deamination of adenosine is catalyzed by the double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR), which typically acts on pre-mRNAs. The deamination of adenosine to inosine disrupts and destabilizes the dsRNA base... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A spot assay or spot test can also refer to a specific test in microbiology. This test is often used to check the growth rate of bacterial or yeast cells on different media or to perform serial dilution tests of micro-organisms. Usually a 96-pinner (often called frogger) is used to perform these spot assay.
Another app... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In the short flap pathway in eukaryotes the lagging strand of DNA is primed in short intervals. In the short pathway only, the nuclease FEN1 is involved. Pol δ frequently encounters the downstream primed Okazaki fragment and displaces the RNA/DNA initiator primer into a 5′ flap. The FEN1 5’-3’ endonuclease recognizes t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main application of Ellingham diagrams is in the extractive metallurgy industry, where it helps to select the best reducing agent for various ores in the extraction process, purification and grade setting for steel manufacturing. It also helps to guide the purification of metals, especially the removal of trace ele... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of elements in many materials. NAA allows discrete sampling of elements as it disregards the chemical form of a sample, and focuses solely on atomic nuclei. The method is based on neutron activation and thus requires a neutro... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The odds for relatedness are calculated from log odd ratio, which are then rounded off to get the substitution matrices BLOSUM matrices. | 1 | Biochemistry |
*5'-nuclease TaqMan assay
*Exciton-controlled hybridization-sensitive fluorescent oligonucleotide (ECHO) probes.
*Dual Hybridization (LightCycler®) probes
*Scorpions® Probes
*LUX (Light Upon Extension) Probes
*DNA binding dye assays (e.g., SYBR Green, SYTO9, Melt Doctor, LCGreen Plus, etc.) | 1 | Biochemistry |
3-Methylfentanyl was also reported by media as the identity of the anaesthetic "gas" Kolokol-1 delivered as an aerosol during the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002 in which many hostages died from accidental overdoses, 3-methylfentanyl was later ruled out as the primary agent used. The opiate antidote naloxone was ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Silyl enol ethers are neutral, mild nucleophiles (milder than enamines) that react with good electrophiles such as aldehydes (with Lewis acid catalysis) and carbocations. Silyl enol ethers are stable enough to be isolated, but are usually used immediately after synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Modifications can also happen in short non-coding RNAs, including small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). However, these modifications are less common than those in mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Consider a classical measurement where a single particle is scattered off a single stationary target particle. Conventionally, a spherical coordinate system is used, with the target placed at the origin and the axis of this coordinate system aligned with the incident beam. The angle is the scattering angle, measured ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
9-BBN is prepared by the reaction of 1,5-cyclooctadiene and borane usually in ethereal solvents, for example:
The compound is commercially available as a solution in tetrahydrofuran and as a solid. 9-BBN is especially useful in Suzuki reactions.
Its highly regioselective addition on alkenes allows the preparation of te... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
One of the main competing models for cpDNA asserts that most cpDNA is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4. It has been established that some plants have linear cpDNA, such as maize, and that more still contain complex structures that scientists do n... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Clay chemistry is an applied subdiscipline of chemistry which studies the chemical structures, properties and reactions of or involving clays and clay minerals. It is a multidisciplinary field, involving concepts and knowledge from inorganic and structural chemistry, physical chemistry, materials chemistry, analytical ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In some Asian cuisines, fish is traditionally fermented with rice to produce lactic acid that preserves the fish. Examples of these dishes include burong isda of the Philippines; narezushi of Japan; and pla ra of Thailand. The same process is also used for shrimp in the Philippines in the dish known as balao-balao. | 1 | Biochemistry |
By raising the water table, after damage has been inflicted due to over-intensive drainage, the soils can be restored.
The following table gives an example.
Drainage and yield of Malaysian oil palm on acid sulfate soils (after Toh Peng Yin and Poon Yew Chin, 1982)<br>
Yield in tons of fresh fruit per ha:
Drainage depth... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Anthropogenic changes to the natural greenhouse effect are sometimes referred to as the enhanced greenhouse effect.
This table shows the most important contributions to the overall greenhouse effect, without which the average temperature of Earths surface would be about , instead of around . This table also specifies ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The wavelengths are approximate; exact values depend on the particular instruments (e.g. characteristics of satellite's sensors for Earth observation, characteristics of illumination and sensors for document analysis):
* Blue, 450–515/520 nm, is used for atmosphere and deep water imaging, and can reach depths up to in... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A group of FeS ferredoxins, originally found in bacteria, has been termed "bacterial-type". Bacterial-type ferredoxins may in turn be subdivided into further groups, based on their sequence properties. Most contain at least one conserved domain, including four cysteine residues that bind to a [FeS] cluster. In Pyrococc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
If there are additional factors preventing boundary movement, such as Zener pinning by particles, then the grain size may be restricted to a much lower value than might otherwise be expected. This is an important industrial mechanism in preventing the softening of materials at high temperature. | 8 | Metallurgy |
A study that utilized climate modeling to simulate the effects of predicted increases in water temperature and salinity as a result of climate change on C. finmarchicus of the eastern shelf of North America forecasts lower abundance of copepods. The decrease in favorable environmental conditions is expected to decrease... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Photoionization is the physical process in which an incident photon ejects one or more electrons from an atom, ion or molecule. This is essentially the same process that occurs with the photoelectric effect with metals. In the case of a gas or single atoms, the term photoionization is more common.
The ejected electrons... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Atomic manipulation is the process of moving single atoms on a substrate using Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). The atomic manipulation is a surface science technique usually used to create artificial objects on the substrate made out of atoms and to study electronic behaviour of matter. These objects do not occur ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Allison Hubel is an American mechanical engineer and cryobiologist who applies her expertise in heat transfer to study the cryopreservation of biological tissue. She is a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota, where she directs the Biopreservation Core Resource and the Technological Leaders... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Since the discovery of ribozymes that exist in living organisms, there has been interest in the study of new synthetic ribozymes made in the laboratory. For example, artificially produced self-cleaving RNAs with good enzymatic activity have been produced. Tang and Breaker isolated self-cleaving RNAs by in vitro selecti... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrochemical engineering is the branch of chemical engineering dealing with the technological applications of electrochemical phenomena, such as electrosynthesis of chemicals, electrowinning and refining of metals, flow batteries and fuel cells, surface modification by electrodeposition, electrochemical separations... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* CPPs have been used to transport a variety of biomolecules into cells in both vitro and in vivo. One must be cautious of which CPPs are used. For example, different CPPs promote movement into different cell types and cellular components.
* If the TIVA tag is not used within 3 months of synthesis, the FRET signal is w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 2010 bay health improved slightly in terms of the overall health of its ecosystem, earning a rating of 31 out of 100, up from a 28 rating in 2008. An estimate in 2006 from a "blue ribbon panel" said cleanup costs would be $15 billion. Compounding the problem is that 100,000 new residents move to the area each year. ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
To completely describe the state of a plasma, all of the particle locations and velocities that describe the electromagnetic field in the plasma region would need to be written down. However, it is generally not practical or necessary to keep track of all the particles in a plasma. Therefore, plasma physicists commonly... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polymer properties depend of their structure and they are divided into classes according to their physical bases. Many physical and chemical properties describe how a polymer behaves as a continuous macroscopic material. They are classified as bulk properties, or intensive properties according to thermodynamics. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
oligo - oligodeoxyribonucleotide - oligonucleotide - oligosaccharide-transporting ATPase - oncogene - oncovirus - open reading frame - operator - operon - origin of replication - ornithine(lysine) transaminase - osteomimicry | 1 | Biochemistry |
Uteroglobin, or blastokinin, also known as secretoglobin family 1A member 1 (SCGB1A1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCGB1A1 gene.
SCGB1A1 is the founding member of the secretoglobin family of small, secreted, disulfide-bridged dimeric proteins found only in mammals. This antiparallel disulfide linked h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Winter sea ice is a significant atmospheric contribution of bromine. Organic bromine gases such as CHBr, CHBr, CHIBr are emitted by microorganisms in sea ice and snow at ten-fold higher rates than from other environments. In polar areas, decreasing sea ice releases bromine and at the Arctic and Antarctic boundary layer... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A melatonergic agent (or drug) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the melatonin system in the body or brain. Examples include melatonin receptor agonists and melatonin receptor antagonists. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfonic acids have functionality R−S(=O)−OH. They are strong acids that are typically soluble in organic solvents. Sulfonic acids like trifluoromethanesulfonic acid is a frequently used reagent in organic chemistry. Sulfinic acids have functionality R−S(O)−OH while sulfenic acids have functionality R−S−OH. In the seri... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Agrochemical companies are the second largest users of fine chemicals. Most products have a "pharmaceutical heritage". As a consequence of an intensive M&A activity (Mergers and Acquisitions) over the past 10–20 years, the industry now is more consolidated than the pharmaceutical industry. The top 10 companies, led by ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Since their discovery in the 1970s, many restriction enzymes have been identified; for example, more than 3500 different Type II restriction enzymes have been characterized. Each enzyme is named after the bacterium from which it was isolated, using a naming system based on bacterial genus, species and strain. For examp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Particulate organic matter (POM) is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.053 millimeters (53 μm) to 2 millimeters.
Particulate organic carbon (POC) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with PO... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Homing endonucleases differ from Type II restriction enzymes in the several respects:
* Whereas Type II restriction enzymes bind short, usually symmetric, recognition sequences of 4 to 8 bp, homing endonucleases bind very long and in many cases asymmetric recognition sequences spanning 12 to 40 bp.
* Homing endonucleas... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Treatment of high-silicon ferrosilicon with hydrogen chloride is the basis of the industrial synthesis of trichlorosilane.
Ferrosilicon is also used in a ratio of 3–3.5% in the manufacture of sheets for the magnetic circuit of electrical transformers. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Arsenic is an element with a vaporization point of 615 °C, such that arsenical oxide will be lost from the melt before or during casting, and fumes from fire setting for mining and ore processing have long been known to attack the nervous system, eyes, lungs, and skin.
Chronic arsenic poisoning leads to peripheral neur... | 8 | Metallurgy |
SU-8 2000 series resists use cyclopentanone for the primary solvent and can be used to create films between 0.5 and 100 µm in thickness. This formulation may offer improved adhesion on some substrates versus the original formulation.
SU-8 3000 series resists also use cyclopentanone for the primary solvent and are desi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Palytoxin, PTX or PLTX is an intense vasoconstrictor, and is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.
Palytoxin is a polyhydroxylated and partially unsaturated compound (8 double bonds) with a long carbon chain. It has water-soluble... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Also at the Janelia Research Campus, a new fluorescent molecules known as CaMPARI (calcium-modulated photoactivatable ratiometric integrator) was developed using EosFP. The permanent green to red conversion signal was coupled with a calcium-sensitive protein, calmodulin, so that color change in the fusion construct de... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Mukaiyama has been recognized for his achievements in the form of seven honorary degrees and membership in the national academies of four nations. He is the namesake of the Mukaiyama Award, awarded by the Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan since 2005. His major awards include:
* Chemical Society of Japan Awa... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Anti-SSA autoantibodies (anti–Sjögrens-syndrome-related antigen A autoantibodies, also called anti-Ro, or similar names including anti-SSA/Ro, anti-Ro/SSA, anti–SS-A/Ro, and anti-Ro/SS-A) are a type of anti-nuclear autoantibodies that are associated with many autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (S... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The physical process of non-linear inverse Compton scattering has been first introduced theoretically in different scientific articles starting from 1964. Before this date, some seminal works had emerged dealing with the description of the classical limit of NICS, called non-linear Thomson scattering or multiphoton Tho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In biochemistry, an Eadie–Hofstee plot (or Eadie–Hofstee diagram) is a graphical representation of the Michaelis–Menten equation in enzyme kinetics. It has been known by various different names, including Eadie plot, Hofstee plot and Augustinsson plot. Attribution to Woolf is often omitted, because although Haldane and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The body of living organisms are composed of many enantiopure chiral substances. For example, amino acids that make up the proteins in the body have the same configuration, L-absolute configuration. Because of this specificity, vital processes such as constructing proteins, rely on stereoselectivity to ensure that out ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Due to its high relative density, it gathers in low-lying areas, and at high concentrations it can cause asphyxiation. Other health effects are similar to tetrafluoromethane. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The direct approach measures the exposures to pollutants by monitoring the pollutant concentrations reaching the respondents. The pollutant concentrations are directly monitored on or within the person through point of contact, biological monitoring, or biomarkers. In a workplace setting, methods of workplace exposur... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The existence of multiple possible tautomers for individual chemical substances can lead to confusion. For example, samples of 2-pyridone and 2-hydroxypyridine do not exist as separate isolatable materials: the two tautomeric forms are interconvertible and the proportion of each depends on factors such as temperature, ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The ENCyclOpedia of Rna Epitranscriptome (ENCORE) is an upgraded version of [https://rna.sysu.edu.cn/encore/index.php RMBase] that a comprehensive epitranscriptome platform with tens of new software and tools, to decode the distribution pattern, metagene profile, biogenesis mechanisms, regulatory functions, interactome... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Protein translation involves a set of twenty amino acids. Each of these amino acids is coded for by a sequence of three DNA base pairs called a codon. Because there are 64 possible codons, but only 20-22 encoded amino acids (in nature) and a stop signal (i.e. up to three codons that do not code for any amino acid and a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1986, a meeting at the Institute Of Medicine defined gene therapy as the addition or replacement of a gene in a targeted cell type. In the same year, the FDA announced that it had jurisdiction over approving "gene therapy" without defining the term. The FDA added a very broad definition in 1993 of any treatment that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The energy required to remove an atom from the surface depends on the number of bonds to other surface atoms which must be broken. For a simple cubic lattice in this model, each atom is treated as a cube and bonding occurs at each face, giving a coordination number of 6 nearest neighbors. Second-nearest neighbors in ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In thermodynamics, a partial molar property is a quantity which describes the variation of an extensive property of a solution or mixture with changes in the molar composition of the mixture at constant temperature and pressure. It is the partial derivative of the extensive property with respect to the amount (number o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A large class of drugs are enzyme inhibitors that bind to enzymes in the body and inhibit their activity. In this case it is the drug-target residence time (the length of time the drug stays bound to the target) that is of interest. Drugs with long residence times are desirable because they remain effective for longer ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Polymerization, an anabolic pathway used to build macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides, uses condensation reactions to join monomers. Macromolecules are created from smaller molecules using enzymes and cofactors. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hardness of a material can be measured in many ways. The Knoop hardness test, a method of microindentation hardness, is the most reproducible for dense ceramics. The Vickers hardness test and superficial Rockwell scales (e.g., 45N) can also be used, but tend to cause more surface damage than Knoop. The Brinell t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Hypothetically, it should be possible to recreate an entire ecosystem from the bottom up, in mirror form.
Advances in synthetic biology, like synthesizing viruses since 2002, partially synthetic bacteria in 2010, or synthetic ribosomes in 2013, may lead to the possibility of fully synthesizing a living cell from small ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Monochromatic light is illuminated vertically on the rear side of a transparent multi-layer substrate. The partial beams of the monochromatic light are transmitted and reflected at each interphase of the multi-layer system. Superimposition of the reflected beams result in destructive or constructive interference (depen... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metanil Yellow (Acid Yellow 36) is a dye of the azo class. In analytical chemistry, it is used as a pH indicator and it has a color change from red to yellow between pH 1.2 and 3.2.
Although it is an unpermitted food dye, because of its bright yellow color, Metanil Yellow has been used as an adulterant in turmeric pow... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
A usually desired consecutive reaction is the hydrogenation of the aldehydes to alcohols. Higher temperatures and hydrogen partial pressures favor the hydrogenation of the resulting aldehyde to the alcohol. For the reaction mechanism it is believed that the aldehyde initially forms a CO-π-complex with the catalyst. Thi... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A bioinformatic search of the sequence databases identified one homologue of the MRS2 gene of yeast in a range of metazoans. The protein has a very similar sequence and predicted TM topology to the yeast protein, and the GMN motif is intact at the end of the first TM domain. The human protein, hsaMrs2p, has been locali... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cooling curves are important in controlling the quality of a casting. The most important part of the cooling curve is the cooling rate which affects the microstructure and properties. Generally speaking, an area of the casting which is cooled quickly will have a fine grain structure and an area which cools slowly will ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In the basic electroforming process, an electrolytic bath is used to deposit nickel or other electroformable metal onto a conductive surface of a model (mandrel). Once the deposited material has been built up to the desired thickness, the electroform is parted from the substrate. This process allows precise replicati... | 8 | Metallurgy |
C terminus - Can f 1 - cancer - candidate gene - Canonical sequence - cap - cap site - carbon-monoxide dehydrogenase (cytochrome b-561) - carboxyl terminus - carcinoma - carnitine dehydratase - carrier - carveol dehydrogenase - CAT assay - CAT RNA-binding domain - catalase-related immune-responsive domain - CCAAT box -... | 1 | Biochemistry |
C3 plants use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon. C4 plants use a modified Calvin cycle in which they separate Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) from atmospheric oxygen, fixing carbon in their mesophyll cells and using oxaloacetate and malate to ferry the fixed carbon to RuBisCO and the rest of the ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A drive designed to read and write to 3D optical data storage media may have a lot in common with CD/DVD drives, particularly if the form factor and data structure of the media is similar to that of CD or DVD. However, there are a number of notable differences that must be taken into account when designing such a drive... | 5 | Photochemistry |
The vibrational properties of LAGP could be directly probed using Raman spectroscopy. LAGP shows the Raman features characteristic of all the NASICON-type materials, most of which caused by the vibrational motions of PO units. The main spectral regions in a Raman spectrum of NASICON-type materials are summarized in the... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
P680 receives excitation energy either by directly absorbing a photon of suitable frequency or indirectly from other chlorophylls within photosystem II, thereby exciting an electron to a higher energy level. The resulting P680 with a loosened electron is designated as P680*, which is a strong reducing agent. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Tethered intramolecular [2+2] reactions entail the formation of cyclobutane and cyclobutanone via intramolecular 2+2 photocycloadditions. Tethering ensures formation of a multi-cyclic system.
The length of the tether affects the stereochemical outcome of the [2+2] reaction. Longer tethers tend to generate the "straight... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Examples of intermetallics through history include:
# Roman yellow brass, CuZn
# Chinese high tin bronze, CuSn
# Type metal, SbSn
# Chinese white copper, CuNi
German type metal is described as breaking like glass, not bending, softer than copper but more fusible than lead. The chemical formula does not agree with the ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The Hildebrand solubility parameter is the square root of the cohesive energy density:
The cohesive energy density is the amount of energy needed to completely remove unit volume of molecules from their neighbours to infinite separation (an ideal gas). This is equal to the heat of vaporization of the compound divided b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Bailyn, M. (1994). A Survey of Thermodynamics, American Institute of Physics Press, New York, .
*Callen, H.B. (1960/1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics, (1st edition 1960) 2nd edition 1985, Wiley, New York, .
* A translation may be found [http://neo-classical-physics.info/uploads/3/0/6/5/3065... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Parvoviruses are a family of DNA viruses that have single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes enclosed in rugged, icosahedral protein capsids 18–26 nanometers (nm) in diameter. Unlike most other ssDNA viruses, which have circular genomes that form a loop, parvoviruses have linear genomes with short terminal sequences at each ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flutamide, sold under the brand name Eulexin among others, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used primarily to treat prostate cancer. It is also used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like acne, excessive hair growth, and high androgen levels in women. It is taken by mouth, usually three ti... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Grignard reagents, given by RMgX, with R being a monoanionic organic substituent and X being a halide, are thought to proceed through some magnesium(I) intermediates, such as RMgMgX. It is believed that some of the transformations that occur with Grignard reagents may proceed via single electron transfer. This proceeds... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Aciculitins are antifungal cyclic peptides isolated from a marine sponge. There are 3 Aciculitins that are isolated from the Lithistid sponge Aciculites orientalis that differ by their homologous lipid residues.
Aciculitin D is a similar cyclic peptide to Aciculitin A-C. It was isolated from Poecillastra sp. marine spo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Following the procedure described in the gas in a box article, we can apply the Thomas–Fermi approximation which assumes that the average energy is large compared to the energy difference between levels so that the above sum may be replaced by an integral. This replacement gives the macroscopic grand potential function... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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