text stringlengths 105 4.44k | label int64 0 9 | label_text stringclasses 10
values |
|---|---|---|
Nitrogen fixation is a chemical process by which molecular nitrogen (), which has a strong triple covalent bond, is converted into ammonia () or related nitrogenous compounds, typically in soil or aquatic systems but also in industry. The nitrogen in air is molecular dinitrogen, a relatively nonreactive molecule that i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The association of the Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 complex with the cytosolic domains of cargo molecules on endosomal membranes initiates the activation of retrograde trafficking and cargo capture. The nucleation complex is formed through the interaction of VPS complex with GTP-activated Rab7 with clathrin, clathrin-adaptors and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In contrast to the diversity of 3D structures observed for glycoside hydrolases, glycosyltransferase have a much smaller range of structures. In fact, according to the Structural Classification of Proteins database, only three different folds have been observed for glycosyltransferases Very recently, a new glycosyltran... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Amidrazones are a class of chemical compounds formally derived from carboxylic acids. Amidrazones can exists in two tautomeric forms: hydrazide imides (RC(=NH)NHNH) and amide hydrazones (RC(NH)=NNH). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cefradine is distributed in the form of capsules containing 250 mg or 500 mg, as a syrup containing 250 mg/5 ml, or in vials for injection containing 500 mg or 1 g.
It is not approved by the FDA for use in the United States. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
One of the properties of polytorotaxanes involves the photoelectronic response when introducing photoactive or electrionic-active units into the mechanically interlocked structures.
For examples, the polyrotaxane structures are capable of enhancing the fluorescence quenching molecules that grafting on the rings and the... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temper... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The word atropisomer (, , meaning "without turn") was coined in application to a theoretical concept by German biochemist Richard Kuhn for Karl Freudenbergs seminal Stereochemie' volume in 1933. Atropisomerism was first experimentally detected in a tetra substituted biphenyl, a diacid, by George Christie and James Kenn... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
When a molecule of chlorophyll absorbs light it is promoted from its ground state to its first singlet excited state. The excited state then has three main fates. Either the energy is; 1. passed to another chlorophyll molecule by Förster resonance energy transfer (in this way excitation is gradually passed to the photo... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Photoredox catalysis exploits [Ru(bpy)] as a sensitizer as a strategy for organic synthesis. Many analogues of [Ru(bpy)] are employed as well. These transformations exploit the redox properties of [Ru(bpy)]* and its reductively quenched derivative [Ru(bpy)]. | 5 | Photochemistry |
One ancient view of the origin of life, from Aristotle until the 19th century, is of spontaneous generation. This theory held that "lower" animals were generated by decaying organic substances, and that life arose by chance. This was questioned from the 17th century, in works like Thomas Brownes Pseudodoxia Epidemica'.... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are invoked in many catalytic processes in homogeneous catalysis, e.g., hydrogenations, hydroformylations, hydrosilylations, etc. Cross-coupling reactions like the Suzuki coupling, Negishi coupling, and the Sonogashira coupling also proceed by oxidative addition. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
As the pump and the probe beam must have the same exact frequency, the most convenient solution is for them to come from the same laser. The probe beam can be made of a reflection of the pump beam passed through neutral density filter to reduce its intensity. To fine-tune the frequency of the laser, a diode laser wit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In industrial processes, the reduction of metal oxides is often effected by a carbothermic reaction, using carbon as a reducing agent. Carbon is available cheaply as coal, which can be rendered to coke. When carbon reacts with oxygen it forms the gaseous oxides carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, so the thermodynamics... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Manganese is an essential biological element in all organisms. It is used in many enzymes and proteins. It is essential in plants. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The US states of Montana and Wisconsin, the Czech Republic, Hungary, have banned cyanide mining. The European Commission rejected a proposal for such a ban, noting that existing regulations (see below) provide adequate environmental and health protection. Several attempts to ban gold cyanidation in Romania were rejecte... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Modular Cloning, or MoClo, is an assembly method introduced in 2011 by Ernst Weber et al., whereby using Type IIS restriction sites, the user can ligate at least six DNA parts together into a backbone in a one-pot reaction. It is a method based on Golden Gate Assembly, where Type IIS restriction enzymes cleave outside ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This puckering leads to a total of 38 distinct basic pyranose conformations: 2 chairs, 6 boats, 6 skew-boats, 12 half-chairs, and 12 envelopes.
These conformers can interconvert with one another; however, each form may have very different relative energy, so a significant barrier to interconversion may be present. The ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Chesapeake Bay watershed has been heavily impacted by natural forces such as erosion, tides, and a history of hurricanes and other storms. Along with environmental factors, the bay has been negatively impacted by humans since being settled in the 17th century, bringing with them problems like pollution, constructio... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
If oxygen is present, then following glycolysis, the two pyruvate molecules are brought into the mitochondrion itself to go through the Krebs cycle. In this cycle, the pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are further broken down to harness the remaining energy. Each pyruvate goes through a series of reactions that conver... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Certain M┄H−C interactions are not classified as agostic but are described by the term anagostic. Anagostic interactions are more electrostatic in character. In terms of structures of anagostic interactions, the M┄H distances and M┄H−C angles fall into the ranges 2.3–2.9 Å and 110°–170°, respectively. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
CCL7 is expressed in many types of cells, including stromal cells, keratinocytes, airway smooth muscle cells, parenchymal cells, fibroblasts and leukocytes and also in tumor cells.
CCL7 mainly acts as a chemoattractant for several leukocytes, including monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Animal-derived foods that are high in fat and protein are generally AGE-rich and are prone to further AGE formation during cooking. However, only low molecular weight AGEs are absorbed through diet, and vegetarians have been found to have higher concentrations of overall AGEs compared to non-vegetarians. Therefore, it ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Villy Sundström (born February 6, 1949) is a Swedish physical chemist known for his work in ultrafast science and molecular photochemistry using time-resolved laser and X-ray spectroscopy techniques. | 5 | Photochemistry |
A cartilage-derived angiogenesis inhibitor is an angiogenesis inhibitor produced from cartilage. Examples include the peptide troponin I and chondromodulin I.
The antiangiogenic effect may be an inhibition of basement membrane degradation.
These inhibitory agents prevent vascular invasion, which is the proliferation of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Viral RNA modifications play important roles in interactions with the immune system of host cells. The mA modification of viral RNAs allows for the viruses to escape recognition by the retinoic acid inducible gene-I receptor (RIG-I), in the type 1 IFN response, a crucial pathway of innate immunity. 5' N-7methylguanison... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The near-instantaneous quenching of the metal causes the metal to have a near-amorphous crystalline structure, which is very uncharacteristic of a typical crystal. This structure is very similar to liquids, and the only difference between liquids and amorphous solids is the high viscosity of the solid. Solids in genera... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Diffusion hardening is performed by completely surrounding a metal part with the element to be diffused into it in either the solid, liquid, or gas phase depending on the type of diffusion process being performed. The concentration of the diffusing element surrounding the part must be higher than the concentration of ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A caged protein is a protein that is activated in the presence of a stimulating light source. In most cases, photo-uncaging is the technique revealing the active region of a compound by the process of photolysis of the shielding molecule (‘cage’). However, uncaging the protein requires an appropriate wavelength, intens... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acidic polysaccharides are polysaccharides that contain carboxyl groups, phosphate groups and/or sulfuric ester groups.
Polysaccharides containing sulfate groups can be isolated from algae or obtained by chemical modification.
Polysaccharides are major classes of biomolecules. They are long chains of carbohydrate molec... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The identification of a factor as limiting is possible only in distinction to one or more other factors that are non-limiting. Disciplines differ in their use of the term as to whether they allow the simultaneous existence of more than one limiting factor which (may then be called "co-limiting"), but they all require t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Both agents have similar symptoms and method of action to other nerve agents that act on cholinesterase, and treatment remains the same. However, the window for effectively treating second generation V series seizures is shorter, as they rapidly denature the acetylcholinesterase protein in a similar manner to soman, ma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In organic synthesis, VCl is used for the oxidative coupling of phenols. For example, it converts phenol into a mixture of 4,4-, 2,4-, and 2,2'-biphenols:
:2 CHOH + 2 VCl → HOCH–CHOH + 2 VCl + 2 HCl | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In water-borne coatings, an aqueous polymer dispersion creates a film on the substrate once the solvent has evaporated. Surface functionalization of the polymer particles is a key component of a coating formulation allowing control over such properties as dispersion, film formation temperature, and the coating rheology... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100-ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400-ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Dexketoprofen belongs to a class of medicines called NSAIDs. It works by blocking the action of a substance in the body called cyclo-oxygenase, which is involved in the production of chemicals in the body called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are produced in response to injury or certain diseases and would otherwise go... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The bond dipole moment uses the idea of electric dipole moment to measure the polarity of a chemical bond within a molecule. It occurs whenever there is a separation of positive and negative charges.
The bond dipole μ is given by:
The bond dipole is modeled as δ — δ with a distance d between the partial charges ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In SI units, number density is measured in m, although cm is often used. However, these units are not quite practical when dealing with atoms or molecules of gases, liquids or solids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, because the resulting numbers are extremely large (on the order of 10). Using the number de... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thermal hydraulics (also called thermohydraulics) is the study of hydraulic flow in thermal fluids. The area can be mainly divided into three parts: thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, but they are often closely linked to each other. A common example is steam generation in power plants and the associate... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Although the new generation of mTOR inhibitors hold great promise for anticancer therapy and are rapidly moving into clinical trials, there are many important issues that determine their success in the clinic. First of all predictable biomarkers for benefit of these inhibitors are not available. It appears that genetic... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This reactivity is exploited in the regiospecific preparation of many di- and tri-substituted aromatic compounds. The approach exploits the meta-directing effect of the sulfonic acid group. 2-Chlorotoluene for example can be prepared by chlorination of p-toluenesulfonic acid, followed by hydrolysis. The method is also... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are two major pathways of deficiency of CoQ in humans: reduced biosynthesis, and increased use by the body. Biosynthesis is the major source of CoQ. Biosynthesis requires at least 15 genes, and mutations in any of them can cause CoQ deficiency. CoQ levels also may be affected by other genetic defects (such as mut... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Biogenic silica (bSi), also referred to as opal, biogenic opal, or amorphous opaline silica, forms one of the most widespread biogenic minerals. For example, microscopic particles of silica called phytoliths can be found in grasses and other plants.
Silica is an amorphous metalloid oxide formed by complex inorganic pol... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rowley entered politics in 1981, where he unsuccessfully contested the Tobago West seat in the general election of that year. To date he has the distinction of being the only People's National Movement candidate to have contested a seat in a General Election in both Tobago and Trinidad. He first served in Parliament as... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The ELISpot and FluoroSpot assays can be used in many research fields: vaccine development, cancer, allergies, monocytes/macrophages/dendritic cells characterization, apolipoproteins analysis, and veterinary research. With the ELISpot, you can study antigen-specific cytokine responses, antibody specific secreting cells... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Z-HIT, also denoted as ZHIT, Z-HIT relationship , is a bidirectional mathematical tranformation, connecting the two parts of a complex function, - i.e. its modulus and its phase. Z-HIT relations are somewhat similar to the Kramers–Kronig relations, where the real part can be computed from the imaginary part (or vice ve... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Competitive antagonists bind to receptors at the same binding site (active site) as the endogenous ligand or agonist, but without activating the receptor. Agonists and antagonists "compete" for the same binding site on the receptor. Once bound, an antagonist will block agonist binding. Sufficient concentrations of an a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Vapor pressure is a measurement of how readily a condensed phase forms a vapor at a given temperature. A substance enclosed in a sealed vessel initially at vacuum (no air inside) will quickly fill any empty space with vapor. After the system reaches equilibrium and the rate of evaporation matches the rate of condensati... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pesticide use raises a number of environmental concerns. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including non-target species, air, water and soil. Pesticide drift occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are carried by wind to other ar... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Chemokine receptors associate with G-proteins to transmit cell signals following ligand binding. Activation of G proteins, by chemokine receptors, causes the subsequent activation of an enzyme known as phospholipase C (PLC). PLC cleaves a molecule called phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) into two second me... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It was set up to allow interdisciplinary communication between environmental scientists around the world. It was founded in 1979 in North America. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Intron-mediated enhancement (IME) is the ability of an intron sequence to enhance the expression of a gene containing that intron. In particular, the intron must be present in the transcribed region of the gene for enhancement to occur, differentiating IME from the action of typical transcriptional enhancers. Descripti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Partial agonists are any chemical that can bind to a receptor without eliciting the maximum downstream response as compared to the response from a full agonist. A given partial agonist's affinity for a given receptor is also irrelevant to the consequent effect. An example is buprenorphine, a partial opioid receptor ago... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phylogenetic analyses performed by Zhang et al. (2020) suggest that the luciferses of the Lampyridae, Rhagopthalmidae, and Phenogodidae families diverged from the Elateridae family 205 Mya. According to phylogenetic data, the emergences of these two luciferases appeared even before the families could diverge– indicati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An immobilized enzyme is an enzyme, with restricted mobility, attached to an inert, insoluble material—such as calcium alginate (produced by reacting a mixture of sodium alginate solution and enzyme solution with calcium chloride). This can provide increased resistance to changes in conditions such as pH or temperature... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Replication timing domains have been shown to be associated with TADs as their boundary is co localized with the boundaries of TADs that are located at either sides of compartments. Insulated neighborhoods, DNA loops formed by CTCF/cohesin-bound regions, are proposed to functionally underlie TADs. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain (fMRS) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to study brain metabolism during brain activation. The data generated by fMRS usually shows spectra of resonances, instead of a brain image, as with MRI. The area under peaks in the spectrum represents relative concentr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Electrostatic interaction: In an aqueous environment, the oppositely charged groups in amino acid side chains within the active site and substrates attract each other, which is termed electrostatic interaction. For example, when a carboxylic acid (R-COOH) dissociates into RCOO and H ions, COO will attract positively ch... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The regulation of modafinil as a doping agent has been controversial in the sporting world, with high-profile cases attracting press coverage since several prominent American athletes tested positive for the substance. Some athletes who used modafinil protested that the drug was not on the prohibited list at the time o... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The most common effect is fatigue or somnolence, particularly in older adults, although patients with pre-existing daytime sleepiness and fatigue may experience paradoxical improvement of these symptoms.
Escitalopram has not been shown to affect serial reaction time, logical reasoning, serial subtraction, multitask, or... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Pregnancy rate may be defined in various ways. In the United States, SART and the Centers for Disease Control (and appearing in the table in the Success Rates section above) include statistics on positive pregnancy test and clinical pregnancy rate.
The 2019 summary compiled by the SART the following data for non-donor ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Starting with the sulfate and using ammonium hydroxide as the base, depending on the conditions, one obtains the 9-hydrate, the 6-hydrate, or the 4-hydrate of hexol sulfate. These salts form dark brownish-violet or black tabular crystals, with low solubility in water. When treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid, ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The first and dominant class of titanium-based catalysts (and some vanadium-based catalysts) for alkene polymerization can be roughly subdivided into two subclasses:
* catalysts suitable for homopolymerization of ethylene and for ethylene/1-alkene copolymerization reactions leading to copolymers with a low 1-alkene con... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1995, Smith and his co-workers reported the second total synthesis of (-)-discodermolide. Smith adapted the triply convergent strategy of the Schreiber synthesis. In Smith's strategy, all three fragments shared a common precursor, which was the product of a highly efficient 50g scale five-step conversion from 3-hydr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The mechanisms of tardigrade desiccation protection were originally thought to result from high levels of the sugar trehalose. Trehalose is used by organisms like yeast to avoid desiccation in dry environments by working with heat shock proteins to keep desiccation-sensitive proteins in solution. However, while tardigr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nanotechnology miniaturizes normal objects, in this case, a guitar. It can be used to create tiny cameras, scales, and covert listening devices. An example of this is smart dust, which can be either a camera or a listening device smaller than a grain of sand. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. For comparison, a h... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The Chapman rearrangement is the thermal conversion of aryl N‐arylbenzimidates to the corresponding amides, via intramolecular migration of an aryl group from oxygen to nitrogen. It is named after Arthur William Chapman, who first described it, and is conceptually similar to the Newman–Kwart rearrangement. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Scatchard equation is an equation used in molecular biology to calculate the affinity and number of binding sites of a receptor for a ligand. It is named after the American chemist George Scatchard. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbodiimides such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC) are frequently used for amide bond formation. The reaction proceeds via the formation of a highly reactive O-acylisourea. This reactive intermediate is attacked by the peptide N-terminal amine, forming a peptide bond. Formation of th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phosphine imides can be isolated as intermediates in the Staudinger reaction and have also been prepared by the action of hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid on phosphines, proceeding via a p-aminophosphonium salt. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electron excitation is the movement of an electron to a higher energy state. This can either be done by photoexcitation (PE), where the original electron absorbs the photon and gains all the photon's energy or by electrical excitation (EE), where the original electron absorbs the energy of another, energetic electron. ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sulfuryl fluoride (also spelled sulphuryl fluoride) is an inorganic compound with the formula SOF. It is an easily condensed gas and has properties more similar to sulfur hexafluoride than sulfuryl chloride, being resistant to hydrolysis even up to 150 °C. It is neurotoxic and a potent greenhouse gas, but is widely use... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
When DNA is damaged such as due to a lesion, a complex signal transduction pathway is activated which is responsible for recognizing the damage and instigating the cell's response for repair. Compared to the other lesion repair mechanisms, DDR is the highest level of repair and is employed for the most complex lesions.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The DNA molecule of interest must be incorporated into a hairpin, and attached to a magnetic bead on one end and to an immobile glass surface on the other end. The hairpin is attached to the glass surface via a digoxigenin-antidigoxigenin bond. The magnetic bead is attached to the opposite end via biotin-streptavidin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Capping is a three-step process that utilizes the enzymes RNA triphosphatase, guanylyltransferase, and methyltransferase. Through a series of three steps, the cap is added to the first nucleotides 5 hydroxyl group of the growing mRNA strand while transcription is still occurring. First, RNA 5 triphosphatase hydrolyze... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Catholic Bishops in Kenya are among those who have spread a conspiracy theory asserting that HCG forms part of a covert sterilization program, forcing denials from the Kenyan government.
In order to induce a stronger immune response, some versions of human chorionic gonadotropin-based anti-fertility vaccines were desig... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Permeability is a property of foundry sand with respect to how well the sand can vent, i.e. how well gases pass through the sand. And in other words, permeability is the property by which we can know the ability of material to transmit fluid/gases. The permeability is commonly tested to see if it is correct for the cas... | 8 | Metallurgy |
RNA ladders composed of RNA molecular-weight size markers were initially developed by using the synthetic circle method to produce different-sized markers. This technique was improved upon by inventor Eric T. Kool to use circular DNA vectors as a method for producing RNA molecular-weight size markers. As referred to as... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Coherent Rabi oscillations may also be driven by two-photon transitions. In this case we consider a system with three atomic energy levels, , , and , where represents a so-called intermediate state with corresponding frequency , and an electromagnetic field with two frequency components:
Now, may be much greater than... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Triphenylphosphine dichloride, (CH)PCl, is a chlorinating agent widely used in organic chemistry. Applications include the conversion of alcohols and ethers to alkyl chlorides, the cleavage of epoxides to vicinal dichlorides and the chlorination of carboxylic acids to acyl chlorides. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Psychrophiles or cryophiles (adj. psychrophilic or cryophilic) are extremophilic organisms that are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures, ranging from to . They are found in places that are permanently cold, such as the polar regions and the deep sea. They can be contrasted with thermophiles, which a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Based on structural features and the phylogeny of the essential protein ORF2p, LINEs can be separated into six main groups, referred to as R2, RanI, L1, RTE, I and Jockey. These groups can further be subdivided into at least 28 clades.
In plant genomes, so far only LINEs of the L1 and RTE clade have been reported. Wher... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Most conventional polymers such as polyethylene are electrical insulators, but the development of polymers containing π-conjugated bonds has led to a wealth of polymer-based semiconductors, such as polythiophenes. This has led to many applications in the field of organic electronics. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
PEA is generally considered safe, and without adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or drug interactions. A 2016 study assessing safety claims in sixteen clinical trials, six case reports/pilot studies and a meta‐analysis of PEA as an analgesic, concluded that for treatment periods up to 49 days, clinical data argued against s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT, also known as desialotransferrin or asialotransferrin) is a laboratory test used to help detect heavy ethanol consumption. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Peer-reviewed test methods have been published by government agencies and private research organizations. Approved published methods must be used when testing to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
He was the Eastman Kodak Companys Senior Research Associate from 1986 to 2004, the Director of Technology for IPValue at Xerox from 2004 to 2007, and is currently the CEO of Idealurgy, a knowledge company, which currently serves the needs of Fortune 500 corporations, International Industry Consortia, and major internat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An Indium gallium nitride (InxGa1-xN) photocatalyst achieved a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 9.2% from pure water and concentrated sunlight. The effiency is due to the synergistic effects of promoting hydrogen–oxygen evolution and inhibiting recombination by operating at an optimal reaction temperature (~70 degrees C... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Selectivity in nucleophilic additions to chiral aldehydes is often explained by the Felkin–Anh model (see figure). The nucleophile approaches the carbon of the carbonyl group at the Burgi-Dunitz angle. At this trajectory, attack from the bottom face is disfavored due to steric bulk of the adjacent, large, functional gr... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Hydrocolloids contain some type of gel-forming agent, such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and gelatin. They are normally combined with some type of sealant, i.e. polyurethane to stick to the skin. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The limit of detection (LOD or LoD) is the lowest signal, or the lowest corresponding quantity to be determined (or extracted) from the signal, that can be observed with a sufficient degree of confidence or statistical significance. However, the exact threshold (level of decision) used to decide when a signal significa... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Polyelectrolytes have many applications, mostly related to modifying flow and stability properties of aqueous solutions and gels. For instance, they can be used to destabilize a colloidal suspension and to initiate flocculation (precipitation). They can also be used to impart a surface charge to neutral particles, enab... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The half-Heusler compounds have distinctive properties and high tunability which makes the class very promising as thermoelectric materials. A study has predicted that there can be as many as 481 stable half-Heusler compounds using high-throughput ab initio calculation combine with machine learning techniques. The part... | 8 | Metallurgy |
*1986 – Weissberger-Williams lectureship Award
*1987 – Korean Chemical Society Award
*1989 – Chemical Society of Japan Award
*1995 – DowElanco lectureship Award
*2000 – The H. C. Brown Lecture Award
*2003 – Japan Academy Prize
*2009 – Paul Karrer Gold Medal
*2009 – Special Member of Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
*2... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In polymer science, the polymer chain or simply backbone of a polymer is the main chain of a polymer. Polymers are often classified according to the elements in the main chains. The character of the backbone, i.e. its flexibility, determines the properties of the polymer (such as the glass transition temperature). For ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Prior to World War I, work on synthetic organic chemistry in the United States had been quite limited, and most of the reagents used in laboratories had to be imported from Europe. When export stoppages and trade embargoes cut off this source, Clarence Derick, a professor of chemistry at University of Illinois at Urban... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 2020 a spectroscopic analysis was reported to show signs of phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus in quantities that could not be explained by known abiotic processes. Later re-analysis of this work showed interpolation errors had been made, and re-analysis of data with the fixed algorithm do not result in the detect... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Detailed water models predict the occurrence of water clusters, as configurations of water molecules whose total energy is a local minimum.
Of particular interest are the cyclic clusters (HO); these have been predicted to exist for n = 3 to 60.
Research shows experimental result of the size of water cluster with 20 w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Peroxide fusion is used to prepare samples for inductively coupled plasma (ICP), atomic absorption (AA) analysis and wet chemistry. Sodium peroxide (NaO) is used to oxidize the sample that becomes soluble in a diluted acid solution. This method allows complete dissolution of numerous refractory compounds like chromite... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Insulin is synthesized and secreted in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Once insulin is synthesized, the beta cells are ready to release it in two different phases. As for the first phase, insulin release is triggered rapidly when the blood glucose level is increased. The second phase is a slow release of ne... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.