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Photocurable adhesives are also used in the production of catheters, hearing aids, surgical masks, medical filters, and blood analysis sensors. Photopolymers have also been explored for uses in drug delivery, tissue engineering and cell encapsulation systems. Photopolymerization processes for these applications are bei... | 5 | Photochemistry |
*Steric effects strain – Increasing the steric strain of the chelate backbone in square planar complexes pushes the carbonyl and methyl groups closer together, increasing the reactivity of insertion reactions.
*Oxidation state – Oxidation of the metal tends to increase insertion reaction rates. The main rate-limiting s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
There are many variations to the general phycobilisome structure. Their shape can be hemidiscoidal (in cyanobacteria) or hemiellipsoidal (in red algae). Species lacking phycoerythrin have at least two disks of phycocyanin per rod, which is sufficient for maximum photosynthesis.
The phycobiliproteins themselves show lit... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In polymer chemistry, chain walking (CW) or chain running or chain migration is a mechanism that operates during some alkene polymerization reactions. CW can be also considered as a specific case of intermolecular chain transfer (analogous to radical ethene polymerization). This reaction gives rise to branched and hyp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The following issues are commonly observed during acid-base extraction and typically have simple solutions
* Only one layer is observed in the separatory funnel.
** This is due to using an organic solvent with significant miscibility with water (e.g. acetonitrile). The organic solvent used must be water-insoluble to ob... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quartz dolerite or quartz diabase is an intrusive rock similar to dolerite (also called diabase), but with an excess of quartz. Dolerite is similar in composition to basalt, which is volcanic, and gabbro, which is plutonic. The differing crystal sizes are due to the different rate of cooling, basalt cools quickly and h... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The inductive effect also plays a vital role in deciding the acidity and basicity of a molecule. Groups having +I effect (Inductive effect) attached to a molecule increases the overall electron density on the molecule and the molecule is able to donate electrons, making it basic. Similarly, groups having -I effect atta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Caspian has characteristics common to both seas and lakes. It is often listed as the world's largest lake, although it is not freshwater: the 1.2% salinity classes it with brackish water bodies.
It contains about 3.5 times as much water, by volume, as all five of North Americas Great Lakes combined. The Volga River... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The adaptor protein Grb2 forms a complex with Sos by the Grb2 SH3 domain. Grb2 (or the Grb2/Sos complex) is recruited to the membrane by the Grb2 SH2 domain binding to activated PDGFR-bound SHP2 (also known as PTPN11, a cytosolic PTP), thereby allowing interaction with Ras and the exchange of GDP for GTP on Ras. Wher... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When a photon is absorbed, the electromagnetic field of the photon disappears as it initiates a change in the state of the system that absorbs the photon. Energy, momentum, angular momentum, magnetic dipole moment and electric dipole moment are transported from the photon to the system. Because there are conservation l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
With the advent of modern laboratory techniques such as High-throughput sequencing and software capable of genome-wide analysis, sequence acquisition has become increasingly less expensive and time-consuming, thus providing significant benefits to science in the form of more efficient disease gene identification techni... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Dutch (the Netherlands), who are members of the International Hallmarking Convention, have been striking hallmarks since at least 1814, and boast a 600-year history of hallmarking in Dutch territories. Like many other nations, the Dutch require the registration and use of Responsibility Marks since 1797. The Dutch ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mathematically, a wallpaper group or plane crystallographic group is a type of topologically discrete group of isometries of the Euclidean plane that contains two linearly independent translations.
Two such isometry groups are of the same type (of the same wallpaper group) if they are the same up to an affine transform... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Oxaziridine derivatives were first reported in the mid-1950s by Emmons and subsequently by Krimm and Horner and Jürgens. Whereas oxygen and nitrogen typically act as nucleophiles due to their high electronegativity, oxaziridines allow for electrophilic transfer of both heteroatoms. This unusual reactivity is due to the... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
NF-kB is a transcription factor that can be activated by p75NTR. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophin that promotes neuronal growth, and, in the absence of NGF, neurons die. Neuronal death in the absence of NGF can be prevented by NF-kB activation. Phosphorylated IκB kinase binds to and activates NF-kB before se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A photochromic complex is a kind of chemical compound that has photoresponsive parts on its ligand. These complexes have a specific structure: photoswitchable organic compounds are attached to metal complexes. For the photocontrollable parts, thermally and photochemically stable chromophores (azobenzene, diarylethene, ... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Diphenylchlorarsine was used as a chemical weapon on the Western front during the trench warfare of World War I. It belongs to the class of chemicals classified as vomiting agents. Other such agents are diphenylcyanoarsine (DC) and diphenylaminechlorarsine (DM, Adamsite). Diphenylchlorarsine was sometimes believed to p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ishikawas reagent is a fluorinating reagent used in organic chemistry. It is used to convert alcohols into alkyl fluorides and carboxylic acids into acyl fluorides. Aldehydes and ketones do not react with it. The reagent consists of a mixture of N,N-diethyl-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropyl)amine and N,N-diethyl-(E')-penta... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Excess heme is converted in macrophages to Biliverdin and ferrous ions by the enzyme HO-1. Biliverdin formed further gets converted to Bilirubin and carbon monoxide. Biliverdin and Bilirubin are potent anti oxidants and regulate important biological processes like inflammation, apoptosis, cell proliferation, fibrosis a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Ewald sphere is a geometric construction used in electron, neutron, and x-ray diffraction which shows the relationship between:
* the wavevector of the incident and diffracted beams,
* the diffraction angle for a given reflection,
* the reciprocal lattice of the crystal.
It was conceived by Paul Peter Ewald, a G... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Volga River, the longest river in Europe, drains 20% of the European land area and is the source of 80% of the Caspian's inflow. Heavy development in its lower reaches has caused numerous unregulated releases of chemical and biological pollutants. The UN Environment Programme warns that the Caspian "suffers from an... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Large quantities of fecal coliform bacteria in water are not harmful according to some authorities, but may indicate a higher risk of pathogens being present in the water. Some waterborne pathogenic diseases that may coincide with fecal coliform contamination include ear infections, dysentery, typhoid fever, viral and ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Macromolecular structures can be determined from protein crystal using a variety of methods, including X-Ray Diffraction/X-ray crystallography, Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (CryoEM) (including Electron Crystallography and Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED)), Small-angle X-ray scattering, and Neutron diffracti... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In a crystal containing different cations, those of high valency and small coordination number tend not to share polyhedron elements with one another. This rule tends to increase the distance between highly charged cations, so as to reduce the electrostatic repulsion between them.
One of Pauling's examples is olivine, ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
A combustion train is an analytical tool for the determination of elemental composition of a chemical compound. With knowledge of elemental composition a chemical formula can be derived. The combustion train allows the determination of carbon and hydrogen in a succession of steps:
* combustion of the sample at high tem... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Historically, one distinguishes between the normal and an anomalous Zeeman effect (discovered by Thomas Preston in Dublin, Ireland). The anomalous effect appears on transitions where the net spin of the electrons is non-zero. It was called "anomalous" because the electron spin had not yet been discovered, and so there ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An analytical calculation of the VIPA was first performed by Vega and Weiner in 2003 based on the theory of plane waves and an improved model based on the Fresnel diffraction theory was developed by Xiao and Weiner in 2004. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The antibody based methods use designed antibodies to bind to proteins of interest, allowing the relative abundance of multiple individual targets to be identified by one of several different techniques.
Imaging: Antibodies can be bound to fluorescent molecules such as quantum dots or tagged with organic fluorophores f... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Besides the classic MAP groups, novel MAPs have been identified that bind the length of the microtubules. These include STOP (also known as MAP6), and ensconsin (also known as MAP7).
In addition, plus end tracking proteins, which bind to the very tip of growing microtubules, have also been identified. These include EB1... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Britain led the worlds Industrial Revolution with its early commitment to coal mining, steam power, textile mills, machinery, railways, and shipbuilding. Britains demand for iron and steel, combined with ample capital and energetic entrepreneurs, made it the world leader in the first half of the 19th century. Steel has... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Pseudokinases are catalytically-deficient pseudoenzyme variants of protein kinases that are represented in all kinomes across the kingdoms of life. Pseudokinases have both physiological (signal transduction) and pathophysiological functions. | 1 | Biochemistry |
It is a possible carcinogen. As "butter yellow", the agent had been used as a food additive in butter and margarine before its toxicity was recognized. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The method has been in use since World War I. Prior to this, the process and purity of hydrogen generation relying on steam passing over hot iron was difficult to control. The chemical reaction uses sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ferrosilicon, and water (HO). While in the "silicol" process, a heavy steel pressure vessel is ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The most famous case of polyamorphism is amorphous ice. Pressurizing conventional hexagonal ice crystals to about 1.6 GPa at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K) converts them to the high-density amorphous ice. Upon releasing the pressure, this phase is stable and has density of 1.17 g/cm at 77 K and 1 bar. Consequent wa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Leakage of Nr (reactive nitrogen) from human activities can cause nitrate accumulation in the natural water environment, which can create harmful impacts on human health. Excessive use of N-fertilizer in agriculture has been one of the major sources of nitrate pollution in groundwater and surface water. Due to its high... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Robinson was awarded the 2010 Geological Society of London President's Award for her contributions to geosciences. In 2011 Robinson moved back to the United Kingdom, where she was appointed to the faculty of the University of Bristol. She was awarded a European Research Council Starting Grant studying changes in chemis... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The Hall-Héroult electrolysis process is the major production route for primary aluminium. An electrolytic cell is made of a steel shell with a series of insulating linings of refractory materials. The cell consists of a brick-lined outer steel shell as a container and support. Inside the shell, cathode blocks are ceme... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Gallamine triethiodide is originally developed for preventing muscle contractions during surgical procedures. However, it is no longer marketed in the United States according to the FDA orange book. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Henry solubility can also be expressed as the dimensionless ratio between the aqueous-phase concentration of a species and its gas-phase concentration :
For an ideal gas, the conversion is:
where is the gas constant, and is the temperature.
Sometimes, this dimensionless constant is called the water–air partition... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All cells in animal body tissues are electrically polarized – in other words, they maintain a voltage difference across the cell's plasma membrane, known as the membrane potential. This electrical polarization results from a complex interplay between protein structures embedded in the membrane called ion pumps and ion ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The IF2 initiation factor is a crucial component in the process of protein synthesis. The largest among the three indispensable translation initiation factors is IF-2, which possesses a molecular mass of 97 kDa. The protein has many domains, including an N-terminal domain, a GTPase domain, a linker region, C1, C2, and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sulfur has four stable isotopes, with the following abundances: S (0.9502), S (0.0075), S (0.0421) and S (0.0002). These abundances are compared to those found in Cañon Diablo troilite. Variations in sulfur isotope ratios are used to study the origin of sulfur in an orebody and the temperature of formation of sulfur&n... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ultraviolet illumination can be produced from longer wavelengths using non-linear optical materials. These can be a second harmonic generator. They must have a suitable birefringence in order to phase match the output frequency doubled UV light. One compound commercially used is L-arginine phosphate monohydrate known a... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Chemical WorkBench can be used by researchers and engineers working in the following fields:
*General chemical kinetics and thermodynamics
*Kinetic mechanisms development
*Thin films growth for microelectronics
*Nanotechnology
*Catalysis and chemical engineering
*Combustion, detonation and pollution control
*Waste t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The World Trade Center Health Registry was established in 2002 by ATSDR and the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene to track the long-term physical and mental health effects of the September 11 attacks. The registry contains more than 71,000 people who lived, worked, or went to school near the World T... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Although known primarily for his work on the Theory of Evolution, Charles Darwin was also keenly interested in plants. Through the 1870s, he and his son Francis studied the movement of plants towards light. They were able to show that light is perceived at the tip of a young stem (the coleoptile), whereas the bending o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) catalyses the first step in base excision repair of the oxidatively damaged base 8-OHdG. OGG1 finds 8-OHdG by sliding along the linear DNA at 1,000 base pairs of DNA in 0.1 seconds. OGG1 very rapidly finds 8-OHdG. OGG1 proteins bind to oxidatively damaged DNA with a half maximum time of ab... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Perhaps one of the most studied materials to exhibit negative thermal expansion is zirconium tungstate (). This compound contracts continuously over a temperature range of 0.3 to 1050 K (at higher temperatures the material decomposes). Other materials that exhibit NTE behaviour include other members of the family of m... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Cyclohexylthiophthalimide (abbreviated CTP) is an organosulfur compound that is used in production of rubber. It is a white solid, although commercial samples often appear yellow. It features the sulfenamide functional group, being a derivative of phthalimide and cyclohexanethiol. In the production of synthetic rubb... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and for many other biological effects. In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D (ergocalciferol).
The major natural source of... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Thiosulfate ion extensively forms diverse complexes with transition metals. In the era of silver-based photography, thiosulfate ion was consumed on a large scale as a "fixer" reagent. This application exploits thiosulfate ion's ability to dissolve silver halides. Thiosulfate ion (as sodium thiosulfate) is also used to ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Alternative Splicing Annotation Project (ASAP) in computational biology was a database for alternative splicing data maintained by the University of California from 2003 to 2013. The purpose of ASAP was to provide a source for data mining projects by consolidating the information generated by genomics and proteomics re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrolysis constants (log values) in critical compilations at infinite dilution and T = 298.15 K:
Errors in compilations concerning equilibrium and/or data elaboration. Data not recommended. It is strongly suggested to refer to the original papers. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars. They are a bio-marker implicated in aging and the development, or worsening, of many degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and Alzheimer's disease. | 1 | Biochemistry |
When the soil is saturated and the depression storage filled, and rain continues to fall, the rainfall will immediately produce surface runoff. The level of antecedent soil moisture is one factor affecting the time until soil becomes saturated. This runoff is called saturation excess overland flow, saturated overland f... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Schwab was born in 1899 in Berlin as the second son of famed journalist and his wife, the writer Marie Köglmayr. Both his parents originated from Bavaria; Josef Schwab was a Franconian Jew and his wife a Catholic from Upper Bavaria. Georg-Maria finished his secondary education at the Friedrich Wilhelm Gymnasium in Ber... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Due to the difficulty of C-C activation, a driving force is required to facilitate the reaction. One common strategy is to form stable metal complexes. One example is reported by Milstein and coworkers, in which the C(sp)–C(sp) bond of bisphosphine ligands was selectively cleaved by a number of metals to afford stable ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Fentons reagent is a solution of hydrogen peroxide (HO) and an iron catalyst (typically iron(II) sulfate, FeSO). It is used to oxidize contaminants or waste water as part of an advanced oxidation process. Fentons reagent can be used to destroy organic compounds such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene (perchlo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding is a process that differs from diffusion bonding. In transient liquid phase diffusion bonding, an element or alloy with a lower melting point in an interlayer diffuses into the lattice and grain boundaries of the substrates at the bonding temperature. Solid state diffusional p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Commercial tanning services are banned in all states, except the Northern Territory where no salons are in operation. Private ownership of tanning beds is permitted. | 5 | Photochemistry |
Two proteins are crucial for interacting ethylene with the receptors, namely constitutive triple response 1 (CTR1) and ethylene insensitive 2 (EIN2). CTR1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that functions as a negative regulator of ethylene signalling. It is a member of the signaling protein mitogen-activated protein... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Examples of chain reactions in living organisms include excitation of neurons in epilepsy and lipid peroxidation. In peroxidation, a lipid radical reacts with oxygen to form a peroxyl radical (L• + O → LOO•). The peroxyl radical then oxidises another lipid, thus forming another lipid radical (LOO• + L–H → LOOH + L•). A... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Pressureless sintering is the sintering of a powder compact (sometimes at very high temperatures, depending on the powder) without applied pressure. This avoids density variations in the final component, which occurs with more traditional hot pressing methods.
The powder compact (if a ceramic) can be created by slip ca... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Block copolymers comprise two or more homopolymer subunits linked by covalent bonds. The union of the homopolymer subunits may require an intermediate non-repeating subunit, known as a junction block. Diblock copolymers have two distinct blocks; triblock copolymers have three. Technically, a block is a portion of a mac... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bacteria are inoculated on a medium containing sodium citrate and a pH indicator such as bromothymol blue. The medium also contains inorganic ammonium salts, which are utilized as sole source of nitrogen. Use of citrate involves the enzyme citrate lyase, which breaks down citrate to oxaloacetate and acetate. Oxaloacet... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Following the 120 kg/h test work, MIM decided to proceed to install a 5 t/h lead ISASMELT pilot plant in its Mount Isa lead smelter. It bought Aberfoyle's matte fuming furnace and transported it from Kalgoorlie to Mount Isa, where it was rebuilt and commissioned in 1983 to demonstrate the first stage of the process in ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Many organisms are capable of using hydrogen () as a source of energy. While several mechanisms of anaerobic hydrogen oxidation have been mentioned previously (e.g. sulfate reducing- and acetogenic bacteria), the chemical energy of hydrogen can be used in the aerobic Knallgas reaction:
:2 H + O → 2 HO + energy
In thes... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In order to measure Cu isotope ratios of various materials, several steps must be taken prior to the isotopic measurement in order to extract and purify copper. The first step in the analytical pipeline to measure Cu isotopes is to liberate Cu from its host material. Liberation should be quantitative, otherwise fractio... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Pseudin-2 is the most abundant version of the pseudins found on the skin of the paradoxical frog. The primary sequence reads as GLNALKKVFQGIHEAIKLINNHVQ. Its secondary/tertiary structure consists of one cationic amphipathic α-helix. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Electromagnets are placed above the sample slide, and an inverted microscope is placed below. The image is captured via a CCD camera and transferred to a computer, where the three-dimensional positions of the magnetic beads are determined. The position of the bead within the horizontal plane of the glass slide, x and ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Within nature carbon dioxide can bind with neutral amine groups to form a carbamate, this post-translational modification is known as carbamylation. This modification is known to occur on several important proteins; see examples below. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Circle-Throw Vibrating Equipment is a shaker or a series of shakers as to where the drive causes the whole structure to move. The structure extends to a maximum throw or length and then contracts to a base state. A pattern of springs are situated below the structure to where there is vibration and shock absorption as... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The common trend in all examples of protein adsorption in the food industry is that of adsorption to minerals adsorbed to the surface first. This phenomenon has been studied but it is not well understood. Spectroscopy of proteins adsorbed onto clay-like minerals show variations in the C=O and N-H bond stretches, meanin... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In electronic spectroscopy, constructing a Deslandres table is a useful method to assign vibronic transitions. In such a table, the frequencies of the lines seen in an electronic spectrum of a molecule are collected so that the differences in energy between adjacent columns or rows are all the same (within experimental... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is a water-soluble protein which plays a role in photoprotection in diverse cyanobacteria. It is the only photoactive protein known to use a carotenoid as the photoresponsive chromophore. The protein consists of two domains, with a single keto-carotenoid molecule non-covalently bound be... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Sulfenamides have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The S-N bond in sulfenamides is a chiral axis that leads to formation of diastereomeric compounds. The existence of these distinct stereoisomers is due to the formation of a partial double bond between either sulfur or nitrogen’s lone pair and the other a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Stimuli-responsive hydrogel fibers can be used as actuators and soft robots. By braiding the hydrogel fiber together, the force of the single fiber can be magnified. Also, due to the slipping between hydrogel fibers, the stain of the bending can be reduced to further enhance the performance. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Tinning is the process of thinly coating sheets of wrought iron or steel with tin, and the resulting product is known as tinplate. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with solder before soldering.
It is most often used to prevent rust, but is also commonly applied to the ends of st... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The second major application of pharmacometabolomics is the analysis of a patient's metabolic profile following the administration of a specific therapy. This process is often secondary to a pre-treatment metabolic analysis, allowing for the comparison of pre- and post-treatment metabolite concentrations. This allows ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In economic geology, the term humate refers to geological materials, such as weathered coal beds (leonardite), mudrock, or pore material in sandstones, that are rich in humic acids. Humate has been mined from the Fruitland Formation of New Mexico for use as a soil amendment since the 1970s, with nearly 60,000 metric to... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Solid-state processes do not involve melting or evaporating the material and are typically done at relatively low temperatures. Examples of solid state processes include mechanical alloying using a high-energy ball mill and certain types of severe plastic deformation processes. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Until now, ten anammox species have been described, including seven that are available in laboratory enrichment cultures. All have the taxonomical status of Candidatus, as none were obtained as classical pure cultures. Known species are divided over five genera:
# Kuenenia, one species: Kuenenia stuttgartiensis.
# Br... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In nucleophilic trifluoromethylation the active species is the CF anion. It was, however, widely believed that the trifluoromethyl anion is a transient species and thus cannot be isolated or observed in the condensed phase. Contrary to the popular belief, the CF anion, with [K(18-crown-6)] as a countercation, was prod... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction is present in patients with bipolar disorder.
Oxidative stress and reduced levels of anti-oxidants (such as glutathione) lead to cell death. Lithium may protect against oxidative stress by up-regulating complex I and II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The rusticle consists of up to 35% iron compounds including iron oxides, iron carbonates, and iron hydroxides. Rusticles are found in a tube shapes of iron oxides which are vertical to one another. Rusticles are found to grow at approximately a year and are most often found in areas of sunken hulls underwater.
The rem... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Variations in iron isotopic composition have been observed in meteorite samples from other planetary bodies. The Moon has variations in iron isotopes of 0.4‰ per atomic mass unit. Mars has very small isotope fractionation of 0.001 ± 0.006‰ per atomic mass unit. Vesta has iron fractionations of 0.010 ± 0.010‰ per atomic... | 9 | Geochemistry |
ILAC describes the following five types of reference material:
# Pure substances; essentially pure chemicals, characterised for chemical purity and/or trace impurities.
# Standard solutions and gas mixtures, often prepared gravimetrically from pure substances.
# Matrix reference materials, characterised for the composi... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Human activities have a major effect on the global sulfur cycle. The burning of coal, natural gas, and other fossil fuels has greatly increased the amount of sulfur in the atmosphere and ocean and depleted the sedimentary rock sink. Without human impact sulfur would stay tied up in rocks for millions of years until i... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The expansion of the corrosion products (iron oxides) of carbon steel reinforcement structures may induce internal mechanical stress (tensile stress) that cause the formation of cracks and disrupt the concrete structure. If rebars have been improperly installed or have inadequate concrete cover at surfaces exposed to t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Chlorosulfonyl isocyanate is the chemical compound ClSONCO, known as CSI. This compound is a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Sigma-2 receptors are highly expressed in breast, ovarian, lung cancers, brain, bladder, colon cancers, and melanoma. This novelty makes them a valuable biomarker for identifying cancerous tissues. Furthermore, studies have shown that they are more highly expressed in malignant tumors than dormant tumors.
Exogenous sig... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid rain does not directly affect human health. The acid in the rainwater is too dilute to have direct adverse effects. The particulates responsible for acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) do have an adverse effect. These particulates come together and react in the atmosphere, forming nitrate particles and ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Mechanically created wounds in the plasma membrane have been observed as a result of sonoporation-produced shear forces. The nature of these wounds may vary based on the degree of acoustic cavitation leading to a spectrum of cell behavior, from membrane blebbing to instant cell lysis. Multiple studies examining membran... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In metallurgy, refining consists of purifying an impure metal. It is to be distinguished from other processes such as smelting and calcining in that those two involve a chemical change to the raw material, whereas in refining, the final material is usually identical chemically to the original one, only it is purer. Th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Calcium disilicide (CaSi) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of calcium. It is a whitish or dark grey to black solid matter with melting point 1033 °C. It is insoluble in water, but may decompose when subjected to moisture, evolving hydrogen and producing calcium hydroxide. It decomposes in hot water, and is flammabl... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Consider two coupled ultrasensitive modules, disregarding effects of sequestration of molecular components between layers. In this case, the expression for the system's dose-response curve, , results from the mathematical composition of the functions, , which describe the input/output relationship of isolated modules :... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Wide band gap semiconductors like tin oxide generally possess a high chemical stability and mobility, are cheap to fabricate and have a suitable band alignment, making these semiconductors often used in various electronics as thin film transistors, anodes in lithium ion batteries and as electron transport layer in sol... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Mandelin reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of ammonium metavanadate and concentrated sulfuric acid. Its primary use is for the detection of ketamine and PMA Unlike the most common reagent test chemicals, it has a deep re... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
This reaction accounts for around half of the transformation of wustite FeO into iron, and removes 30% of the total oxygen supplied, mainly in the form of iron oxide FeO. This mode of wustite reduction is highly endothermic, whereas the reduction of iron oxides by CO is slightly exothermic (+155.15 kJ/mol vs. -17.45 kJ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
As sedimentation field flow fractionation (SFFF) is one of field flow fractionation separation techniques, it is appropriate for fractionation and characterization of particulate materials and soluble samples in the colloid size range. Differences in interaction between a centrifugal force field and particles with diff... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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