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Ocean salinity is derived mainly from the weathering of rocks and the transport of dissolved salts from the land, with lesser contributions from hydrothermal vents in the seafloor. Evaporation of ocean water and formation of sea ice further increase the salinity of the ocean. However these processes which increase sali... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Two main trends impinge on the industry. On the supply side, biotechnology is rapidly gaining importance. In the synthesis of small molecule fine chemicals, the use of biocatalysts and microbial fermentation enable both a more sustainable and economic production than conventional organic chemistry. In the synthesis of ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
AMP deaminase deficiency (formally known as myoadenylate deaminase deficiency or MADD) is a metabolic myopathy which results in excessive AMP buildup brought on by exercise. AMP deaminase is needed to convert AMP into IMP in the purine nucleotide cycle. Without this enzyme, the excessive AMP buildup is initially due to... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Polymerization of epoxides gives polyethers. For example ethylene oxide polymerizes to give polyethylene glycol, also known as polyethylene oxide. The reaction of an alcohol or a phenol with ethylene oxide, ethoxylation, is widely used to produce surfactants:
:ROH + n CHO → R(OCH)OH
With anhydrides, epoxides give... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To make a geometrically stable structure in a mineral, atoms must fit together in terms of both their size and charge. The atoms have to fit together so that their electron shells can interact with one another and they also have to produce a neutral molecule. For these reasons the sizes and electron shell structure of ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of measurement, the base unit in the International System of Units (SI) for amount of substance, a quantity proportional to the number of elementary entities of a substance. One mole contains exactly elementary entities (approximately 602 sextillion or 602 billion times a trillion), wh... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The application of DC electric fields is known to reduce the flow stress of metals and metal alloys while increasing the fracture strain. Several mechanisms have been put forth to explain this effect including Joule heating, electron wind force, dissolution of metallic bonds, and unpinning of dislocations due the induc... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Martin Medal is an award given for outstanding contributions to the advancement of separation science. The award is presented by The Chromatographic Society, a UK-based organization promoting all aspects of chromatography and related separation techniques. The award is named after Professor Archer J.P Martin, who c... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Combustion spraying guns use oxygen and fuel gases. The fuel gases are potentially explosive. In particular, acetylene may only be used under approved conditions. Oxygen, while not explosive, will sustain combustion and many materials will spontaneously ignite if excessive oxygen levels are present. Care must be taken ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The best method of controlling hydrogen damage is to control contact between the metal and hydrogen. Many steps can be taken to reduce the entry of hydrogen into metals during critical operations like melting; casting; working (rolling, forging, etc.); welding; and surface preparation, like chemical cleaning, electropl... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Margules expressed the intensive excess Gibbs free energy of a binary liquid mixture as a power series of the mole fractions x:
In here the A, B are constants, which are derived from regressing experimental phase equilibria data.
Frequently the B and higher order parameters are set to zero. The leading term assures t... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
DSIF plays the same role for HIV-1 gene expression as it would normally in transcription. This is because P-TEFb phosphorylates DSIF the same regardless of whether or not P-TEFb goes through normal cellular regulation or bypasses it due to Tat. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Cycle of quantification/qualification (C) is a parameter used in real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques, indicating the cycle number where a PCR amplification curve meets a predefined mathematical criterion. A C may be used for quantification of the target sequence or to determine whether the target sequence is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Copper can exist in non-ionic form (as Cu) or in one of two redox states: Cu (reduced) or Cu (oxidized). Each form of Cu has a specific distribution of electrons (i.e., electron configuration), tabulated below:
The electronic configurations of Cu control the number and types of bonds Cu can form with other atoms (e.g.,... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In many cases, gatekeeper genes encode a system of checks and balances that monitor cell division and death. When tissue damage occurs, for example, products of gatekeeper genes ensure that balance of cell growth over cellular death remains in check. In the presence of competent gatekeeper genes, mutations of other ge... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It was given a Royal Charter in 1975. In 1977 it became the sixteenth constituent of the •Council of Engineering Institutions, which became the Engineering Council in 1981. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Alpha-substitution reactions occur at the position next to the carbonyl group,
the α-position, and involve the substitution of an α hydrogen atom
by an electrophile, E, through either an enol or enolate ion intermediate. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The term is often used without a definition. Some authors define the term "high-energy" to be equivalent to "chemically unstable", while others reserve the term for high-energy phosphates, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia which defines the term "high-energy compounds" to refer exclusively to those.
The IUPAC gloss... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A diverse and large pool of synthetic molecules have been reported to act as ion transporters in lipid membranes. A selection is described here to demonstrate the breadth of feasible structures and attainable functions. Comprehensive reviews for the literature up to 2010 are available in a tripartite series. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The solvothermal approach is the most common used in the literature but typically requires long reaction times due to the insolubility of the organic SBUs in nonorganic media and the time necessary to reach thermodynamic COF products. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
* Infant formula: Historically HMOs were not part of infant formula, and bottle-fed babies could not benefit from their positive health effects. However recently more and more HMOs, including 2'-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-neotetraose, are being added as supplements to modern infant formula. Recently an infant formula w... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nickel-based superalloys are used in load-bearing structures requiring the highest homologous temperature of any common alloy system (Tm = 0.9, or 90% of their melting point). Among the most demanding applications for a structural material are those in the hot sections of turbine engines (e.g. turbine blade). They comp... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Bioaerosols are typically introduced into the air via wind turbulence over a surface. Once airborne they typically remain in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), but in some cases reach the upper troposphere and stratosphere. Once in the atmosphere, they can be transported locally or globally: common wind patterns/stren... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The study of network motifs was pioneered by Holland and Leinhardt who introduced the concept of a triad census of networks. They introduced methods to enumerate various types of subgraph configurations, and test whether the subgraph counts are statistically different from those expected in random networks.
This idea w... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An early application of a DNA database was the compilation of a Mitochondrial DNA Concordance, prepared by Kevin W. P. Miller and John L. Dawson at the University of Cambridge from 1996 to 1999 from data collected as part of Millers PhD thesis. There are now several DNA databases in existence around the world. Some are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids. These linkages involve glycosidic bonds. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Apart from the original evidence provided by Männig and Nöth, the total synthesis of (+)-ptilocaulin also demonstrates selective hydroboration of a terminal alkene in the presence of a ketone.
In terms of regioselectivity, the catalyzed hydroboration differs from the uncatalyzed parallel. Depending on the ligands and t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
ortho-Carborane is the organoboron compound with the formula CBH. The prefix ortho is derived from ortho. It is the most prominent carborane. This derivative has been considered for a wide range of applications from heat-resistant polymers to medical applications. It is a colorless solid that melts, without decomposit... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a chain-growth polymerization reaction, the reactive end-groups of a polymer chain react in each propagation step with a new monomer molecule transferring the reactive group to the last unit. Here the chain carrier is the polymer molecule with a reactive end-group, and at each step it is regenerated with the additio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Neurturin signaling is mediated by the activation of a multi-component receptor system including the ret tyrosine kinase (RET), a cell-surface bound GDNF family receptor-α (GFRα) protein, and a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked protein. Neurturin preferentially binds to the GFRα2 co-receptor. Upon assembly of ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
By analogy to the above, one can use an anion exchange (positively charged) column surface chemistry to reduce the influence on retention of cationic (positively charged) functional groups for a set of analytes, such as when selectively isolating phosphorylated peptides or sulfated polysaccharide molecules. Use of a pH... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are many design criteria which vary according to the type of disc and the required filtering capacity. The typical filter for extracting iron contains 12 ceramic filtering plates of the filtering elements (discs), which have a diameter of about 2705 mm, making the total filter surface 120 m. This filter is most s... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Some members of this class of drugs inhibit the synthesis of cell walls in susceptible microbes by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. The core class (including vancomycin) binds to acyl--alanyl--alanine in lipid II, preventing the addition of new units to the peptidoglycan. Of this core class, one may distinguish mult... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics is awarded annually, in even years by the American Chemical Society and in odd years by the American Physical Society. The award is meant to recognize and encourage outstanding interdisciplinary research in chemistry and physics, in the spirit of Irving Langmuir. A nominee ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oligosaccharides have diverse structures. The number of monosaccharides, ring size, the different anomeric stereochemistry, and the existence of the branched-chain sugars all contribute to the amazing complexity of the oligosaccharide structures. The essence of the reducing oligosaccharide synthesis is connecting the a... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The exact purity of very fine precious metals such as platinum, gold and silver can be of great interest. Based on the system of millesimal fineness, a metal is said to be one nine or one nine fine if it is 900 fine, or 90% pure. A metal that is 990 fine is then described as two nines fine and one that is 999 fine is d... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Sterimol parameters are built upon the Corey-Pauling-Koltun atomic models, which take into consideration the Van der Waals radii of each atom in the molecule. Unlike most other steric parameters such as A-value, Taft parameters and Tolman cone angle, which group all the spatial information into a single cumulative valu... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Tribocorrosion is a material degradation process due to the combined effect of corrosion and wear. The name tribocorrosion expresses the underlying disciplines of tribology and corrosion. Tribology is concerned with the study of friction, lubrication and wear (its name comes from the Greek "tribo" meaning to rub) and c... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In organic chemistry and organometallic chemistry, carbon–hydrogen bond activation ( activation) is a type of organic reaction in which a carbon–hydrogen bond is cleaved and replaced with a bond (X ≠ H is typically a main group element, like carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen). Some authors further restrict the term C–H act... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Paralogs: FAM227A
Orthologs: FAM227B is present in Deuterostomia and Protostomia, dating as far back as porifera. FAM227B is not present in choanoflagellates, and gene alignment sequences have shown that FAM227B is a rapidly evolving gene due to its evolution trajectory compared to cytochrome c and fibrinogen alpha. | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Ascorbic acid is easily oxidized and so is used as a reductant in photographic developer solutions (among others) and as a preservative.
* In fluorescence microscopy and related fluorescence-based techniques, ascorbic acid can be used as an antioxidant to increase fluorescent signal and chemically retard dye photoble... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Endoglin has been found to be an auxiliary receptor for the TGF-beta receptor complex. It thus is involved in modulating a response to the binding of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta3, activin-A, BMP-2, BMP-7 and BMP-9. Beside TGF-beta signaling endoglin may have other functions. It has been postulated that endoglin is involved i... | 1 | Biochemistry |
An inherent limitation to the immunogold technique is that the gold particle is around 15-30 nm away from the site to which the primary antibody is bound (when using a primary and secondary antibodies labeling strategy). The precise location of the targeted molecule can therefore not be accurately calculated. Gold part... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Positions of the CBED disks are the same as the positions of the Bragg peaks and are given approximately by the relation:
where is the distance between the crystallographic planes , is the Bragg angle, is an integer, and is the wavelength of the probing electrons.
* The beam convergence semi-angle - is controll... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Poly(phthalaldehyde) was first reported in 1967 by Chuji Aso and Sanae Tagami from the department of Organic Synthesis at Kyushu University by an addition homopolymerization reaction of aromatic o-phthalaldehyde. This polymer, consisting of a polyacetal main chain, is still to date, the only aromatic aldehyde that can ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*1972–1975 – Associate Member, Viking Lander Science Team, NASA
*1979–1982 – – Member, Committee on Response Strategies to Unusual Chemical Hazards, Assembly of Life Sciences, National Research Council
*1982 – U.S. Coordinator, U.S.-Japan Joint Seminar on “Microcolumn Separation Methods and their Ancillary Techniques,”... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mechanical revolving blade fans are made in a wide range of designs. They are used on the floor, table, desk, or hung from the ceiling (ceiling fan), and can be built into a window, wall, roof, etc. Electronic systems generating significant heat such as computers incorporate fans. Appliances such as hair dryers and spa... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A monosaccharide often switches from the acyclic (open-chain) form to a cyclic form, through a nucleophilic addition reaction between the carbonyl group and one of the hydroxyl groups of the same molecule. The reaction creates a ring of carbon atoms closed by one bridging oxygen atom. The resulting molecule has a hem... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Previous reports have identified as many as eight splice variants, which are translated into seven isoforms of the protein. Apoptosis-inducing Fas receptor is dubbed isoform 1 and is a type 1 transmembrane protein. Many of the other isoforms are rare haplotypes that are usually associated with a state of disease. How... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sample preparation of the OPV is of the utmost importance when performing pc-AFM studies. The sampling substrate is recommended to be conductive, as well as transparent, to the light source which is irradiated upon it. Numerous studies have used ITO-coated glass as their conductive substrate. Because of high cost of IT... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Most photoluminescent events, in which a chemical substrate absorbs and then re-emits a photon of light, are fast, in the order of 10 nanoseconds. Light is absorbed and emitted at these fast time scales in cases where the energy of the photons involved matches the available energy states and allowed transitions of the ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In organisms, methylglyoxal is formed as a side-product of several metabolic pathways. Methylglyoxal mainly arises as side products of glycolysis involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. It is also thought to arise via the degradation of acetone and threonine. Illustrative of the myriad pat... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Flucloxacillin, also known as floxacillin, is an antibiotic used to treat skin infections, external ear infections, infections of leg ulcers, diabetic foot infections, and infection of bone. It may be used together with other medications to treat pneumonia, and endocarditis. It may also be used prior to surgery to prev... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Absorption bands in the radio frequency range are found in NMR spectroscopy. The frequency ranges and intensities are determined by the magnetic moment of the nuclei that are observed, the applied magnetic field and temperature occupation number differences of the magnetic states. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The transmission of protons through a sample can also be used to get information about the sample.
Channeling is one of the processes that can be used to study crystals. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Sepro-Sizetec Screens are used for a variety of particle size separation and dewatering duties in mineral processing and aggregate applications. In mineral processing applications, particle size separation is of utmost importance in order to optimize crushing, grinding and gravity separation as well as many other proce... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Researchers began questioning the nature of "tail states" in disordered semiconductors in the 1950s. It was found that such tails arise from the strains sufficient to push local states past the band edges.
In 1953, the Austrian-American physicist Franz Urbach (1902–1969) found that such tails decay exponentially into t... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lectin is a kind of protein that can bind to carbohydrate with their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). We could use different CRD to classify them. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique used to study the crystallographic structure of materials. EBSD is carried out in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EBSD detector comprising at least a phosphorescent screen, a compact lens and a low-light camera. In... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The parameters of the Rosin–Rammler distribution can be determined by refactoring the distribution function to the form
Hence the slope of the line in a plot of
: versus
yields the parameter and is determined by substitution into | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Spontaneous deamination is the hydrolysis reaction of cytosine into uracil, releasing ammonia in the process. This can occur in vitro through the use of bisulfite, which deaminates cytosine, but not 5-methylcytosine. This property has allowed researchers to sequence methylated DNA to distinguish non-methylated cytosine... | 1 | Biochemistry |
All redox reactions take place in the hydrophilic domain of complex I. NADH initially binds to complex I, and transfers two electrons to the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic group of the enzyme, creating FMNH. The electron acceptor – the isoalloxazine ring – of FMN is identical to that of FAD. The electrons are t... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hydrion is a trademarked name for a popular line of compound pH indicators, marketed by Micro Essential Laboratory Inc., exhibiting a series of color changes (typically producing a recognizably different color for each pH unit) over a range of pH values. Although solutions are available, the most common forms of Hydrio... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Iminium ions are potent electrophiles useful for generating C-C bonds in complex molecules. However, the condensation of amines with carbonyl compounds to form iminium ions is often unfavorable, sometimes requiring harsh dehydrating conditions. Thus, alternative methods for iminium ion generation, particularly by oxida... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Almost all proteins that are destined to the secretory pathway have a sequence consisting of 5-30 hydrophobic amino acids on the N-terminus, which is commonly referred to as the signal peptide, signal sequence or leader peptide. Signal peptides form alpha-helical structures. Proteins that contain such signals are desti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Ankyrin repeat and kinase domain containing 1 (ANKK1) also known as protein kinase PKK2 or sugen kinase 288 (SgK288) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANKK1 gene. The ANKK1 is a member of an extensive family of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family, and protein kinase superfamily involved in signal transducti... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main tools are proton and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, Mass spectrometry, UV/Vis Spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Angiogenin is a key protein implicated in angiogenesis in normal and tumor growth. Angiogenin interacts with endothelial and smooth muscle cells resulting in cell migration, invasion, proliferation and formation of tubular structures. Ang binds to actin of both smooth muscle and endothelial cells to form complexes that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anion-exchange chromatography is a process that separates substances based on their charges using an ion-exchange resin containing positively charged groups, such as diethyl-aminoethyl groups (DEAE). In solution, the resin is coated with positively charged counter-ions (cations). Anion exchange resins will bind to nega... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Gold nanoshells, coated silica nanoparticles with a thin layer of gold. have been conjugated to antibodies (anti-HER2 or anti-IgG) via PEG linkers. After incubation of SKBr3 cancer cells with the gold nanoshells, an 820 nm laser was used to irradiate the cells. Only the cells incubated with the gold nanoshells conjugat... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Exome sequencing is especially effective in the study of rare Mendelian diseases, because it is an efficient way to identify the genetic variants in all of an individual's genes. These diseases are most often caused by very rare genetic variants that are only present in a tiny number of individuals; by contrast, techni... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Armodafinil exhibits linear time-independent kinetics following single and multiple oral dose administration. Increase in systemic exposure is proportional over the dose range of 50–400 mg. No time-dependent change in kinetics was observed through 12 weeks of dosing. Apparent steady state for armodafinil was reached wi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
With the advent of asymmetric catalysis, it is necessary to consider the practicality of utilizing kinetic resolution for the preparation of enantiopure products. Even for a product which can be attained through an asymmetric catalytic or auxiliary-based route, the racemate may be significantly less expensive than the ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Quantitation by indirect calorimetry, as opposed to the Harris-Benedict equation, is needed to accurately measure REE in cancer patients. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Littrow expansion/compression effect is an anamorphic distortion of single-wavelength image on the focal plane of the instrument, due to a geometric effect surrounding reflection or transmission at the grating. In particular, the angle of incidence and reflection from a flat mirror, measured from the direction no... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Anadara trapezia, the Sydney cockle (NSW), or ark cockle (Queensland), is an estuarine filter-feeding bivalve. Its calcareous, heavily ribbed shell can grow to approximately across. Its range is along the east coast of Australia, from Queensland to Victoria. It has previously existed in Western Australia, South Aus... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In June 2002, West Australian resident Rob Hall was convicted for using a canister of pepper spray to break up an altercation between two guests at his home in Midland. He was sentenced to a good behavior bond and granted a spent conviction order, which he appealed to the Supreme Court. Justice Christine Wheeler ruled ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The partition coefficient between n-Octanol and water is known as the n-octanol-water partition coefficient, or K. It is also frequently referred to by the symbol P, especially in the English literature. It is also known as n-octanol-water partition ratio.
K, being a type of partition coefficient, serves as a measure o... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Several other methods for the electrophilic formation of C-N bonds are available. Nitrites and nitrates can be used to form oximes and nitro compounds, respectively. Additionally, organoboranes can serve the role of the nucleophile and often provide higher yields with fewer complications than analogous carbanions. The ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
LC–MS is used in proteomics as a method to detect and identify the components of a complex mixture. The bottom-up proteomics LC–MS approach generally involves protease digestion and denaturation using trypsin as a protease, urea to denature the tertiary structure, and iodoacetamide to modify the cysteine residues. Afte... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van t Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the van t Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The persistent radical effect (PRE) in chemistry describes and explains the selective product formation found in certain free-radical cross-reactions. In these type of reactions, different radicals compete in secondary reactions. The so-called persistent (long-lived) radicals do not self-terminate and only react in cr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The PFT can be released in a variety of ways, depending on the application, and may be as simple as spraying into the air. Samples are then collected at set times and locations, and either taken to a laboratory for analysis, or analysed in the field.
Analysis of the samples typically involves three parts; preparation, ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The atmosphere is 21% oxygen by volume, which equates to a total of roughly 34 × 10 mol of oxygen. Other oxygen-containing molecules in the atmosphere include ozone (O), carbon dioxide (CO), water vapor (HO), and sulphur and nitrogen oxides (SO, NO, NO, etc.). | 5 | Photochemistry |
SCS facilitates the flux of molecules into other metabolic pathways by controlling the interconversion between succinyl CoA and succinate. This is important because succinyl CoA is an intermediate necessary for porphyrin, heme, and ketone body biosynthesis. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The aquatic inorganic carbon system is composed of the various ionic, dissolved, solid, and/or gaseous forms of carbon dioxide in water. These species include dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, carbonate anion, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and others. The relative amounts of each s... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Thermal desorption is an environmental remediation technology that utilizes heat to increase the volatility of contaminants such that they can be removed (separated) from the solid matrix (typically soil, sludge or filter cake). The volatilized contaminants are then either collected or thermally destroyed. A thermal de... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The use of Fmoc as a temporary protecting group for amine at the N-terminus in SPPS is very widespread for Fmoc/tBu approach, because its removal with piperidine solution does not disturb the acid-labile linker between the peptide and the resin. A typical SPPS Fmoc deprotection is performed with a solution of 20% piper... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many living organisms employ toxins offensively or defensively. A relatively small number of toxins are known to have the potential to cause widespread sickness or casualties. They are often inexpensive and easily available, and in some cases it is possible to refine them outside the laboratory. As biotoxins act quickl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The NASBA technique has been used to develop rapid diagnostic tests for several pathogenic viruses with single-stranded RNA genomes, e.g. influenza A, zika virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus, human bocavirus (HBoV) and also parasites like Trypanosoma br... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gallic acid is formed from 3-dehydroshikimate by the action of the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase to produce 3,5-didehydroshikimate. This latter compound spontaneously rearranges to gallic acid. | 1 | Biochemistry |
PLCB1; PLCB2; PLCB3; PLCB4; PLCD1; PLCD3; PLCD4; PLCE1;
PLCG1; PLCG2; PLCH1; PLCH2; PLCL1; PLCL2; PLCZ1 | 1 | Biochemistry |
In histology and microscopy, Congo red is used for staining in amyloidosis, and for the cell walls of plants and fungi, and for the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Apple-green birefringence of Congo red stained preparations under polarized light is indicative of the presence of amyloid fibrils. Additionally, ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The orientation of crystallites can be random with no preferred direction, called random texture, or directed, possibly due to growth and processing conditions. While the structure of a single crystal is highly ordered and its lattice is continuous and unbroken, amorphous materials, such as glass and many polymers, are... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The role of PA in the cell can be divided into three categories:
* PA is the precursor for the biosynthesis of many other lipids.
* The physical properties of PA influence membrane curvature.
* PA acts as a signaling lipid, recruiting cytosolic proteins to appropriate membranes (e.g., sphingosine kinase 1).
* PA plays ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A solar cells quantum efficiency value indicates the amount of current that the cell will produce when irradiated by photons of a particular wavelength. If the cells quantum efficiency is integrated over the whole solar electromagnetic spectrum, one can evaluate the amount of current that the cell will produce when exp... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If the concentration at the time t = 0 is different from above, the simplifications above are invalid, and a system of differential equations must be solved. However, this system can also be solved exactly to yield the following generalized expressions:
When the equilibrium constant is close to unity and the reaction r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Oral levels in mice and rats are 3547–2545 mg/kg body weight (male and female) and 474–365 (male and female), respectively. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Prior to founding the Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry at Boston University School of Medicine in 1994, Costello was a senior research scientist and the associate director of the National Institutes of Health Research Resource for Mass Spectrometry at Massachusetts Institute of Technology for 20 years. She is a ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The location of the ropB gene is directly and sequentially proximal to the subject of its transcriptional regulation (speB) which lies downstream of a 941 bp intergenic region between the two. Transcription of the ropB gene seems to necessitate a promoter within a series sequences between 238 and 480 bp and up to 800 b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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