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There are several methods of directly measuring and quantifying igneous differentiation processes;
* Whole rock geochemistry of representative samples, to track changes and evolution of the magma systems
** Using the above, calculating normative mineralogy and investigating trends
* Trace element geochemistry
* Isotope... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Photoexcitation is the production of an excited state of a quantum system by photon absorption. The excited state originates from the interaction between a photon and the quantum system. Photons carry energy that is determined by the wavelengths of the light that carries the photons. Objects that emit light with longer... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The LIFT fast repetition rate (FRR) fluorescence technique is a method for measuring plant fluorescence. It uses a series of short bursts of blue light pulses from a LED to excite photosystem II in the plant. When the quinone acceptor A (Q) reaches its capacity for binding electrons, the system becomes saturated and co... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Sphere packing on the corners of a hypercube (with the spheres defined by Hamming distance) corresponds to designing error-correcting codes: if the spheres have radius t, then their centers are codewords of a (2t + 1)-error-correcting code. Lattice packings correspond to linear codes. There are other, subtler relations... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
To compare gas volume between two conditions of different temperature or pressure (1 and 2), assuming nR are the same, the following equation uses humidity exclusion in addition to the ideal gas law:
Where, in addition to terms used in the ideal gas law:
* p is the partial pressure of gaseous water during condition 1 a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The word is an Algonquian word referring to a village at a big river. It is the seventh-oldest surviving English placename in the United States, first applied as Chesepiook by explorers heading north from the Roanoke Colony into a Chesapeake tributary in 1585 or 1586. The name may also refer to the Chesapeake people o... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Guliye trained many other scientists. From 1951 to 1960 he was the Chair of Organic Chemistry in Baku State University. From 1960 to 1974, he chaired the department. In 1958, Guliyev was elected a correspondent member of Azerbaijan, and in 1959, academician of AS of Azerbaijan. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
This definition is not however standardized, and MWCOs can also be defined as the molecular weight at which 80% of the analytes (or solutes) are prohibited from membrane diffusion.
Commercially available microdialysis probes typically have molecular weight cutoffs that range from 1,000 to 300,000 Da, and larger thresho... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Control of flux through a metabolic pathway requires that
*The degree to which metabolic steps determine the metabolic flux varies based on the organisms' metabolic needs.
*The change in flux that occurs due to the above requirement being communicated to the rest of the metabolic pathway in order to maintain a steady-s... | 1 | Biochemistry |
One of the principal sources of elevated concentrations of organic chemical constituents is from treated sewage.
Dissolved organic material is most commonly measured using either the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test or the Chemical oxygen demand (COD) test. Organic constituents are significant in river chemistry fo... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Butler–Volmer equation is:
or in a more compact form:
where:
* : electrode current density, A/m (defined as j = I/S)
*: exchange current density, A/m
* : electrode potential, V
* : equilibrium potential, V
* : absolute temperature, K
* : number of electrons involved in the electrode reaction
* : Faraday constant
* ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Water vapor plays a key role in lightning production in the atmosphere. From cloud physics, usually clouds are the real generators of static charge as found in Earth's atmosphere. The ability of clouds to hold massive amounts of electrical energy is directly related to the amount of water vapor present in the local sys... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Plasma ignition in the definition of Townsend (Townsend discharge) is a self-sustaining discharge, independent of an external source of free electrons. This means that electrons from the cathode can reach the anode in the distance and ionize at least one atom on their way. So according to the definition of this relat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Technically, Hammonds postulate only describes the geometric structure of a chemical reaction. However, Hammonds postulate indirectly gives information about the rate, kinetics, and activation energy of reactions. Hence, it gives a theoretical basis for the understanding the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle, which describ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A – [https://link.springer.com/search?query=&search-within=Journal&facet-journal-id=11661&package=openaccessarticles open access articles]
*Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B – [https://link.springer.com/search?query=&search-within=Journal&facet-journal-id=11663&package... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The MAPK/ERK pathway (also known as the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway) is a chain of proteins in the cell that communicates a signal from a receptor on the surface of the cell to the DNA in the nucleus of the cell.
The signal starts when a signaling molecule binds to the receptor on the cell surface and ends when the DNA in ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The product of the process, sodium hypochlorite, provides 0.7% to 1% chlorine. Anything below the concentration of 1% chlorine is considered a non-hazardous chemical although still a very effective disinfectant. The sodium hypochlorite produced is in the range of pH 6-7.5, relatively neutral in regards to acidity or ba... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Polymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures of chemicals, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. The principles and methods used within polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other chemistry sub-disciplines li... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In these processes, the ore is fed into a tank, where it remains until it is completely reduced. The vessel is then emptied of its pre-reduced ore, and filled with another charge of untreated ore. These processes can therefore be easily extrapolated from laboratory experiments. What's more, their principle, based on ba... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Three molecular stages are required for actively, enzymatically reprogramming the DNA methylome. Stage 1: Recruitment. The enzymes needed for reprogramming are recruited to genome sites that require demethylation or methylation. Stage 2: Implementation. The initial enzymatic reactions take place. In the case of methyla... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A semi sacrificial coating known as a safety shield acts as a penetrating sealer on the wall or surface protecting the surface pores. If the surface is vandalized the coating can be partially removed using a combination of graffiti removal solvent and high-pressure washer. The anti graffiti safety shield is generally ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
William Michael Gelbart (born June 12, 1946) is Distinguished Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a member of the California NanoSystems Institute and the UCLA Molecular Biology Institute. He obtained his Bachelor of Science degree from Harvard University in 1967, h... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The strength and range of the electric force and the good conductivity of plasmas usually ensure that the densities of positive and negative charges in any sizeable region are equal ("quasineutrality"). A plasma with a significant excess of charge density, or, in the extreme case, is composed of a single species, is ca... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The formation of the link between the glycan and the protein is key element of the synthesis of glycoproteins. The most common method of glycosylation of N-linked glycoproteins is through the reaction between a protected glycan and a protected Asparagine. Similarly, an O-linked glycoprotein can be formed through the ad... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The efficiency of a heat engine is ultimately dependent on the temperature difference between heat source and sink (Carnot cycle). To improve efficiency of power stations the operating temperature must be raised. Using water as the working fluid, this takes it into supercritical conditions. Efficiencies can be raised f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*Ar for any aromatic substituent (Ar is also the symbol for the element argon. However, argon is inert under all usual conditions encountered in organic chemistry, so the use of Ar to represent an aryl substituent never causes confusion.)
*Het for any heteroaromatic substituent
*Bn or Bzl for the benzyl group (not to ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In 1999 Cédric Boissière and his team developed a two-step process whereby the hydrolysis at low pH (1 – 4) is completed before the condensation reaction is initiated by the addition of sodium fluoride (NaF). The two-step procedure includes the addition of a nonionic surfactant template to ultimately produce mesoporous... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Interfacial rheology is a branch of rheology that studies the flow of matter at the interface between a gas and a liquid or at the interface between two immiscible liquids. The measurement is done while having surfactants, nanoparticles or other surface active compounds present at the interface. Unlike in bulk rheology... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hydrophobic concrete has been produced since the mid-20th century.
Active recent research on superhydrophobic materials might eventually lead to more industrial applications.
A simple routine of coating cotton fabric with silica or titania particles by sol-gel technique has been reported, which protects the fabric from... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
MALDI mass spectrometry is a laser-based soft-ionization method often used for analysis of large proteins, but has been used successfully for lipids. The lipid is mixed with a matrix, such as 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and applied to a sample holder as a small spot. A laser is fired at the spot, and the matrix absorbs ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
With the experiments onboard of the EXPOSE facilities, various aspects of astrobiology were investigated that could not be sufficiently approached by use of laboratory facilities on ground. The chemical set of experiments is designed to reach a better understanding of the role of interstellar, cometary and planetary ch... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Only precious metal watch cases must be hallmarked in Switzerland. Swiss hallmarking for other articles such as jewelry and cutlery is optional. In addition to the Swiss hallmark, all precious metal goods may be stamped with the Common Control Mark of the Vienna Convention. Switzerland recognizes platinum, gold, silver... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
DLVO theory is the combined effect of van der Waals and double layer force. For the derivation, different conditions must be taken into account and different equations can be obtained. But some useful assumptions can effectively simplify the process, which are suitable for ordinary conditions. The simplified way to der... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Edward W Davis of the University of Minnesota is credited for devising the process of pelletizing iron ore.
Pelletizing iron ore is undertaken due to the excellent physical and metallurgical properties of iron ore pellets. Iron ore pellets are spheres of typically to be used as raw material for blast furnaces. They t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
A co-receptor is a cell surface receptor that binds a signalling molecule in addition to a primary receptor in order to facilitate ligand recognition and initiate biological processes, such as entry of a pathogen into a host cell. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenol red exists as a red crystal that is stable in air. Its solubility is 0.77 grams per liter (g/L) in water and 2.9 g/L in ethanol. It is a weak acid with pK = 8.00 at .
A solution of phenol red is used as a pH indicator, often in cell culture. Its color exhibits a gradual transition from yellow (λ = 443 nm) to red... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The initiation of the transcription is a multistep sequential process that involves several mechanisms: promoter location, initial reversible binding of RNA polymerase, conformational changes in RNA polymerase, conformational changes in DNA, binding of nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) to the functional RNA polymerase-pro... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The fim switch in Escherichia coli is the mechanism by which the fim gene cluster, encoding Type I Pili, is transcriptionally controlled.
These pili are virulence factors involved in adhesion, especially important in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. The gene undergoes phase variation mediated via two recombinases and is... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Phenanthroline may be prepared by two successive Skraup reactions of glycerol with o-phenylenediamine, catalyzed by sulfuric acid, and an oxidizing agent, traditionally aqueous arsenic acid or nitrobenzene. Dehydration of glycerol gives acrolein which condenses with the amine followed by a cyclization. | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
HMB is eliminated via the kidneys, with roughly of an ingested dose being excreted unchanged in urine. The remaining of the dose is retained in tissues or excreted as HMB metabolites. The fraction of a given dose of HMB that is excreted unchanged in urine increases with the dose. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Sepro Blackhawk 100 Cone Crusher is a modern, hydraulically operated cone crusher designed to be simple, rugged and effective for heavy duty mining and aggregate applications. The combination of the speed and eccentric throw of the crusher provides fine crushing capability and high capacity in a very compact desig... | 8 | Metallurgy |
LDA is commonly formed by treating a cooled (0 to −78 °C) mixture of tetrahydrofuran and diisopropylamine with n-butyllithium.
When dissociated, the diisopropylamide anion can become protonated to form diisopropylamine. Diisopropylamine has a pK value of 36. Therefore, its conjugate base is suitable for the deprotonati... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In addition to their main use in agriculture, pesticides have a number of other applications. Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful, or pernicious to their surroundings. For example, they are used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit potentially deadly diseases like West Nile virus,... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The Skimwing ("Tsurak" in Navi) is a large Flying Fish like creature. They are primarily ridden by the Metkayina Clan in place of Banshee into battle. They do not form long-term bonds like the Mountain Banshee. They are first introduced in Avatar: The Way of Water', where Jake Sully tames one for battle. | 1 | Biochemistry |
In chemistry, π backbonding is a π-bonding interaction between a filled (or half filled) orbital of a transition metal atom and a vacant orbital on an adjacent ion or molecule. In this type of interaction, electrons from the metal are used to bond to the ligand, which dissipates excess negative charge and stabilizes th... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Lineatin is a monoterprene with unique tricyclic acetal structure. Most of the studies regarding lineatin were focused on the total synthesis; little attentions were put on its biosynthesis. It is suggested that lineatin is derived through oxidation and cyclization of a monoterponid precursor, but no experimental has b... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Luciferins are a class of small-molecule substrates that react with oxygen in the presence of a luciferase (an enzyme) to release energy in the form of light. It is not known just how many types of luciferins there are, but some of the better-studied compounds are listed below.
Because of the chemical diversity of luc... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A lunar terrane is a major geological province on the Moon. Three terranes have been identified on the Moon: the Procellarum KREEP Terrane, the Feldspathic Highlands Terrane, and the South Pole–Aitken Terrane. Each terrane has a unique origin, composition, and thermal evolution. | 9 | Geochemistry |
Nitrification is a process of nitrogen compound oxidation (effectively, loss of electrons from the nitrogen atom to the oxygen atoms), and is catalyzed step-wise by a series of enzymes.
: (Nitrosomonas, Comammox)
: (Nitrobacter, Nitrospira, Comammox)
OR
In Nitrosomonas europaea, the first step of oxidation (ammonia to ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The anode is the oxidising electrode and as a result has a lower localised pH during electrolysis which also promotes desorption of some organic pollutants. Regeneration efficiencies of activated carbon in the anodic compartment are lower than that achievable in the cathodic compartment by between 5-20% for the same re... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Mitochondria and other membranous organelles are normally enriched in the PNP region of peripheral myelinated axons, especially those large caliber axons. The actual physiological role of this accumulation and factors that regulate it are not understood; however, it is known that mitochondria are usually present in are... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The citrate-malate shuttle allows the cell to produce fatty acid with excess acetyl-CoA for storage. The principle is similar to that of insulin, which turns excess glucose in the body into glycogen for storage in the liver cells and skeletal muscles, so that when there is a lack of energy intake, the body could still ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The use of oxacillin is contraindicated in individuals that have experienced a hypersensitivity reaction to any medication in the penicillin family of antibiotics. Cross-allergenicity has been documented in individuals taking oxacillin that experienced a previous hypersensitivity reaction when given cephalosporins and ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In spatial scanning, each two-dimensional (2-D) sensor output represents a full slit spectrum (x, λ). Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) devices for spatial scanning obtain slit spectra by projecting a strip of the scene onto a slit and dispersing the slit image with a prism or a grating. These systems have the drawback of ha... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Diimide is most effective at reducing unpolarized carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. In reactions with other unsaturated systems, disproportionation of diimide to nitrogen gas and hydrazine is a competing process that significantly degrades the reducing agent. Many groups that are ordinarily sensitive to reductive c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Vancomycin is a branched tricyclic glycosylated nonribosomal peptide produced by the Actinomycetota species Amycolatopsis orientalis (formerly designated Nocardia orientalis).
Vancomycin exhibits atropisomerism—it has multiple chemically distinct rotamers owing to the rotational restriction of some of the bonds. The fo... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Filamentous fungi, especially Aspergillus and Trichoderma, have long been used to produce diverse industrial enzymes from their own genomes ("native", "homologous") and from recombinant DNA ("heterologous").
More recently, Myceliophthora thermophila C1 has been developed into an expression platform for screening and pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Desorption, specifically thermal desorption, can be applied as an environmental remediation technique. This physical process is designed to remove contaminants at relatively low temperatures, ranging from 90 to 560 °C, from the solid matrix. The contaminated media is heated to volatilize water and organic contaminants,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
JES is the flagship journal of The Electrochemical Society. Published continuously from 1902 to the present, JES is one of the most highly-cited journals in electrochemistry and solid-state science and technology. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The American biochemist George Wald and others had outlined the visual cycle by 1958. For his work, Wald won a share of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Haldan Keffer Hartline and Ragnar Granit. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Degradation can be detected before serious cracks are seen in a product using infrared spectroscopy. In particular, peroxy-species and carbonyl groups formed by photo-oxidation have distinct absorption bands. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Heterocyclic analogs of cyclohexane are pervasive in sugars, piperidines, dioxanes, etc. They exist generally follow the trends seen for cyclohexane, i.e. the chair conformer being most stable. The axial–equatorial equilibria (A values) are however strongly affected by the replacement of a methylene by O or NH. Illust... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a complex and unique structure composed primarily of lipids and proteins that surrounds milk fat globule secreted from the milk producing cells of humans and other mammals. It is a source of multiple bioactive compounds, including phospholipids, glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carboh... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Chrysocolla (gold-solder, Greek ; Latin chrȳsocolla, oerugo, santerna; Syriac "tankar" (Bar Bahlul), alchemical symbol 🜸), also known as "goldsmith's solder" and "solder of Macedonia" (Pseudo-Democritus), denotes:
* The soldering of gold.
* The materials used for soldering gold, as well as certain gold alloys, still u... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The chute-type machine has a lower footprint and fewer moving parts which results in lower investment and operating costs. In general, it is more applicable to well liberated material and surface detection, because a double sided scanning is possible on a more reliable on the system. The applicable top size of the chut... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The Falcon semi batch centrifugal concentrator is primarily used for the recovery of free (liberated) precious metals such as gold, silver and platinum. The machine generates forces up to 200 times the force of gravity (200 Gs) and makes use of a two-stage rotating bowl for mineral separation. The smooth-walled lower p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Membrane fusion is a key biophysical process that is essential for the functioning of life itself. It is defined as the event where two lipid bilayers approach each other and then merge to form a single continuous structure. In living beings, cells are made of an outer coat made of lipid bilayers; which then cause fusi... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
A cumomer is a set of isotopomer sharing similar properties and is a concept that relates to metabolic flux analysis. The concept was developed in 1999. In a metabolic cascade, many molecules will contain the same pattern of isotope labelling. In order to simplify the analysis of such cascades, molecules with identical... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The Protein Information Resource (PIR), located at Georgetown University Medical Center, is an integrated public bioinformatics resource to support genomic and proteomic research, and scientific studies. It contains protein sequences databases | 1 | Biochemistry |
After separation, an additional separation method may then be used, such as isoelectric focusing or SDS-PAGE. The gel will then be physically cut, and the protein complexes extracted from each portion separately. Each extract may then be analysed, such as by peptide mass fingerprinting or de novo peptide sequencing aft... | 1 | Biochemistry |
These forms of AC have been reported in specific bacteria (Prevotella ruminicola and Rhizobium etli , respectively) and have not been extensively characterized. There are a few extra members (~400 in Pfam) known to be in class VI. Class VI enzymes possess a catalytic core similar to the one in Class III. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Latest generation transmissometer technology makes use of a co-located forward scatter visibility sensor on the transmitter unit to allow for higher accuracies over an Extended Meteorological Optical Range or EMOR. After 10,000 meters the accuracy of transmissometer technology diminishes, and at higher visibilities for... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reineke earned her bachelors degree at University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire. She moved to Arizona State University for her graduate studies and earned a masters degree in 1998. Reineke was a PhD student at the University of Michigan, where she was supervised by Michael O'Keeffe and Omar M. Yaghi. She was awarded th... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Siderophile (from sideron, "iron", and phileo, "love") elements are the transition metals which tend to sink into the core because they dissolve readily in iron either as solid solutions or in the molten state, although some sources include elements which are not transition metals in their list of siderophiles, such as... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The atomic beam is formed through a supersonic expansion, which is a standard technique used in helium atom scattering. The centreline of the gas is selected by a skimmer to form an atom beam with a narrow velocity distribution. The gas is then further collimated by a pinhole to form a narrow beam, which is typically b... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Anti-Scl-70 antibodies are linked to scleroderma. The sensitivity of the antibodies for scleroderma is approximately 34%, but is higher for cases with diffuse cutaneous involvement (40%), and lower for limited cutaneous involvement (10%). The specificity of the antibodies is 98% and 99.6% in other rheumatic diseases an... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1-cyclohexyl-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho-p-toluene sulfonate is a carbodiimide developed for the chemical probing of RNA structure in biochemistry. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Tic214 is another TIC core complex protein, named because it weighs just under 214 kilodaltons. It is 1786 amino acids long and is thought to have six transmembrane domains on its N-terminal end. Tic214 is notable for being coded for by chloroplast DNA, more specifically the first open reading frame ycf1. Tic214 and Ti... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In the last two decades, optical forces are combined with thermophoretic forces to enable trapping at reduced laser powers, thus resulting in minimized photon damage. By introducing light-absorbing elements (either particles or substrates), microscale temperature gradients are created, resulting in thermophoresis. Typi... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1783, Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that gold dissolved in aqueous solutions of cyanide. Through the work of Bagration (1844), Elsner (1846), and Faraday (1847), it was determined that each atom of gold required two cyanide ions, i.e. the stoichiometry of the soluble compound. | 8 | Metallurgy |
This book describes separating silver from copper or iron. This is achieved by adding large amounts of lead at a temperature just above the melting point of lead. The lead will liquate out with the silver. This process will need to be repeated several times. The lead and silver can be separated by cupellation. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Low temperature heat contains very little capacity to do work (Exergy), so the heat is qualified as waste heat and rejected to the environment. Economically most convenient is the rejection of such heat to water from a sea, lake or river. If sufficient cooling water is not available, the plant can be equipped with a co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In molecular biology, two nucleotides on opposite complementary DNA or RNA strands that are connected via hydrogen bonds are called a base pair (often abbreviated bp). In the canonical Watson-Crick base pairing, adenine (A) forms a base pair with thymine (T) and guanine (G) forms one with cytosine (C) in DNA. In RNA, t... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
*Demonstration model heat engines have been built which use nitinol wire to produce mechanical energy from hot and cold heat sources. A prototype commercial engine developed in the 1970s by engineer Ridgway Banks at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, was named the Banks Engine.
*Nitinol is also popular in extremely... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ternary (where there is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, a transition metal as well as tin e.g. LiRhSn and MgRuSn) have been investigated. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In 1843, Louis Pasteur discovered optical activity in paratartaric, or racemic, acid found in grape wine. He was able to separate two enantiomer crystals that rotated polarized light in opposite directions. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Schymanski is married to Stan Schymanski, an ecohydrologist. and he has shared insight about dual career couples and their path to positions in Luxembourg. They are the first dual career couple to both receive the FNR ATTRACT award. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Herbert Morawetz (October 16, 1915-Oct. 29, 2017) was a Czechoslovakian-American chemical engineer. He was a professor of chemistry at Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn; now New York University. His work focused on polymer chemistry and macromolecules. He published two books: Macromolecules in Solution and Polymers a... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Quantum mechanics uses the word degenerate in two ways: degenerate energy levels and as the low temperature ground state limit for states of matter. The electron degeneracy pressure occurs in the ground state systems which are non-degenerate in energy levels. The term "degeneracy" derives from work on the specific heat... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In the 1950s, shipping costs made up 33 percent of the price of oil transported from the Persian Gulf to the United States, but due to the development of supertankers in the 1970s, the cost of shipping dropped to only 5 percent of the price of Persian oil in the US. Due to the increase in the value of crude oil during ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
R-M systems are major players in the co-evolutionary interaction between mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and their hosts. Genes encoding R-M systems have been reported to move between prokaryotic genomes within MGEs such as plasmids, prophages, insertion sequences/transposons, integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Dexmedetomidine may enhance the effects of other sedatives and anesthetics when co-administered. Similarly, drugs that lower blood pressure and heart rate, such as beta blockers, may also have enhanced effects when co-administered with dexmedetomidine. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Biofuels that are produced through hydrothermal liquefaction are carbon neutral, meaning that there are no net carbon emissions produced when burning the biofuel. The plant materials used to produce bio-oils use photosynthesis to grow, and as such consume carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The burning of the biofuels ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In the research laboratory, due to safety concerns phosgene nowadays finds limited use in organic synthesis. A variety of substitutes have been developed, notably trichloromethyl chloroformate ("diphosgene"), a liquid at room temperature, and bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate ("triphosgene"), a crystalline substance. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
MLSS (g/L) = SV [mL/L]/SVI [mL/g] or SVI [mL/g] = SV30 [mL/L]/MLSS (g/L)
Where:<br />
SVI = sludge volume index (mL/g)<br />
SV30 = Volume of settled solids per 1 litre after 30 minutes
In fact SVI is a calculation from two analyses : SV30 and MLSS.
0=(Q+Q)(X)-(QX+QX')
Where: <br />
Q = wastewater flow rate (m/d... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The form of the Kelvin equation here is not the form in which it appeared in Lord Kelvins article of 1871. The derivation of the form that appears in this article from Kelvins original equation was presented by Robert von Helmholtz (son of German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz) in his dissertation of 1885. In 2020, r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Adina Paytan is a research professor at the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. known for research into biogeochemical cycling in the present and the past. She has over 270 scientific publications in journals such as Science, Nature, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The diffusive theory of bainite's transformation process is based on the assumption that a bainitic ferrite plate grows with a similar mechanism as Widmanstätten ferrite at higher temperatures. Its growth rate thus depends on how rapidly carbon can diffuse from the growing ferrite into the austenite. A common misconcep... | 8 | Metallurgy |
2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine is an organic compound with the formula (MeC)CHN. This colourless, oily liquid is derived from pyridine by replacement of the two H atoms with tert-butyl groups. It is a hindered base. For example, it can be protonated, but it does not form an adduct with boron trifluoride. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
a cells produce a-factor, a mating pheromone which signals the presence of an a cell to neighbouring α cells. a cells respond to α-factor, the α cell mating pheromone, by growing a projection (known as a shmoo, due to its distinctive shape resembling the Al Capp cartoon character Shmoo) towards the source of α-factor. ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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