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A photolabile protecting group (PPG; also known as: photoremovable, photosensitive, or photocleavable protecting group) is a chemical modification to a molecule that can be removed with light. PPGs enable high degrees of chemoselectivity as they allow researchers to control spatial, temporal and concentration variables... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In organic chemistry, hydroamination is the addition of an bond of an amine across a carbon-carbon multiple bond of an alkene, alkyne, diene, or allene. In the ideal case, hydroamination is atom economical and green. Amines are common in fine-chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries. Hydroamination can be... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In electrospray ionization (ESI), coeluted matrix components can influence signal intensity through a competition for available charges and for the access to the droplet surface for gas-phase emission, thus creating the so-called matrix effects. Matrix effects can occur at different stages of the interfacing process le... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In antiquity, pewter was tin alloyed with lead and sometimes also copper. Older pewters with higher lead content are heavier, tarnish faster, and their oxidation has a darker, silver-gray color. Pewters containing lead are no longer used in items that will come in contact with the human body (such as cups, plates, or j... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, TTC, or simply tetrazolium chloride (with the formula 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride) is a redox indicator commonly used in biochemical experiments especially to indicate cellular respiration. It is a white crystalline powder, soluble in water, ethanol and acetone but insoluble... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Many countries, including India, France and Germany, have underground deposits of iron ore in dust form (blue dust). Such iron ore cannot be directly charged in a blast furnace. In the early 20th century, sinter technology was developed for converting ore fines into lumpy material chargeable in blast furnaces. Sinter t... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Several technologies are related to soil vapor extraction. As noted above, various soil-heating remediation technologies (e.g., electrical resistive heating, in situ vitrification) require a soil gas collection component, which may take the form of SVE and/or a surface barrier (i.e., hood). Bioventing is a related tec... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Metals are predominantly accumulated in the roots causing an unbalanced shoot to root ratio of metal concentrations in most plants. However, in hyperaccumulators, the shoot to root ratio of metal concentrations are abnormally higher in the leaves and much lower in the roots. As this process occurs, metals are efficient... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Alba, a green-fluorescent rabbit, was created by a French laboratory commissioned by Eduardo Kac using GFP for purposes of art and social commentary. The US company Yorktown Technologies markets to aquarium shops green fluorescent zebrafish (GloFish) that were initially developed to detect pollution in waterways. NeonP... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Even though Staudinger ligation is a suitable bioconjugation in living cells without major toxicity, the phosphines sensitivity to air oxidation and its poor solubility in water significantly hinder its efficiency. The copper(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne coupling has reasonable reaction rate and efficiency under physiolog... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The TRAFAC class of G domain proteins is named after the prototypical member, the translation factor G proteins. They play roles in translation, signal transduction, and cell motility. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The lactate shuttle hypothesis also explains the balance of lactate production in the cytosol, via glycolysis or glycogenolysis, and lactate oxidation in the mitochondria (described below). | 1 | Biochemistry |
To illustrate the processes, consider the case of dissolving a weak acid, HA, in water. The pH can be calculated using an ICE table. Note that in this example, we are assuming that the acid is not very weak, and that the concentration is not very dilute, so that the concentration of [OH] ions can be neglected. This is... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
GC-VUV can be used for bulk compositional analysis because compounds share spectral shape characteristics within a class. Proprietary software applies fitting procedures to quickly determine the relative contribution of each compound category present in a sample. Retention index information is used to limit the amount ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Joule–Thomson coefficient, , is of practical importance because the two end states of a throttling process () lie on a constant enthalpy curve. Although ideal gases, for which , do not change temperature in such a process, real gases do, and it is important in applications to know whether they heat up or cool down.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The main application of DVS is to measure water sorption isotherms. In general, a vapor sorption isotherm shows the equilibrium amount of vapor sorbed as a function of steady state relative vapor pressure at a constant temperature. For water sorption isotherms, water-relative vapor pressure is more commonly expressed... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The United States became interested in gas turbine development around 1905. From 1910-1915, austenitic ( γ phase) stainless steels were developed to survive high temperatures in gas turbines. By 1929, 80Ni-20Cr alloy was the norm, with small additions of Ti and Al. Although early metallurgists did not know it yet, they... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Friedels salt plays a main role in the binding and retention of chloride anions in cement and concrete. However, Friedels salt remains a poorly understood phase in the CaO–AlO–CaCl–HO system. A sufficient understanding of the Friedel's salt system is essential to correctly model the reactive transport of chloride ions... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Bay muds occur in bays and estuaries throughout the temperate regions of the world. In North America, prominent instances are: (a) the Stellwagen Bank formed 16,000 to 9000 BCE by glaciation of Cape Cod Bay in Massachusetts, (b) Florida Bay, (c) in California Morro Bay and San Francisco Bay and (d) Knik & Turnagain Ar... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
The conservative nature of gene deserts confirms that these stretches of noncoding bases are essential to proper functioning. Indeed, a wide range of studies on irregularities in the noncoding genes discovered several associations to genetic diseases. One of the most studied gene deserts is the 8q24 region. Early genom... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Pump–probe imaging is ideal for the study and characterization of nanomaterials, such as graphene, nanocubes, nanowires, and a variety of semiconductors, due to their large susceptibilities but weak fluorescence. In particular, single-walled carbon nanotubes have been extensively studied and imaged with submicrometer r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term human equivalent is used in a number of different contexts. This term can refer to human equivalents of various comparisons of animate and inanimate things. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Reversed phase SPE separates analytes based on their polarity. The stationary phase of a reversed phase SPE cartridge is derivatized with hydrocarbon chains, which retain compounds of mid to low polarity due to the hydrophobic effect. The analyte can be eluted by washing the cartridge with a non-polar solvent, which di... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
GFP has a beta barrel structure consisting of eleven β-strands with a pleated sheet arrangement, with an alpha helix containing the covalently bonded chromophore 4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)imidazolidin-5-one (HBI) running through the center. Five shorter alpha helices form caps on the ends of the structure. The beta barre... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The theoretical framework underpinning FTMW spectroscopy is analogous to that used to describe FT-NMR spectroscopy. The behaviour of the evolving system is described by optical Bloch equations. First, a short (typically 0-3 microsecond duration) microwave pulse is introduced on resonance with a rotational transition. T... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hermann Emil Fischer won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1902) for his work in determining the structure of the -aldohexoses. However, the linear, free-aldehyde structures that Fischer proposed represent a very minor percentage of the forms that hexose sugars adopt in solution. It was Edmund Hirst and Clifford Purves, in... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A glacier can exert a sufficient amount of pressure on its lower surface to lower the melting point of its ice. The melting of the ice at the glacier's base allows it to move from a higher elevation to a lower elevation. Liquid water may flow from the base of a glacier at lower elevations when the temperature of the ai... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In general ketones () take the suffix "-one" (pronounced own, not won) with a suffixed position number: is pentan-2-one. If a higher precedence suffix is in use, the prefix "oxo-" is used: is 3-oxohexanal. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Non-sequential double ionization is a process whose mechanism differs (in any detail) from the sequential one. For example, both the electrons leave the system simultaneously (as in alkaline earth atoms, see below), the second electron's liberation is assisted by the first electron (as in noble gas atoms, see below), e... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Haploid cells are one of two mating types (a or α), and respond to the mating pheromone produced by haploid cells of the opposite mating type, and can mate with cells of the opposite mating type. Haploid cells cannot undergo meiosis. Diploid cells do not produce or respond to either mating pheromone and do not mate, bu... | 1 | Biochemistry |
SPINA-GD correlates to the T4-T3 conversion rate in slow tissue pools, as determined with isotope-based measurements in healthy volunteers. It was also shown that GD correlates with resting energy expenditure, body mass index and thyrotropin levels in humans, and that it is reduced in nonthyroidal illness with hypodeio... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A refrigeration device passes a working substance through successive stages, overall constituting a cycle. This may be brought about not by moving or changing separating walls around an unmoving body of working substance, but rather by moving a body of working substance to bring about exposure to a cyclic succession of... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Animals that commonly cause injury to plants include pests such as insects, mites, and nematodes. These variously bite or abrade plant parts such as leaves, stems, and roots, or as is common among the true bugs, pierce the plants surface and suck plant juices. The resulting injuries may admit plant pathogens such as ba... | 1 | Biochemistry |
When retroviruses have integrated their own genome into the germ line, their genome is passed on to a following generation. These endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), contrasted with exogenous ones, now make up 5–8% of the human genome. Most insertions have no known function and are often referred to as "junk DNA". However,... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Gessner et al. first revealed a synthetic route for stabilized ketenyl anion using metalated ylides in 2022. In their paper, upon introducing CO, metalated ylide with posassium cation exchange CO with phosphine group R, also known for carbonylation of ylide. Their isolated ketenyl anion [K(PPh(=S)CCO] is stable solid ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In biological research, transgenic fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are model organisms used to study the effects of genetic changes on development. Fruit flies are often preferred over other animals due to their short life cycle and low maintenance requirements. They also have a relatively simple genome compared ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Mond gas was used primarily during the early 20th century, and its process was further developed by the Power Gas Corporation as the Lymn system; however, the gas has been widely forgotten.
The use of coal gases has become far less popular due to the adoption of natural gas in the 1960s. Natural gases were better f... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Hoffman nucleation theory is a theory developed by John D. Hoffman and coworkers in the 1970s and 80s that attempts to describe the crystallization of a polymer in terms of the kinetics and thermodynamics of polymer surface nucleation. The theory introduces a model where a surface of completely crystalline polymer is c... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Acetate esters and acetamides are generally prepared by acetylations. Acetylations are often used in making C-acetyl bonds in Friedel-Crafts reactions. Carbanions and their equivalents are susceptible to acetylations. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Cells are oval-shaped, non-motile and stain Gram-negative. Strictly anaerobic organism. Chemo-organotrophic. Mucolytic in pure culture. | 1 | Biochemistry |
The need for fluorescently tracking RNA rose as its roles in complex cellular functions has grown to not only include mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA, but also RNAi, siRNA, snoRNA, and lncRNA, among others. Spinach is a synthetically derived RNA aptamer born out of the need for a way of studying the role of RNAs at the cellular l... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The two families above can be seen as special cases of a broader class of compounds which have a carbenic atom bridging two nitrogen atoms. A range of such diaminocarbenes have been prepared principally by Roger Alder's research group. In some of these compounds, the N–C–N unit is a member of a five- or six-membered no... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
To distinguish whether the geometry of the coordination center is trigonal bipyramidal or square pyramidal, the (originally just ) parameter was proposed by Addison et al.:
where: are the two greatest valence angles of the coordination center.
When is close to 0 the geometry is similar to square pyramidal, while if ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Ashish Arora is an Indian structural biologist and a senior scientist at Central Drug Research Institute. He did his postgraduate studies at Rajasthan University and post-doctoral work at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, before joining the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Sustainable development requires the promotion of environmental management and a constant search for new technologies to treat vast quantities of wastes generated by increasing anthropogenic activities. Biotreatment, the processing of wastes using living organisms, is an environmentally friendly, relatively simple and ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Denitrification is the reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas (), completing the nitrogen cycle. This process is performed by bacterial species such as Pseudomonas and Paracoccus, under anaerobic conditions. They use the nitrate as an electron acceptor in the place of oxygen during respiration. These facultativel... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The following sections outline the method of MeDIP coupled with either high-resolution array hybridization or high-throughput sequencing. Each DNA detection method will also briefly describe post-laboratory processing and analysis. Different post-processing of the raw data is required depending on the technology used... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The pyranose ring is formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on carbon 5 (C-5) of a sugar with the aldehyde at carbon 1. This forms an intramolecular hemiacetal. If reaction is between the C-4 hydroxyl and the aldehyde, a furanose is formed instead. The pyranose form is thermodynamically more stable than the furan... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The FCC and HCP packings are the densest known packings of equal spheres with the highest symmetry (smallest repeat units).
Denser sphere packings are known, but they involve unequal sphere packing.
A packing density of 1, filling space completely, requires non-spherical shapes, such as honeycombs.
Replacing each conta... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero (−273.15 °C or −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Trp arylation
Multiple methods have been reported to achieve tryptophan C–H arylation, where diverse electrophiles such as aryl halides and aryl boronic acids (an example shown below) have been used to transfer the aryl groups.
However, current tryptophan C–H arylation reaction conditions remain relatively harsh, req... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Hai-Lung Dai is a Taiwanese-born American physical chemist and university administrator. He currently is the Laura H. Carnell Professor of Chemistry and Vice President for International Affairs at Temple University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the United States. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The United States Congress has recognized that pseudoephedrine is used in the illegal manufacture of methamphetamine. In 2005, the Committee on Education and the Workforce heard testimony concerning education programs and state legislation designed to curb this illegal practice.
Attempts to control the sale of the drug... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Alkylresorcinols can be found in cereals.
2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol is a phenolic compound found in the orchids Gastrodia elata and Galeola faberi. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In organic chemistry, the bromine test is a qualitative test for the presence of unsaturation (carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds), phenols and anilines.
An unknown sample is treated with a small amount of elemental bromine in an organic solvent, being
as dichloromethane or carbon tetrachloride. Presence of unsat... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
*"Synthesis of Jeewanu, the Protocell." Bahadur, Krishna. (In English) Ram Narain Lal Beni Prasad, New Katra, Allahabad-211002 (U.P) India. ASIN: B0007JHWU0 (1966)
*"Origin of Life: A Functional Approach." Bahadur K. and Ranganayaki S.Ram Narain Lal Beni Prasad, New Katra, Allahabad-211002(U.P), India, (1981) | 9 | Geochemistry |
Superhydrophobic surfaces, such as the leaves of the lotus plant, are those that are extremely difficult to wet. The contact angles of a water droplet exceeds 150°. This is referred to as the lotus effect, and is primarily a physical property related to interfacial tension, rather than a chemical property. | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
The coordination number of systems with disorder cannot be precisely defined.
The first coordination number can be defined using the radial distribution function g(r):
where r is the rightmost position starting from r = 0 whereon g(r) is approximately zero, r is the first minimum. Therefore, it is the area under the fi... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Organometallic compounds find wide use in commercial reactions, both as homogenous catalysts and as stoichiometric reagents. For instance, organolithium, organomagnesium, and organoaluminium compounds, examples of which are highly basic and highly reducing, are useful stoichiometrically but also catalyze many polymeriz... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The general equation for for species in a mixture of components is:
with
There are several different equation forms for and , the most general of which are shown above. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
There is an association between high intake of heme iron sourced from meat and increased risk of colorectal cancer.
The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) and World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF) concluded in a 2018 report that there is limited but suggestive evidence that foods containing heme ir... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Anti-graffiti coatings can be invisible to the naked eye. There are two different categories of anti-graffiti coatings. The first, sacrificial coatings, are applied to a surface and then removed when graffiti is applied. The surface underneath will be left clean and a new sacrificial coating can be applied. The other ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Though the Cram and Felkin–Anh models differ in the conformers considered and other assumptions, they both attempt to explain the same basic phenomenon: the preferential addition of a nucleophile to the most sterically favored face of a carbonyl moiety. However, many examples exist of reactions that display stereosele... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The strength of non-covalent interactions in a mechanically interlocked molecular architecture increases as compared to the non-mechanically bonded analogues. This increased strength is demonstrated by the necessity of harsher conditions to remove a metal template ion from catenanes as opposed to their non-mechanically... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
While at University of Michigan, Omar M. Yaghi (currently at UCBerkeley) and Adrien P Cote published the first paper of COFs in 2005, reporting a series of 2D COFs. They reported the design and successful synthesis of COFs by condensation reactions of phenyl diboronic acid (CH[B(OH)]) and hexahydroxytriphenylene (CH(OH... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Epstein's coefficient of difference is based on the differences in polarity and size between replaced pairs of amino acids. This index that distincts the direction of exchange between amino acids, described by 2 equations:
when smaller hydrophobic residue is replaced by larger hydrophobic or polar residue
when polar r... | 1 | Biochemistry |
1,1,1-Trichloroethane was first reported by Henri Victor Regnault in 1840. Industrially, it is usually produced in a two-step process from vinyl chloride. In the first step, vinyl chloride reacts with hydrogen chloride at 20-50 °C to produce 1,1-dichloroethane:
:CH=CHCl + HCl → CHCHCl
This reaction is catalyzed by a va... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Danishefskys diene (Kitahara diene) is an organosilicon compound and a diene with the formal name trans'-1-methoxy-3-trimethylsilyloxy-buta-1,3-diene named after Samuel J. Danishefsky. Because the diene is very electron-rich it is a very reactive reagent in Diels-Alder reactions. This diene reacts rapidly with electrop... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Inclusion compounds are often molecules, whereas . Intercalation compounds are not 3-dimensional, unlike clathrate compounds. Photolytically-sensitive caged compounds have been examined as containers for releasing a drug or reagent.
Zeolites are another type of crystalline structures that form a framework with cavities... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Renal lipotoxicity occurs when excess long-chain nonesterified fatty acids are stored in the kidney and proximal tubule cells. It is believed that these fatty acids are delivered to the kidneys via serum albumin. This condition leads to tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis in mild cases, and to kidney failure a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Almost half of the genes of the bacterium E. coli that are repressed during cold shock are similarly repressed when Gyrase is blocked by the antibiotic Novobiocin. Moreover, during cold shocks, the density of nucleoids increases, and the protein gyrase and the nucleoid become colocalized (which is consistent with a red... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Nearly 180 sites in all were used for this process, having a furnace, a forge or both between the 15th century and 18th century. Waterpower was the means of operating the bellows in the blast furnaces and for operating bellows and helve hammers in finery forges. Scattered through the Weald are ponds still to be found... | 8 | Metallurgy |
An electrochemical cell is a device that produces an electric current from energy released by a spontaneous redox reaction. This kind of cell includes the Galvanic cell or Voltaic cell, named after Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, both scientists who conducted experiments on chemical reactions and electric current d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Shingling was a stage in the production of bar iron or steel, in the finery and puddling processes. As with many ironmaking terms, this is derived from the French - cinglage.
The product of the finery was a bloom or loop (from old Frankish luppa or lopp, meaning a shapeless mass); that of the puddling furnace was a p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
When a nucleus has a spin quantum number, I, greater than 1/2 it has a quadrupole moment. In that case, coupling of nuclear spin angular momentum with rotational angular momentum causes splitting of the rotational energy levels. If the quantum number J of a rotational level is greater than I, levels are produced; but ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In molecular biology and genetics, transcription coregulators are proteins that interact with transcription factors to either activate or repress the transcription of specific genes. Transcription coregulators that activate gene transcription are referred to as coactivators while those that repress are known as corepr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Ruhr Valley provided an excellent location for the German iron and steel industry because of the availability of raw materials, coal, transport, a skilled labor force, nearby markets, and an entrepreneurial spirit that led to the creation of many firms, often in close conjunction with coal mines. By 1850 the Ruhr h... | 8 | Metallurgy |
The word patina comes from the Italian patina (shallow layer of deposit on a surface), derived from the Latin patĭna (pan, shallow dish). Figuratively, patina can refer to any fading, darkening, or other signs of age, which are felt to be natural or unavoidable (or both).
The chemical process by which a patina forms or... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Ovomucin is a glycoprotein found mainly in egg whites, as well as in the chalaza and vitelline membrane. The protein makes up around 2-4% of the protein content of egg whites; like other members of the mucin protein family, ovomucin confers gel-like properties. It is composed of two subunits, alpha-ovomucin (MUC5B) and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
VAMAS6 - vanillin synthase - VanY protein domain - Var1 protein domain - vax2os1 - vector - VEK-30 protein domain - vinorine hydroxylase - vitamin B12-transporting ATPase - vitamin D binding protein domain III - vitelline membrane outer layer protein I (VMO-I) - | 1 | Biochemistry |
The oxygen effect has particular importance in external beam radiation therapy where the killing of tumour cells with photon and electron beams in well oxygenated regions can be up to three times greater than in a poorly vasculated portion of the tumour.
Besides tumour hypoxia, the oxygen effect is also relevant to hyp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
James A. Shapiro argues that a superset of these examples should be classified as natural genetic engineering and are sufficient to falsify the central dogma. While Shapiro has received a respectful hearing for his view, his critics have not been convinced that his reading of the central dogma is in line with what Cric... | 1 | Biochemistry |
This is an example of a system with several phases, which at ordinary temperatures are two solids and a gas. There are three chemical species (CaCO, CaO and CO) and one reaction:
: CaCO CaO + CO.
The number of components is then 3 - 1 = 2. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The optimal conditions for TMM cycloadditions depend on both the TMM source and two-atom component. However, a few general principles for each of the TMM sources have emerged.
Reactions of diazenes should employ degassed solvents to avoid radical reactions with oxygen. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) at reflux is the most common... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Improving the resolution and enhancing the instrumentation with user-friendly hardware and software will make AFM/NSOM coupled with IR/Raman a useful characterization tool in many areas including biomedical, materials and life sciences. For example, this technique was used in detecting the spin-cast thin film of poly(d... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Van Krevelen diagrams are graphical plots developed by
Dirk Willem van Krevelen (chemist and professor of fuel technology at the TU Delft) and used to assess the origin and maturity of kerogen and petroleum. The diagram cross-plots the hydrogen:carbon atomic ratio as a function of the oxygen:carbon atomic ratio.
Begin... | 9 | Geochemistry |
It was produced industrially from paraformaldehyde and a mixture of chlorosulfonic acid and sulfuric acid. It is also produced as a byproduct in the Blanc chloromethylation reaction, formed when formaldehyde (the monomer, paraformaldehyde or formalin) and concentrated hydrochloric acid are mixed, and is a known impurit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Powder diffraction patterns of very small single crystals, or crystallites, are subject to size-dependent peak broadening, which, below a certain size, renders powder diffraction fingerprinting useless. In this case, peak resolution is only possible in 3D reciprocal space,
i.e. by applying single-crystal electron diffr... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*ARPES, Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
*UPS, Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
*PES, Photoemission spectroscopy
*ZEKE, Zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy
*AES, Auger electron spectroscopy
*EDS, Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, (EDX or EDXRF)
*PEEM, Photoelectron emission microscopy | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In veterinary medicine, ampicillin is used in cats, dogs, and farm animals to treat:
* Anal gland infections
* Cutaneous infections, such as abscesses, cellulitis, and pustular dermatitis
* E. coli and Salmonella infections in cattle, sheep, and goats (oral form). Ampicillin use for this purpose had declined as bacteri... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Enalapril, sold under the brand name Vasotec among others, is an ACE inhibitor medication used to treat high blood pressure, diabetic kidney disease, and heart failure. For heart failure, it is generally used with a diuretic, such as furosemide. It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein. Onset of effects are typ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Complexes of salen per se are poorly soluble in organic solvents. Substitution of the organic framework increases the solubility of the complex. An example is the salpn ligand, derived from 1,2-diaminopropane instead of ethylenediamine, which is used as a metal deactivating additive in motor oils and motor fuel.
The pr... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
In light, low cGMP levels close Na and Ca channels, reducing intracellular Na and Ca.
During recovery (dark adaptation), the low Ca levels induce recovery (termination of the phototransduction cascade), as follows:
# Low intracellular Ca causes Ca to dissociate from guanylate cyclase activating protein (GCAP). The lib... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Single-molecule techniques impacted optics, electronics, biology, and chemistry. In the biological sciences, the study of proteins and other complex biological machinery was limited to ensemble experiments that nearly made impossible the direct observation of their kinetics. For example, it was only after single mole... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
* Fulbright Scholar in Marine Resources, Portugal (2020)
*A.G. Huntsman Award for Excellence in Marine Science (2019)
* Fellow, American Geophysical Union (2018)
* Fellow, Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO, 2016)
* Dansgaard Award, AGU mid-career Paleoceanography Award (2015)
*Fellow, Geo... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Another possible model for fusion pore formation is the protein-lined pore theory. In this model, after activation of synaptotagmin by calcium, several SNARE complexes come together to form a ring structure, with synaptobrevin forming the pore in the vesicle membrane and Syntaxin forming the pore in the cell membrane.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Some studies have used interesting comparisons in order to probe the energetic stability of the 2-norbornyl cation provided by its delocalized nature. Comparing the rearrangement between the 3-methyl-2-norbornyl cation and the 2-methyl-2-norbornyl cation to that between the tertiary and secondary isopentane carbocation... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
After the absolute structure was determined, lineatin quickly attracted considerable synthetic interests due to its natural occurrence, biological activity, and unique structural features. A few routes describing the total synthesis of lineatin was proposed with yields of 0.5–2%. Recently, a new total synthesis route t... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
* Ciliata: Oxytricha and Stylonychia, Paramecium, Tetrahymena, Oxytrichidae and probably Glaucoma chattoni.
* Dasycladaceae: Acetabularia, and Batophora.
* Diplomonadida: Hexamita inflata, Diplomonadida ATCC50330, and ATCC50380. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because a large portion of the pairs of a and b contain zeros in one or both conditions, they are impossible to plot as-is on a log scale. Other MA plotting functions artificially include these condition-unique points in the plot by spreading them vertically as a "smear" on the left or horizontally as a "[https://web.... | 1 | Biochemistry |
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