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Eli Lilly recognized the potential of its new drug, but the company first tested it as a high blood pressure medication, an anti-obesity drug, and a remedy for severe depression. After those testing failures, Eli Lilly succeeded in treating five mildly depressed people; fluoxetine had found its niche. Eli Lilly announc... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The molecular environment around a supramolecular system is also of prime importance to its operation and stability. Many solvents have strong hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and charge-transfer capabilities, and are therefore able to become involved in complex equilibria with the system, even breaking complexes compl... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Acidic protein denaturants include:
* Acetic acid
* Trichloroacetic acid 12% in water
* Sulfosalicylic acid | 1 | Biochemistry |
The technique was invented in 1955 by Grant Henry Lathe and Colin R Ruthven, working at Queen Charlotte's Hospital, London. They later received the John Scott Award for this invention. While Lathe and Ruthven used starch gels as the matrix, Jerker Porath and Per Flodin later introduced dextran gels; other gels with siz... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a comprehensive, high-quality, freely accessible, online database of small molecule metabolites found in the human body. It has been created by the Human Metabolome Project funded by Genome Canada and is one of the first dedicated metabolomics databases. The HMDB facilitates huma... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA is a very similar molecule to DNA, with only two significant chemical differences (the backbone of RNA uses ribose instead of deoxyribose and its nucleobases include uracil instead of thymine). The overall structure of RNA and DNA are immensely similar—one strand of DNA and one of RNA can bind to form a double heli... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Ethers have boiling points similar to those of the analogous alkanes. Simple ethers are generally colorless. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is the standardized method to deal with durability, also known as deem-to-satisfy approach, and provided by current european regulation EN 206. It is required that the designer identifies the environmental exposure conditions and the expected degradation process, assessing the correct exposure class. Once this is de... | 8 | Metallurgy |
There are many species of bacteria and other microorganisms that live on or inside the healthy human body. In fact, there are roughly as many microbial as human cells in the human body by number.
(much less by mass or volume). Some of these symbionts are necessary for our health. Those that neither help nor harm humans... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In 1802, William Hyde Wollaston built a spectrometer, improving on Newtons model, that included a lens to focus the Suns spectrum on a screen. Upon use, Wollaston realized that the colors were not spread uniformly, but instead had missing patches of colors, which appeared as dark bands in the suns spectrum. At the tim... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metallography is the study of the physical structure and components of metals, by using microscopy.
Ceramic and polymeric materials may also be prepared using metallographic techniques, hence the terms ceramography, plastography and, collectively, materialography. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phenylboronic acid or benzeneboronic acid, abbreviated as PhB(OH) where Ph is the phenyl group CH-, is a boronic acid containing a phenyl substituent and two hydroxyl groups attached to boron. Phenylboronic acid is a white powder and is commonly used in organic synthesis. Boronic acids are mild Lewis acids which are ge... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Patients receiving chronic treatment are relatively resistance to nondepolarising NMBAs due to the accelerated clearance. | 1 | Biochemistry |
TGFB1I1 has been shown to interact with:
* Androgen receptor,
* Dopamine transporter
* Hsp27,
* PTK2B,
* PTK2, and
* PTPN12. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A nutrient cycle is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of matter. The process is regulated by the pathways available in marine food webs, which ultimately decompose organic matter back into inorganic nutrients. Nutrient cycles occur within ecosystems. Energy flow always f... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Also well studied are the mesoionic carbenes based on 1,2,3-triazole, referred to as 1,2,3-triazol-4(or 5)-ylidenes. The first triazolylidenes were reported by Albrecht in 2008. These carbenes are typically trisubstituted with alkyl groups in the N1 and N3 positions and an aryl group in the C4 or C5 position. Free c... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
These increasing nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient inputs exert eutrophication pressures on coastal zones. These pressures vary geographically depending on the catchment activities and associated nutrient load. The geographical setting of the coastal zone is another important factor as it controls dilution of the nutrie... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Anodized aluminium surfaces that are not regularly cleaned are susceptible to panel edge staining, a unique type of surface staining that can affect the structural integrity of the metal. | 8 | Metallurgy |
The bilirubin level found in the body reflects the balance between production and excretion. Blood test results are advised to always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test. The SI units are μmol/L. Typical ranges for adults are:
* 0–0.3 mg/dl – Direct (conjugated) b... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system PCR, or ARMS-PCR, employs two pairs of primers to amplify two alleles in one PCR reaction. The primers are designed such that the two primer pairs overlap at a SNP location but each match perfectly to only one of the possible SNPs. The basis of the invention is that... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Members of the SOBER1 family are considered closely related to acyl-protein thioesterases, judged by their protein structure. However, a change in their amino acid sequence renders SOBER1's biochemical properties into a deacetylase; in particular the hydrophobic tunnel, which is found in acyl-protein thioesterases, is ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The Kelvin probe force microscope or Kelvin force microscope (KFM) is based on an AFM set-up and the determination of the work function is based on the measurement of the electrostatic forces between the small AFM tip and the sample. The conducting tip and the sample are characterized by (in general) different work fun... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Chemical Geology is an international peer-reviewed academic journal. The journal is affiliated with the European Association of Geochemistry and it is published by Elsevier., publishing both subscription and open access articles. The journal is a hybrid open-access journal.
Chemical Geology publishes original research ... | 9 | Geochemistry |
SERS substrates are used to detect the presence of low-abundance biomolecules, and can therefore detect proteins in bodily fluids. Early detection of pancreatic cancer biomarkers was accomplished using SERS-based immunoassay approach. A SERS-base multiplex protein biomarker detection platform in a microfluidic chip is ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The light and dark bottle method uses the same concept as the free-water method to estimate rates of metabolism - GPP only occurs during the day with solar energy while ER occurs in both the presence and absence of light. This method incubates lake water in two separate bottles, one that is clear and exposed to natural... | 1 | Biochemistry |
* Vg1 Family
* Activin Family
** Involved in embryogenesis and osteogenesis
** Regulate insulin and pituitary, gonadal, and hypothalamic hormones
** Nerve cell survival factors
**3 Activins: Activin A, Activin B and Activin AB.
* Glial-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF)
** Needed for kidney and enteric neuron differen... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for regulating pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA).
Studies must be conducted to establish the conditions in which the material is safe to use and the ef... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Many explanations fall into this category. First, the secondary orbital interactions theory emphasized that electron-donating heteroatom in the α-position could contribute to increased orbital interaction with the substrate, which stabilizes the transition state (TS) and gives greater reactivity. Second, the electron ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
If irradiated with select projectile nuclei at kinetic energies E, target solid thin-film chemical elements can undergo a nuclear reaction under resonance conditions for a sharply defined resonance energy. The reaction product is usually a nucleus in an excited state which immediately decays, emitting ionizing radiatio... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In order to see whether p53 re-expression in cancer cells (that have lost p53 expression) has the suppressive effect on the promoter of the survivin gene, a luciferase reporter construct was made. The isolated survivin promoter was placed upstream of the luciferase reporter gene. In a luciferase reporter assay, if the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Because RIP is so efficient at detecting and mutating repeats, fungal biologists often use it as a tool for mutagenesis. A second copy of a single-copy gene is first transformed into the genome. The fungus must then mate and go through its sexual cycle to activate the RIP machinery. Many different mutations within the ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In general, the goals of molecular physics experiments are to characterize shape and size, electric and magnetic properties, internal energy levels, and ionization and dissociation energies for molecules. In terms of shape and size, rotational spectra and vibrational spectra allow for the determination of molecular mom... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The quadrupole lens consists of two single quadrupoles turned 90° with respect to each other. Let z be the optical axis then one can deduce separately for the x and the y axis that the refractive power is again the square of the refractive power of a single lens.
A magnetic quadrupole works very similar to an electric ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Peripheral expression of cannabinoid receptors led researchers to investigate the role of cannabinoids in the autonomic nervous system. Research found that the CB receptor is expressed presynaptically by motor neurons that innervate visceral organs. Cannabinoid-mediated inhibition of electric potentials results in a re... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Forests are generally carbon dioxide sinks when they are high in diversity, density or area. However, they can also be carbon sources if diversity, density or area decreases due to deforestation, selective logging, climate change, wildfires or diseases. One study in 2020 found that 32 tracked Brazilian non-Amazon seaso... | 5 | Photochemistry |
In its earliest forms, most hardware was simple and hand-made – usually of readily available materials such as wood or leather. A patch of leather spanning between the stile and jamb and fastened with wooden pegs served to hinge a door or shutter. Hand-carved wooden hinges and pintles, slide bolts and lift-latches were... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Since the oceanic intake of carbon dioxide is limited, CO influx can also be described by the Revelle factor. The Revelle Factor is a ratio of the change of carbon dioxide to the change in dissolved inorganic carbon, which serves as an indicator of carbon dioxide dissolution in the mixed layer considering the solubili... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Bacteria containing the plasmid of interest are first cultured, then a sample is centrifuged in order to concentrate cellular material (including DNA) into a pellet at the bottom of the containing vessel. The supernatant is discarded, and the pellet is then re-suspended in an EDTA-containing physiological buffer. The p... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The hCG levels grow exponentially after conception and implantation. hCG levels typically peak around weeks 8-11 of pregnancy and are generally higher in the first trimester compared to the second trimester.
The following is a list of serum hCG levels:
LMP is the last menstrual period dated from the first day of the la... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The introduction of refrigeration allowed for the hygienic handling and storage of perishables, and as such, promoted output growth, consumption, and the availability of nutrition. The change in our method of food preservation moved us away from salts to a more manageable sodium level. The ability to move and store per... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In susceptible persons, beryllium exposure can lead to a cell-mediated immune response. The T-cells become sensitized to beryllium. Each subsequent exposure leads to an immune response involving CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes and macrophages accumulating in the lungs. As this response continues macrophages, CD+4 T-lymphocyt... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In analytical chemistry, sample preparation (working-up) refers to the ways in which a sample is treated prior to its analyses. Preparation is a very important step in most analytical techniques, because the techniques are often not responsive to the analyte in its in-situ form, or the results are distorted by interfe... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
An oxyanion, or oxoanion, is an ion with the generic formula (where A represents a chemical element and O represents an oxygen atom). Oxyanions are formed by a large majority of the chemical elements. The formulae of simple oxyanions are determined by the octet rule. The corresponding oxyacid of an oxyanion is the co... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The dative anchoring strategy uses natural amino acid residue in the protein like His, Cys, Glu, Asp and Ser to coordinate to a metal center. Like the first example of Pd-fibroin, dative anchoring is not commonly used now and often resulted in a more ambiguous binding site for metal compared with previous three methods... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Dithiofluorescein (sometimes generically called thiofluorescein) is a complexometric indicator used in analytical chemistry. It changes from blue to colorless when it binds to mercury(2+) ions. It thus can indicate the endpoint in the titration of thiols using o-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid or its sodium salt. The reagen... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Thionyl chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a moderately volatile, colourless liquid with an unpleasant acrid odour. Thionyl chloride is primarily used as a chlorinating reagent, with approximately per year being produced during the early 1990s, but is occasionally also used as a solven... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Several factors effect the assay outcome and a recent review summarizes the various parameters that needs to be monitored to keep an assay up and running. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Despite the presence of the de novo pathway, the salvage reactions are essential in humans; a lack of niacin in the diet causes the vitamin deficiency disease pellagra. This high requirement for NAD results from the constant consumption of the coenzyme in reactions such as posttranslational modifications, since the cyc... | 5 | Photochemistry |
G proteins contain an alpha-subunit that is critical to the functioning of receptors. These subunits can take a number of forms. There are four broad classes of form of G-protein: G, G, G, and G. Muscarinic receptors vary in the G protein to which they are bound, with some correlation according to receptor type. G prot... | 1 | Biochemistry |
A flow-through detector is located downstream from the sample injector and records a chemical physical parameter. Many types of detector can be used such as:
*spectrophotometer
*fluorimeter
* ion-selective electrode
* biosensors
*mass spectrometer | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Mixed valence complexes contain an element which is present in more than one oxidation state. Well-known mixed valence compounds include the Creutz–Taube complex, Prussian blue, and molybdenum blue. Many solids are mixed-valency including indium chalcogenides. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The asymmetric atom is called a chirality center, a type of stereocenter. A chirality center is also called a chiral center or an asymmetric center. Some sources use the terms stereocenter, stereogenic center, stereogenic atom or stereogen to refer exclusively to a chirality center, while others use the terms more broa... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
In excitotoxicity, nerve cells suffer damage or death when the levels of otherwise necessary and safe neurotransmitters such as glutamate become pathologically high, resulting in excessive stimulation of receptors. For example, when glutamate receptors such as the NMDA receptor or AMPA receptor encounter excessive lev... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Acid sulfate soils are naturally occurring soils, sediments or organic substrates (e.g. peat) that are formed under waterlogged conditions. These soils contain iron sulfide minerals (predominantly as the mineral pyrite) and/or their oxidation products. In an undisturbed state below the water table, acid sulfate soils a... | 9 | Geochemistry |
Service valve is a ball type used to block fluid while replacing corrosion coupons or probes despite fluid flow. The service valve is attached to solid or hollow plug after removing of access fitting cover. It blocks the fluid while the coupon or probe is retrieved by retriever and passed through it. | 8 | Metallurgy |
SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor), also known as NCoR2, is an alternatively spliced SRC-1(steroid receptor coactivator-1). It is negatively and positively affected by MAPKKK (mitogen activated protein kinase kinase kinase) and casein kinase 2 phosphorylation, respectively. SMRT has... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers. A DNA-binding repressor blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter, thus preventing transcription of the genes into messenger RNA. An RN... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the assembly of integrated circuit packages to printed circuit boards, a head-in-pillow defect (HIP or HNP), also called ball-and-socket, is a failure of the soldering process. For example, in the case of a ball grid array (BGA) package, the pre-deposited solder ball on the package and the solder paste applied to th... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Fluorine-18 is usually produced by irradiation of O-enriched water (HO) with high-energy (about 18 MeV) protons prepared in a cyclotron or a linear accelerator, yielding an aqueous solution of F fluoride. This solution is then used for rapid synthesis of a labeled molecule, often with the fluorine atom replacing a hydr... | 9 | Geochemistry |
An organoberyllium carbene consists of a carbene attached to beryllium. The types of carbene includes a N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) and cyclic alkyl amino carbenes (CAAC). | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The inelastic mean free path (IMFP) is an index of how far an electron on average travels through a solid before losing energy.
If a monochromatic, primary beam of electrons is incident on a solid surface, the majority of incident electrons lose their energy because they interact strongly with matter, leading to plasmo... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Three alternative explanations for the thermalization of isolated quantum systems are often proposed:
# For initial states of physical interest, the coefficients exhibit large fluctuations from eigenstate to eigenstate, in a fashion which is completely uncorrelated with the fluctuations of from eigenstate to eigensta... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The second solar spectrum is an electromagnetic spectrum of the Sun that shows the degree of linear polarization. The term was coined by V. V. Ivanov in 1991. The polarization is at a maximum close to the limb (edge) of the Sun, thus the best place to observe such a spectrum is from just inside the limb. It is also po... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The term can also refer to octahedral influenced by the Jahn–Teller effect, which is a common phenomenon encountered in coordination chemistry. This reduces the symmetry of the molecule from O to D and is known as a tetragonal distortion. | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Transcription factories, in genetics describe the discrete sites where transcription occurs in the cell nucleus, and are an example of a biomolecular condensate. They were first discovered in 1993 and have been found to have structures analogous to replication factories, sites where replication also occurs in discrete ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In Prinzbach's optimized route from pagodane to dodecahedrane, the original low-yielding isomerization of parent pagodane to dodecahedrane is replaced by a longer but higher yielding sequence - which nevertheless still relies heavily on pagodane derivatives. In the scheme below, the divergence from the original happen... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A newer chiral derivatizing agent (CDA), α-cyano-α-fluoro (2-naphthyl)-acetic acid (2-CFNA) was prepared in optically pure form by the chiral HPLC separation of a racemic 2-CFNA methyl ester. This ester was obtained by fluorination of methyl α-cyano (2-naphthyl) acetate with FClO3. 2-CFNA has been shown to be a superio... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
When the electric field of a propagating beam of light oscillates in a direction perpendicular to its direction of propagation, it is said to be a polarized transverse wave. Light with an electric field constrained to a particular angle in the transverse plane is said to be linearly polarized. When linearly polarized l... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In a 1925 paper, F.H. Constable described the linear relationship observed for the reaction parameters of the catalytic dehydrogenation of primary alcohols with copper-chromium oxide. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Glare caused from surfaces with high solar reflectance may present visibility concerns that can limit PDRC application, particularly within urban environments at the ground level. PDRCs that use a "scattering system" to generate reflection in a more diffused manner have been developed and are "more favorable in real ap... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A sequence in biology is the one-dimensional ordering of monomers, covalently linked within a biopolymer; it is also referred to as the primary structure of a biological macromolecule. While it can refer to many different molecules, the term sequence is most often used to refer to a DNA sequence. | 1 | Biochemistry |
GenePattern is a powerful scientific workflow system that provides access to hundreds of genomic analysis tools. Use these analysis tools as building blocks to design sophisticated analysis pipelines that capture the methods, parameters, and data used to produce analysis results. Pipelines can be used to create, edit a... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Galvanic shock or oral galvanism is a term used for the association of oral symptoms due to electric currents occurring between different types of metal used in amalgam dental fillings and their interactions with the electrolytes in saliva. Other than individual sensitivity to amalgam, which can produce oral lesions, n... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Phenol is readily alkylated at the ortho positions using alkenes in the presence of a Lewis acid such as aluminium phenoxide:
: CH=CR + CHOH → RCHCH-2-CHOH
More than 100,000 tons of tert-butyl phenols are produced annually (year: 2000) in this way, using isobutylene (CH=CMe) as the alkylating agent. Especially imp... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
It is possible to use DNA profiling as evidence of genetic relationship although such evidence varies in strength from weak to positive. Testing that shows no relationship is absolutely certain. Further, while almost all individuals have a single and distinct set of genes, ultra-rare individuals, known as "chimeras", h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In the setting of standards, agencies make political and technical/scientific decisions based on how the water will be used. In the case of natural water bodies, agencies also make some reasonable estimate of pristine conditions. Natural water bodies will vary in response to a region's environmental conditions, whereby... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The molecular configuration of a molecule is the permanent geometry that results from the spatial arrangement of its bonds. The ability of the same set of atoms to form two or more molecules with different configurations is stereoisomerism. This is distinct from constitutional isomerism which arises from atoms being co... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
* Agricola, Georg. De re metallica. 1st ed. Basil: Hieronymus Froben & Nicolaus Episcopius, 1556.
* Agricola, Georg. De re metallica. 2nd ed. Basil: Hieronymus Froben & Nicolaus Episcopius, 1561.
* Agricola, Georg. De re metallica. Basil: Ludwig König, 1621.
* Agricola, Georg. De Re Metallica. Basil: Emanuel König, 165... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Methyl esters are often susceptible to decarboxylation in the Krapcho decarboxylation.
* Phenyl esters react to hydroxyarylketones in the Fries rearrangement.
* Specific esters are functionalized with an α-hydroxyl group in the Chan rearrangement.
* Esters with β-hydrogen atoms can be converted to alkenes in ester py... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia to nitrate via the intermediary nitrite. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil. The process of complete nitrification may occur through separate organisms or entirely within one organism, as in comammox bacteria. The transformation of ammon... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Androsterone glucuronide (ADT-G) is a major circulating and urinary metabolite of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). It accounts for 93% of total androgen glucuronides in women. ADT-G is formed from androsterone by UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, with the major enzymes being UGT2B15 and UGT2B17. It is a marker o... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Rotational spectroscopy has primarily been used to investigate fundamental aspects of molecular physics. It is a uniquely precise tool for the determination of molecular structure in gas-phase molecules. It can be used to establish barriers to internal rotation such as that associated with the rotation of the group r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The similarities of yttrium to the lanthanides are so strong that the element has been grouped with them as a rare-earth element, and is always found in nature together with them in rare-earth minerals. Chemically, yttrium resembles those elements more closely than its neighbor in the periodic table, scandium, and if p... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Noncompetitive inhibitors of CYP2C9 enzyme include nifedipine, tranylcypromine, phenethyl isothiocyanate, and 6-hydroxyflavone. Computer docking simulation and constructed mutants substituted indicate that the noncompetitive binding site of 6-hydroxyflavone is the reported allosteric binding site of CYP2C9 enzyme. | 1 | Biochemistry |
LongSAGE was a more robust version of the original SAGE developed in 2002 which had a higher throughput, using 20 μg of mRNA to generate a cDNA library of thousands of tags. Robust LongSage (RL-SAGE) Further improved on the LongSAGE protocol with the ability to generate a library with an insert size of 50 ng mRNA, much... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Evaluating () in and using the relation between the isothermal compressibility and the structure factor at the origin yields the compressibility equation: | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
For coupling to mass spectrometry, the ions from the plasma are extracted through a series of cones into a mass spectrometer, usually a quadrupole. The ions are separated on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio and a detector receives an ion signal proportional to the concentration.
The concentration of a sample can... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
In 1845, Joule studied the free expansion of a gas into a larger volume. This became known as Joule expansion. The cooling of a gas by allowing it to expand freely is occasionally referred to as the Joule effect. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Salbutamol is the international nonproprietary name (INN) while albuterol is the United States Adopted Name (USAN). The drug is usually manufactured and distributed as the sulfate salt (salbutamol sulfate).
It was first sold by Allen & Hanburys (UK) under the brand name Ventolin, and has been used for the treatment of ... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
Noboru Tokita (February 20, 1923 - October 31, 2014) was a Uniroyal and later Cabot scientist known for his work on the processing of elastomers. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Protein interactions: To screen for protein–protein interactions and protein interactions with other molecules such as metabolites, lipids, DNA and small molecules.; enzyme inhibition assay: for high throughput drug candidate screening and to discover novel enzymes for use in biotechnology; screening antibody specifici... | 1 | Biochemistry |
For T, which is an anti-unitary Z symmetry generator
: T = UKUK = UU = U (U) = Φ,
where Φ is a diagonal matrix of phases. As a result, and , showing that
:U = Φ U Φ.
This means that the entries in Φ are ±1, as a result of which one may have either . This is specific to the anti-unitarity of T. For a unitary operator, ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
An apoenzyme (or, generally, an apoprotein) is the protein without any small-molecule cofactors, substrates, or inhibitors bound. It is often important as an inactive storage, transport, or secretory form of a protein. This is required, for instance, to protect the secretory cell from the activity of that protein.
Apoe... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Groundwater and drinking water contamination from industrial discharge including trichloroethylene is a major concern for human health and has precipitated numerous incidents and lawsuits in the United States.
The 1995 non-fiction book A Civil Action was written about a lawsuit (Anderson v. Cryovac) against following t... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
This is a generalization of Eq. (1) to a biphasic system with ellipsoidal inclusions of conductivity into a matrix of conductivity . The fraction of inclusions is and the system is dimensional. For randomly oriented inclusions,
where the s denote the appropriate doublet/triplet of depolarization factors which is gov... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Two hydrated bilayers experience strong repulsion as they approach each other. These forces have been measured using the Surface forces apparatus (S.F.A), an instrument used for measuring forces between surfaces. This repulsion was first proposed by Langmuir and was thought to arise due to water molecules that hydrate ... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Electro-osmotic flow is commonly used in microfluidic devices, soil analysis and processing, and chemical analysis, all of which routinely involve systems with highly charged surfaces, often of oxides. One example is capillary electrophoresis, in which electric fields are used to separate chemicals according to their ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In this example, a gene from mammalian gene library will be subcloned into a bacterial plasmid (destination platform). The bacterial plasmid is a piece of circular DNA which contains regulatory elements allowing for the bacteria to produce a gene product (gene expression) if it is placed in the correct place in the pl... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a hydrological process which commonly occurs in coastal areas. It is described as submarine inflow of fresh-, and brackish groundwater from land into the sea. Submarine Groundwater Discharge is controlled by several forcing mechanisms, which cause a hydraulic gradient between la... | 9 | Geochemistry |
A goniometer is used to document initial and subsequent range of motion, at the visits for occupational injuries, and by disability evaluators to determine a permanent disability. This is to evaluate progress, and also for medico-legal purposes. It is a tool to evaluate Waddell's signs (findings that may indicate sympt... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
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