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Hydrogen and deuterium nuclei are grossly different in their magnetic properties. Thus it is possible to distinguish between them by NMR spectroscopy. Deuterons will not be observed in a H NMR spectrum and conversely, protons will not be observed in a H NMR spectrum. Where small signals are observed in a H NMR spectrum... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Hiyama coupling is a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of organosilanes with organic halides used in organic chemistry to form carbon–carbon bonds (C-C bonds). This reaction was discovered in 1988 by Tamejiro Hiyama and Yasuo Hatanaka as a method to form carbon-carbon bonds synthetically with chemo- and r... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
After synthesising the potassium salt of the phosphaethynolate anion in 2013, Goicoechea et al. began to look into the potential of PCO towards cycloadditions. They found that the anion could react in a [2+2] fashion with a diphenyl ketene to produce the first isolatable example of a four-membered monoanionic phosphoru... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Metallurgical failure analysis is the process to determine the mechanism that has caused a metal component to fail. It can identify the cause of failure, providing insight into the root cause and potential solutions to prevent similar failures in the future, as well as culpability, which is important in legal cases. Re... | 8 | Metallurgy |
In isochromat mode, the incident electron energy is ramped and the emitted photons are detected at a fixed energy that is determined by the photon detector. Typically, an I gas filled Geiger-Müller tube with an entrance window of either SrF or CaF is used as the photon detector. The combination of window and filling ga... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The first metal carbonyl clusters, Fe(CO), Ir(CO), and Rh(CO), were reported starting in the 1930s, often by Walter Hieber. The structures were subsequently established by X-ray crystallography.
Paolo Chini (1928–1980) was a pioneer for the synthesis and characterization of high-nuclearity metal carbonyl clusters. His ... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Another type of cellular glycan is the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These comprise 2-aminosugars linked in an alternating fashion with uronic acids, and include polymers such as heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin, keratan and dermatan. Some glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate, are found attached to the cell s... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Nitrates are used as fertilizers in agriculture because of their high solubility and biodegradability. The main nitrate fertilizers are ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Several billion kilograms are produced annually for this purpose. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
His first post was with the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) near the village of Harwell where he lived, working at the Wantage Research Laboratory, then in Berkshire. His early work started an interest in radioisotopes and trace elements that he maintained throughout his working life. While at AERE, he spen... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The exact mechanism of the action of general anaesthetics has not been delineated. Sevoflurane acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA receptor in electrophysiology studies of neurons and recombinant receptors. However, it also acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist, potentiates glycine receptor currents, and ... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Purple bacteria contain a single photosystem that is structurally related to PSII in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts:
: P870 → P870 → ubiquinone → cyt bc → cyt c → P870
This is a cyclic process in which electrons are removed from an excited chlorophyll molecule (bacteriochlorophyll; P870), passed through an electron tra... | 5 | Photochemistry |
A nested gene is a gene whose entire coding sequence lies within the bounds (between the start codon and the stop codon) of a larger external gene. The coding sequence for a nested gene differs greatly from the coding sequence for its external host gene. Typically, nested genes and their host genes encode functionally ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
HFCs were developed in the 1990s to substitute for substances such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). As these substances were found to deplete the ozone layer, the Montreal Protocol began to lay down provisions for them to be phased-out globally after the agreement was ratified in 1987... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In ambient conditions, most samples develop a liquid meniscus layer. Because of this, keeping the probe tip close enough to the sample for short-range forces to become detectable while preventing the tip from sticking to the surface presents a major problem for contact mode in ambient conditions. Dynamic contact mode... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
Fluorescent proteins have had a substantial impact on bioimaging, which is why biliproteins have made suitable candidates for the application, due to their properties of fluorescence, light-harvesting, light-sensitivity and photoswitching (the latter occurring only in phytochromes). Phycobiliproteins, which are highly ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In species of algae that contain a single chloroplast, regulation of chloroplast division is extremely important to ensure that each daughter cell receives a chloroplast—chloroplasts can't be made from scratch. In organisms like plants, whose cells contain multiple chloroplasts, coordination is looser and less importan... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1 (GLYCAM1) is a proteoglycan ligand expressed on cells of the high endothelial venules in lymphoid tissues. It is the ligand for the receptor L-selectin allowing for naive lymphocytes to exit the bloodstream into lymphoid tissues.
GLYCAM1 binds to L-selectin by presenting... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Another method involves the use of oxalyl chloride:
The reaction is catalysed by dimethylformamide (DMF), which reacts with oxalyl chloride to give the Vilsmeier reagent, an iminium intermediate that which reacts with the carboxylic acid to form a mixed imino-anhydride. This structure undergoes an acyl substitution wit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Geological deposits of arsenic may be released into rivers where deep ground-waters are exploited as in parts of Pakistan. Many metalloid ores such as lead, gold and copper contain traces of arsenic and poorly stored tailings may result in arsenic entering the hydrological cycle. | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
UPt forms crystals of hexagonal symmetry (some studies hypothesize a trigonal structure instead), space group P6/mmc, cell parameters a = 0.5766 nm and c = 0.4898 nm (c should be understood as distance from planes), with a structure similar to nisnite (NiSn) and MgCd.
The compound congruently melts at 1700 °C. The enth... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Trimethylenemethane cycloaddition is the formal (3+2) annulation of trimethylenemethane (TMM) derivatives to two-atom pi systems. Although TMM itself is too reactive and unstable to be stored, reagents which can generate TMM or TMM synthons in situ can be used to effect cycloaddition reactions with appropriate electron... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The terms megaphyll, macrophyll, mesophyll, notophyll, microphyll, nanophyll and leptophyll are used to describe leaf sizes (in descending order), in a classification devised in 1934 by Christen C. Raunkiær and since modified by others. | 5 | Photochemistry |
The Goldich dissolution series can be applied to Lithosequences, which are a way characterizing of a soil profile based on its parent material. Lithosequences include soils that have undergone relatively similar weathering conditions, so variations in composition are based on the relative weathering rates of parent min... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In chromatography, internal standards are used to determine the concentration of other analytes by calculating response factor. The selected internal standard should have a similar retention time and derivatization. It must be stable and not interfere with the sample components. This mitigates the uncertainty that can ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Organotantalum compounds are of academic interest, but few or no commercial applications have been described. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The mode of action through which chromium aided in the regulation of blood glucose levels is poorly understood. Recently, it has been suggested that chromium interacts with the low-molecular weight chromium (LMWCr) binding substance to potentiate the action of insulin. LMWCr has a molecular weight of 1500, and is compo... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses () to determine the age of carbonaceous materials up to about 60,000 years old. The technique was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues in 1949 during his tenure as a professor at the University of Chicago. Libby estimated that the radioactivity of exc... | 9 | Geochemistry |
The popularity of the Karl Fischer titration (henceforth referred to as KF) is due in large part to several practical advantages that it holds over other methods of moisture determination, such as accuracy, speed and selectivity.
KF is selective for water, because the titration reaction itself consumes water. In contra... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Scientists are capable of retrieving genetic information from hair, skin, blood, sperm, tissue, and saliva as long as the sample contains intact DNA. Nucleotide sequences between humans differ by only 0.1%. Even so, this 0.1% includes approximately three million bases. DNA can be analyzed through restriction fragment ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The main theory that describes the rates of outer sphere electron transfer was developed by Rudolph A. Marcus in the 1950s. A major aspect of Marcus theory is the dependence of the electron transfer rate on the thermodynamic driving force (difference in the redox potentials of the electron-exchanging sites). For most r... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
In astrophysics, photodissociation is one of the major processes through which molecules are broken down (but new molecules are being formed). Because of the vacuum of the interstellar medium, molecules and free radicals can exist for a long time. Photodissociation is the main path by which molecules are broken down. P... | 5 | Photochemistry |
* 2015 elected board member, European Academy of Microbiology (EAM)
* 2013 elected member, European Academy of Microbiology (EAM)
* 2012 iGEM Team Groningen: European and World Champion 2012 (Kuipers was supervisor/coach/coordinator of the iGEM team Groningen from 2008-2015)
* 2011 elected member, Royal Netherlands Aca... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
A hexagonal structure that is often described as chicken wire-like can also be found in other types of chemical compounds such as:
* Non-aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons, e.g. steroids like cholesterol
* Flat hexagonal hydrogen bonded trimesic acid (benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid), boric acid, or melamine-cyanuric ac... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The first use of epitope tagging was described by Munro and Pelham in 1984. The FLAG-tag was the second example of a fully functional, improved epitope tag, published in the scientific literature. and was the only epitope tag to be patented. It has since become one of the most commonly used protein tags in laboratories... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The pheromone is synthesized in the same region as venom, or other primary hormonal departments within the organism. Often, trail pheromone synthesis occurs in the ventral venom gland, poison gland, Dufour's gland, sternal gland, or hindgut. When secreted, the pheromone is dropped in a blotch-like fashion from the for... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The authors Buchdahl, Callen, and Haase make no mention of the passage of radiation, thermal or coherent, across their adiabatic walls. Carathéodory explicitly discusses problems with respect to thermal radiation, which is incoherent, and he was probably unaware of the practical possibility of laser light, which is coh... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Standard Model of physics, in particular the work of Murray Gell-Mann in the 1960s, had been successful in uniting much of the previously disparate concepts in particle physics into one, relatively straightforward, scheme. In essence, there were three types of particles:
* The leptons, which were low-mass particles... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The prefix "S" indicates that the NO group is attached to sulfur. The angle is near 114°, reflecting the influence of the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen.
S-Nitrosothiols may arise from condensation from nitrous acid and a thiol:
Other methods for their synthesis. They can be synthesized from and tert-butyl nitrit... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Given the advantages of , a group of scientists from institutions around the world are working on the Rice Project to produce a strain of rice, naturally a plant, that uses the pathway by studying the plants maize and Brachypodium. As rice is the world's most important human food—it is the staple food for more than... | 5 | Photochemistry |
All enzyme assays measure either the consumption of substrate or production of product over time. A large number of different methods of measuring the concentrations of substrates and products exist and many enzymes can be assayed in several different ways. Biochemists usually study enzyme-catalysed reactions using fou... | 1 | Biochemistry |
ePaint is a less-toxic alternative to conventional antifouling marine paints that generates hydrogen peroxide.
Photocatalysis of organic reactions by polypyridyl complexes, porphyrins, or other dyes can produce materials inaccessible by classical approaches. Most photocatalytic dye degradation studies have employed . T... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Allyl- and vinylsilanes react with a variety of electrophiles under conditions of nucleophilic catalysis or Lewis acid promotion (often stoichiometric). The primary advantage of using Lewis acids versus fluoride catalysis is site selectivity—fluoride activation tends to generate allyl anions, which can then react at ei... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Compilation of data into secure and readily searchable databases ensures ease of use and is fundamental to the success of the programme. The [http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/ GEOTRACES Data Assembly Centre] (GDAC) is responsible for the compilation, quality control and secure archiving of data received from national da... | 9 | Geochemistry |
In organic chemistry, alkenols (shortened to enols) are a type of reactive structure or intermediate in organic chemistry that is represented as an alkene (olefin) with a hydroxyl group attached to one end of the alkene double bond (). The terms enol and alkenol are portmanteaus deriving from "-ene"/"alkene" and the "-... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The scattered intensity can be plotted as a function of the angle to give information on the R which can simply be calculated using the Guinier approximation as follows:
where ln(ΔR(θ)) = lnP(θ) also known as the form factor with q = 4πnsin(θ/2)/λ. Hence a plot of the corrected Rayleigh ratio, ΔR(θ) vs sin(θ/2) or q wi... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Expanded out, the grand potential is:
All thermodynamic properties can be computed from this potential. The following table lists various thermodynamic quantities calculated in the limit of low temperature and high temperature, and in the limit of infinite particle number. An equal sign (=) indicates an exact result, w... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Reactions of organocopper reagents involve species containing copper-carbon bonds acting as nucleophiles in the presence of organic electrophiles. Organocopper reagents are now commonly used in organic synthesis as mild, selective nucleophiles for substitution and conjugate addition reactions.
Since the discovery that ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
The rust resistance of EPS-processed steel strip is superior to that of acid pickled steel strip primarily because acid pickling imposes a corrosion "penalty" on the steel which EPS processing does not. This penalty is a result of chemical reactions that occur after acid pickling and serve as a catalyst for oxidation. ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
* Dr. Abdus Salam Prize in Chemistry (1986)
* Nishan-e-Azmat-e-Ilm Plaque, Karachi University (1989)
* Nishan-e-Azmat-e-Danish Plaque, Karachi University (1993)
* Nishane- Danish Plaque, Karachi University (1998)
* First Prize of the National Book Foundation (1997)
* Star Woman of the Year Award and gold medal by Star ... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory aims to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface and serves as the basis for an important analysis technique for the measurement of the specific surface area of materials. The observations are very often referred to as physical adsorption or physisorption.... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
All chain-growth polymerization reactions must include chain initiation and chain propagation. Chain transfer and chain termination steps also occur in many but not all chain-growth polymerizations. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Abdulrahman Obaid Al-Youbi (born 1958) was the president of King Abdulaziz University from June 2016 to October 2022. | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
*[http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104102/solids%202.htm National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning]
*[http://www.ebsbiowizard.com/2011/01/total-suspended-solids-tss-volatile-suspended-solids-vss-2/ Environmental Business Specialists] | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Each duplex sequencing read contains a fixed 5-nucleotide sequence (shown in figures in black) located upstream of the 12-nucleotide tag sequence. The reads are filtered if they do not have the expected 5-nucleotide sequence or have more than nine identical or ambiguous bases within each tag. The two 12-nucleotide tags... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are several quality control techniques used to ensure the quality of extracted DNA, including:
* Spectrophotometry: This is a widely used method for measuring the concentration and purity of a DNA sample. Spectrophotometry measures the absorbance of a sample at different wavelengths, typically at 260 nm and 280 n... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Spectroscopy is a branch of science concerned with the spectra of electromagnetic radiation as a function of its wavelength or frequency measured by spectrographic equipment, and other techniques, in order to obtain information concerning the structure and properties of matter. Spectral measurement devices are referred... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Plants are under horticulture care, but the environment is managed to near natural conditions. This occurs with either restored or semi-natural environments. This technique is primarily used for taxa that are rare or in areas where habitat has been severely degraded. | 1 | Biochemistry |
EPSs are mostly composed of polysaccharides (exopolysaccharides) and proteins, but include other macromolecules such as DNA, lipids and humic substances. EPSs are the construction material of bacterial settlements and either remain attached to the cells outer surface, or are secreted into its growth medium. These comp... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Many peripheral membrane proteins bind to the membrane primarily through interactions with integral membrane proteins. But there is a diverse group of proteins which interact directly with the surface of the lipid bilayer. Some, such as myelin basic protein, and spectrin have mainly structural roles. A number of wate... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) is a compound III-V semiconductor. It can be applied in two ways for use in TPVs. When lattice-matched to an InP substrate, InGaAs has a bandgap of 0.74 eV, no better than GaSb. Devices of this configuration have been produced with a fill factor of 69% and an efficiency of 15%. However,... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Fine particles dispersed in the atmosphere can serve as cloud condensation nuclei and thereby cause marine cloud brightening
Eventually all FeCl particles are washed out of the air and fall on land or water, where they dissolve into iron compounds and salt.
Iron salt aerosols may also therefore contribute to iron ferti... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Thiosulfines, also called thiocarbonyl S-sulfides, are compounds with the formula RCSS. Although superficially appearing to be cumulenes, with the linkage RC=S=S, they are more usefully classified as 1,3-dipoles and indeed participate in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Thiosulfines are proposed to exist in equilibrium with... | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
Failure of thermal barrier coating usually manifests as delamination, which arises from the temperature gradient during thermal cycling between ambient temperature and working conditions coupled with the difference in thermal expansion coefficient of substrate and coating. It is rare for the coating to fail completely ... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Vitrification (, via French ) is the full or partial transformation of a substance into a glass, that is to say, a non-crystalline amorphous solid. Glasses differ from liquids structurally and glasses possess a higher degree of connectivity with the same Hausdorff dimensionality of bonds as crystals: dim = 3. In the pr... | 1 | Biochemistry |
*UVR8: UV-B light reception
*Cryptochrome: blue and UV-A light reception
*Phototropin: blue and UV-A light perception (to mediate phototropism and chloroplast movement)
*Zeitlupe: blue light entrainment of the circadian clock
*Phytochrome: red and far-red light reception
All the photoreceptors listed above allow plants... | 1 | Biochemistry |
There are a few old studies indicating efficacy of lithium for acute depression with lithium having the same efficacy as tricyclic antidepressants. A recent study concluded that lithium works best on chronic and recurrent depression when compared to modern antidepressant (i.e. citalopram) but not for patients with no h... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The magnetism of the early full-Heusler compound CuMnAl varies considerably with heat treatment and composition. It has a room-temperature saturation induction of around 8,000 gauss, which exceeds that of the element nickel (around 6100 gauss) but is smaller than that of iron (around 21500 gauss). For early studies see... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Supramolecular polymers with specific, directional, tunable and reversible non-covalent interactions should be advantageous for biomaterials as well as biomedical applications. For instance, the reversible nature of supramolecular polymers can produce biomaterials that can sense and respond to physiological cues, or th... | 6 | Supramolecular Chemistry |
This method, also called Free energy perturbation (or FEP), involves sampling from state A only. It requires that all the high probability configurations of super state B are contained in high probability configurations of super state A, which is a much more stringent requirement than the overlap condition stated above... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Thomsen–Friedenreich antigen (Galβ1-3GalNAcα1-Ser/Thr) is a disaccharide that serves as a core 1 structure in O-linked glycosylation. First described by Thomsen as a red blood cell's antigen, later research have determined it to be an oncofetal antigen. it is present in the body as a part of membrane transport proteins... | 1 | Biochemistry |
RNA polymerase II holoenzyme stability determines the number of base pairs that can be transcribed before the holoenzyme loses its ability to transcribe. The length of the CTD is essential for RNA polymerase II stability. RNA polymerase II stability has been shown to be regulated by post-translation proline hydroxylati... | 1 | Biochemistry |
It currently has around 7000 members, two-thirds in the UK. It is affiliated with the European body, Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS). The Societys current President (2016) is Sir David Baulcombe. The Societys headquarters are in London. | 1 | Biochemistry |
A system is enclosed by walls that bound it and connect it to its surroundings. Often a wall restricts passage across it by some form of matter or energy, making the connection indirect. Sometimes a wall is no more than an imaginary two-dimensional closed surface through which the connection to the surroundings is dire... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The smelting process was often carried out away from the rest of the community. Ironworkers engaged in rituals designed to encourage good production and to ward off bad spirits, including song and prayers, plus the giving of medicines and sacrifices. The latter were usually put in the furnace itself or buried under the... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Archaeological evidence has not revealed metal smelting or alloying of metals by pre-Columbian native peoples north of the Rio Grande; however, they did use native copper extensively. | 8 | Metallurgy |
Despite the different stoichiometry in these mixtures which varies the concentration of the reagent, they all follow the same idea of adding HgO to distilled water and concentrated sulfuric acid. The Denigés' reagent is ultimately mercury(II) sulfate in an aqueous solution.
*5 grams of mercury(II) oxide (HgO) is dissol... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
When it was discovered that the self-cleaning qualities of ultrahydrophobic surfaces come from physical-chemical properties at the microscopic to nanoscopic scale rather than from the specific chemical properties of the leaf surface, the possibility arose of using this effect in manmade surfaces, by mimicking nature i... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A relatively non-toxic metal to humans and the second most abundant, the body has 2-3 grams of zinc. It can enter the body through inhalation, skin absorption, and ingestion, with the latter of the bunch being the most common. The mucosal cells of the digestive tract contain metallothionein proteins that store the zinc... | 9 | Geochemistry |
carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants. It owes the names to the 1960s discovery by Marshall Davidson Hatch and Charles Roger Slack.
fixation is an addition to the ancestral and more common carbon fixation. The main carboxylating enzyme i... | 5 | Photochemistry |
Many lichens produce secondary compounds, including pigments that reduce harmful amounts of sunlight and powerful toxins that deter herbivores or kill bacteria. These compounds are very useful for lichen identification, and have had economic importance as dyes such as cudbear or primitive antibiotics.
A pH indicator (w... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
In a SRAS measurement, as in most laser ultrasound techniques, two lasers are used, one for the generation of acoustic waves and one for the subsequent detection of these waves. Considering first the generation of acoustic waves, an optical amplitude grating, illuminated by the a short pulse pump laser (typically ~1ns... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
A key concept that might be used for applications is the (numerical) derivative of the solid fraction fs with temperature. A numerical example using a copper zinc alloy at composition Zn 30% in weight is proposed as an example here using the opposite sign for using both temperature and its derivative in the same grap... | 8 | Metallurgy |
β-Hydroxybutyric acid, also known as 3-hydroxybutyric acid or BHB, is an organic compound and a beta hydroxy acid with the chemical formula CHCH(OH)CHCOH; its conjugate base is β-hydroxybutyrate, also known as 3-hydroxybutyrate. β-Hydroxybutyric acid is a chiral compound with two enantiomers: -β-hydroxybutyric acid and... | 1 | Biochemistry |
The source of ADP-ribose for most enzymes that perform this modification is the redox cofactor NAD. In this transfer reaction, the N-glycosidic bond of NAD that bridges the ADP-ribose molecule and the nicotinamide group is cleaved, followed by nucleophilic attack by the target amino acid side chain. (ADP-ribosyl)transf... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry has traditionally used drift tubes as ion traps. However, radio frequency ion funnels offer an attractive alternative, as they improve compound specific sensitivity significantly. This is due to increasing the effective reaction time and focusing the ions. The same pressure... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The moving-belt interface (MBI) was developed by McFadden et al. in 1977 and commercialized by Finnigan. This interface consisted of an endless moving belt onto which the LC column effluent was deposited in a band. On the belt, the solvent was evaporated by gently heating and efficiently exhausting the solvent vapours ... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Lead and silver in river waters are commonly found together and associated with lead mining. Impacts from very old mines can be very long-lived. In the River Ystwyth in Wales for example, the effects of silver and lead mining in the 17th and 18th centuries in the headwaters still causes unacceptably high levels of Zinc... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Acid digestion is the most common dissolution method used for many types of samples. Unfortunately, acid digestion involves numerous manipulations of concentrated acids. Some types of samples even require the use of perchloric acid (HClO) that is explosive when it comes into contact with any organic materials. It can b... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
Cytochemical research aims to study individual cells that may contain several cell types within a tissue. It takes a nondestructive approach to study the localization of the cell. By remaining the cell components intact, researcher are able to study the intact cell activity rather than studying an isolated biochemical ... | 1 | Biochemistry |
In population ecology, a regulating factor, also known as a limiting factor, is something that keeps a population at equilibrium (neither increasing nor decreasing in size over time). Common limiting factor resources are environmental features that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a popula... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
Bacteria related to the nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case of inter-kingdom conjugation. For example, the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium and the root-tumor inducing (Ri) plasmid of A. rhizogenes contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells. The expression of these genes effe... | 1 | Biochemistry |
Site-specific recombination, also known as conservative site-specific recombination, is a type of genetic recombination in which DNA strand exchange takes place between segments possessing at least a certain degree of sequence homology. Enzymes known as site-specific recombinases (SSRs) perform rearrangements of DNA se... | 1 | Biochemistry |
On June 17, 2004, a children's playground "City of Smiles" was opened in the park area of the plant. In the "City of Smiles" a sports area and playground, a railway for children, as well as a zoo were arranged, which contained a mouflon, a Bactrian camel, a pony, a donkey, a collared peccary, a raccoon, a red-headed du... | 8 | Metallurgy |
Point mutations in multiple tumor suppressor proteins cause cancer. For instance, point mutations in Adenomatous Polyposis Coli promote tumorigenesis. A novel assay, Fast parallel proteolysis (FASTpp), might help swift screening of specific stability defects in individual cancer patients. | 1 | Biochemistry |
Results will vary depending on sample adulteration, quantity, temperature, lighting, exposure to air, storage, as well as reagent quality and degradation. Colorimetric techniques have been developed.
If more than one bottle are open at the same time and the cap are put on the wrong reagent bottle, this may cross-contam... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
The organizational structure of the NADP follows the State Agricultural Experiment Station Guidelines for Multi-State Research Activities (SAESD, 2006). This framework allows any individual or institution to participate in any segment of NADP, whether it be the monitoring or the research aspect of atmospheric depositio... | 2 | Environmental Chemistry |
Coordination isomerism is a form of structural isomerism in which the composition of the coordination complex ion varies. In a coordination isomer the total ratio of ligand to metal remains the same, but the ligands attached to a specific metal ion change. Examples of a complete series of coordination isomers require a... | 4 | Stereochemistry |
The pH of a solution containing a buffering agent can only vary within a narrow range, regardless of what else may be present in the solution. In biological systems this is an essential condition for enzymes to function correctly. For example, in human blood a mixture of carbonic acid (HCO) and bicarbonate (HCO) is pre... | 7 | Physical Chemistry |
The Bradford assay is linear over a short range, typically from 0 µg/mL to 2000 µg/mL, often making dilutions of a sample necessary before analysis. In making these dilutions, error in one dilution is compounded in further dilutions resulting in a linear relationship that may not always be accurate.
Basic conditions an... | 3 | Analytical Chemistry |
While the biosynthesis has not been conclusively elucidated, brevianamide A and B are constructed from tryptophan, proline, and an isoprene unit. | 0 | Organic Chemistry |
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